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ra.Tr\cH vjOsepK Uiui^U^ 



The Telegraph-Herald's 

Abridged History of the 

State of Iowa. 




FROM THE TIME OF ITS DISCOVERY A. D., 1673 BY 
FATHER MARQUETTE. TO 1905 



"To be ignorant of what has happened before 
one's birth, is nothing less than to remain in 
a state of Childhood- Cicero. 



PUBLISHED BY THE TELEGRAPH-HERALD. DUBUQUE. IOWA. 
COPYRIGHTED 1905. 










GENERAL GEO. W. JONES 



ic ;5S77f 



■3- 

o 



Preface 



When, as now, shelves groan under the weight of massive volumes 
of history necessity seems to emphasize more strongly than ever the 
virtue that lies in brevity. In preparing this history the author has 
sought to be brief, eliminating so much of the events of the past as 
in his judgment is not necessary to an understanding of the peoples 
who have preceded us or the stirring dramas in which we find them 
the principal figures. He has sought to follow in the simplest langu- 
age and the fewest possible words the thread of history where first it 
takes on tangible form, through the loom of the years and into the 
completed fabric of the present. 

There has been retained enough of the romance of events to im- 
part enchantment to the story, for without sentiment history is in- 
complete and a virtue of man forgotten. 

The prosaic land of Iowa has been the scene of much that is 
romantic. The wanderings of Jacques Marquette through the enchanted 
valley of the Mississippi, the nomadic life of the border tribes of 
Indians, the bloody battles between the hostile tribes and the awful 
massacres that drenched the soil with red, the transformation of the 
trackless forests and plains into rich-bearing farm lands, make of 
history a veritable fairy story entertaining and instructive none the 
less to children than to those older in years and wisdom. 

The territorial development, the creation of Iowa as a State, 
offers little that is romantic; the author has fashioned a framework 
out of the successive events that if it shall be accepted as concise and 
faithful will serve the end designed. 

If the author shall have produced in these pages even a little of 
the spirit of discovery, of eternal struggle, of unflagging industry, of 
the ideals and the ambitions which have made Iowa, his attempt will 
not have been in vain. 



Publisher's Address. 



History is the written account of past events. It is the medium 
— we might say the chain — which connects the past with the present. 
It is one of the most, if not the most, valuable branches of knowledge; 
and no student will regret the time and labor spent in its study. It 
should find a place in every well regulated course of instructions. It 
is the only science, a knowledge of which, enables us to judge the 
future. Patrick Henry, in his famous speech delivered in the Virginia 
convention, March 23, 1775, said: "I know of no means of judging the 
future but by the past." The boy or girl failing to store his or her 
mind with a thorough knowledge of history, makes the mistake of a 
lifetime. A mistake which handicaps him or her in society and else- 
where throughout life. The good historian naturally becomes a good 
conversationalist. He is never short of a subject. The habits, which 
he forms and knowledge which he acquires, in the study of history, 
leads him into the art of thinking which is the great essential, in man, 
to attain distinction among his fellows. 

Now if this is true of history in general how much more applicable 
is it to the history of our own country, state, county and city "For lives 
there a man whose soul is so dead who never to himself hath said: 
this is my own my native land." Every person should become con- 
versant with history and especially the history of his or her state, 

county and city. 

Historians of late years have become so elaborate and their writ- 
ings so fraught with detail that in order to get the essential parts, of 
even a new state like Iowa, it is necessary to read volumes. 

To avoid this laborious reading and at the same time give the 
knowledge desired, the Telegraph-Herald has caused to be prepared for 
its subscribers an abridged history of Iowa, giving only the essential 
parts and narrating the most interesting events in plain and concise 
language. Commencing with its discovery by Marquette and Joliet and 
noting all salient events down to date. Giving a brief account of the 
various wars and battles between the Whites and Indians, as well as 
the most important battles between the various tribes of Indians in 
Iowa, so far as known to white men, which were the chief cause of 
the early extinction of those unfortunate people. The different treaties 



HISTORY OF IOWA AND COUNTY DIRECTORY. 5 

with the Indians through which we acquired the right to occupy the 
lands, are also given. The strange phenomena of a vast concourse of 
people, occupying two great continents, practically disappearing in less 
than three centuries is a matter worthy of serious thought and every 
American should become conversant with the history of their decline 
and extinction, as well as that of the advance of the white man who 
succeeded them. 

HOW TO IMPROVE THE MIND. 

Another interesting feature is an article entitled "How to Improve 
the Mind." All intelligent people agree that the mind is susceptible of 
a high state of improvement; but few understand the method or man- 
ner of improving it. This article leads the student on in the art of 
thinking and memorizing, which is the sole channel through which 
the mind can be improved and expanded. The article is invaluable and 
any man or woman, young or old, who is ambitious to improve, should 
read, study and reflect on it. 

WILLIAM JENNINGS BRYAN'S CELEBRATED LECTURE. 

The lecture of W. J. Bryan, delivered at Dubuque, April 27, 1905, 
entitled "The Value of an Ideal" deserves more than a passing notice. 
It is the result of much study and thought, by one of the brightest 
intellects and greatest thinkers on our continent. It furnishes most 
valuable food for thought and reflection. Every person should read 
and reread it, and ponder, meditate and study it. The value of an 
ideal is something every aspiring and self-improving young man and 
woman should understand and study. 

THE RISE AND DECLINE OF CATHOLICITY IN UNITED STATES. 

The rise and decline of the Catholic Church in the United States 
is an article of more than ordinary interest. It was compiled and 
written for the Telegraph-Herald, in which it was published May 20, 
1904. In this article the writer shows the rapid increase of the 
church from the adoption of our Constitution to the time when Bishop 
Hennessey commenced preaching against the public schools and in 
favor of the parochial or private school. The advantage which the 
children have, who attend the public school is also shown and on the 
whole the article is well worth careful perusal and serious thought. 

A DICTIONARY OF PROPER NAMES 

is another unique, useful and important feature of this book. This 
consists of some thousands of names of persons, spelt as the individual 
spells his name. Great care has been exercised in compiling these 



6 THE DAILY TELEGRAPH-HERALD'S 

names and the student may rest assured that the spelling is exact and 
accurate. No other such list or dictionary of proper names, exists or 
has been compiled, that we know of, hence it will no doubt prove not 
only useful and instructive but also interesting as a curiosity. Many 
a young man has failed to secure a place in offices, and others have 
lost them after they were secured, because he did not know how to 
spell proper names correctly. We have had in our own experience 
several cases where young men and women also, failed to hold the 
place on this account. Every young man and v/oman should secure 
a copy of the Telegraph-Herald's History of Iowa and Dictionary of 
proper names and learn how to spell the names of their fellow men. 
It will be worth to them many times the cost of the book. And parents 
should give the boys and girls a chance to learn this important and 
useful art. Such names are not to be found in our text books and as 
there is no rule for spelling them; you can only "give the boy a 
chance" by securing the list for him. 

THE CIVILIZATION OF JAPAN. 

The story of Commodore Perry's landing in Japan in 1853, and 
making a treaty which opened up that isolated country to the world 
is also of interest. A full account of the preliminaries leading up to 
and the signing of the treaty is given, including President Fillmore's 
letter and that of the Emperor of Japan. 

A VALUABLE HISTORICAL TABLE. 

Showing the dates of important events transpiring in the United 
States and Colonies, since the discovery of America by Christopher 
Columbus, in the year 1492, affords much valuable information con- 
densed in small space. The Parliamentary Rules and Regulations; 
What caused our Presidents death; Wealth of our Presidents; How 
deep to plant Corn; The Famous Connecticut Blue Laws; The Seven 
Wonders of the World; Homestead and Homeseekers; Wonders of the 
Body; Elevation above the sea level of principal cities, etc.; Punctua- 
tion Marks and Rules; Tributes to Women; and the Great Battles of 
History, are also interesting and instructive. 

This book contains about 300 pages and no person will regret 
paying $2.00 for it and the Semi- Weekly Telegraph-Herald two years; 
or the book and Daily, including Sunday, for one year at $3.00. The 
book alone would be cheap at the latter figure. 



HISTORY OF IOWA AND COUNTY DIRECTORY. 



Index. 



CHAPTER I. 

How America Was Populated — The Ten Lost Tribes of Israel^ 
Therry Corroborated by Colurnbus — Indians Observed Jewish Cus- 
tonis — Indian Traditions — Large Mound Built Over Chief Omaha^ 
First Human Skulls Found — Stone and Copper Implements Found— 
Indicate a P'air Degree of Intelligence — Remarkable Mound Opened 
in DubuQuc County — Mounds Opened Near Davenport. 

CHAPTER IL 

Iowa a Central State — Its Latitude — Longitude — Highest Point 
Lowest Place — Distance Between Those Points — Difference in Alti- 
tude — Average Slope — What the Figures Indicate — The Area in 
Ac-es — Growth of Population — Table of Acreage, Farm Products 
and Value, United States Census — History of Titles — The Dis- 
covery by Father Marquette — -Named Louisiana — When Ownership 
c" Territory Was Definitely Settled — Mississippi River Made the 
Boundary — Under Napoleon Spain Ceded to France — France Sold 
to the United Stales — States Formed Out of It — La Salle's Discover- 
ies — His P^'oclamatJon. 

CHAPTER III. 

Narvaez' Adventures — De Soto the Next Freebooter — Harsh 
Treatment of the Natives — Plunder, Murder and Rapine — A Fero- 
cious Army-— Natives Retaliate — Disastrous Expedition — More Than 
Three-fourths of Army Perish — De Soto's Grave — The Jesuits as 
Exri]oro'S — Their Kind and Just Treatment of the Indians — What 
Bancroft Says — Ignatius Its Founder — Society Formed — Pope Paul 
III. Erected Them Into a Religious Body — The Mississippi River 
Described in 1670 

CHAPTER IV. 

The First V/liite Man to Set Foot on Iowa — Joy at the Discov- 
ery of the Great River — Discovery of the First Indians — Astonish- 



8 THE DAILY TELEGRAPH-HERALD'S 

ment of the Natives — Kind Reception — Speech of One of the Chiefs 
— The Feast That Followed — Marquette's Description — Indians Es- 
corted Them to the River — Where They Landed — Joliet's Descrip- 
tive Charts, etc., Lost — How the French Treated the Indians — 
How Other Nations Treated Them The Calumet or Pipe of Peace 
— Fattest Piece of Meat Given to the Visitors. 

CHAPTER V. 

A Fierce 1 ribe — At First Sight of White Men, Alarm Sounded 
— Largo Band of Warriors — Yells of Defiance — Marquette Held the 
Sacred Amulei Aloft — The Chief Restrained His Men — Made Signs 
of Peace— Invited Marquette and Party to Village — Were Enter- 
tained for Several Days — Descended More Than 1,100 Miles — Ob- 
ject of the Mi^-sion Accomplished — Indians Were Hostile — Conclud- 
ed to Return — Father Marquette's Death. 

CHAPTER VI. 

Slavery in Louisiana — Mississippi River Chartered — ^What 
Grantee Was Required to Do — War Between England and France — 
Cessior of Territory to England, Except Region East of New Or- 
leans — Cession of Louisiana to Spain — Embargo on the Mississippi 
River — Congress Declared the River Must Be Free — ^War Cloud 
Above the Horizon — Settled by Treaty — Spain Cedes Louisiana to 
France — Spain Tried in Vain to Win the Settlers — -They Were 
Loyal io the I^nion — France Sells to the United States — Virginia's 
Claims — Treaty With the Sioulx Indians — French and Americans 
— Treaty With Indians. 

CHAPTER VII. 

The Northwest Territory Formed — What It Embraced — States 
Subsequently Erected Out of It — Large Acquisition of Land by 
Treaty — Slavery Forever Prohibited — ^Indians Forced Step by Step 
V/ostward — Last Indian Battles Fought in Iowa — The Fatal Horse 
Race— Black Hawk Then Unknown to Fame — The Iowa Tribe Al- 
most Annihilated — Sold Their Lands to the United States — What 
They Worship — Their Traditions — Social Relations — Description of 
an Indian Village — Black Hawk's Watch Tower. 

CHAPTER VIII. 

Treaty of 1804 — A Great Fraud on the Indians — Repudiated by 
Black Hawk and the Other Chiefs— Object of Sending Chief to St. 
Louis— Major Taylor's Defeat — British Soldiers Join the Indians — 



HISTORY OF IOWA AND COUNTY DIRECTORY. 9 

11) e Fight Was Desperate and Loss Heavy — Taylor Was Driven 
Back— Keokuk Made Chief of the Friendly Party — Treaty of 1824 — 
I! all-Breed Tract of Land — Base Treachery of the Sioux — Sac and 
Fox Chiefs Waylaid^All Murdered Except Two — Dire Revenge of 
the Sac and Fox Indians. 



CHAPTER IX. 

Black Hawk War — General Graves — Black Hawk and His Fol- 
low ' e Recross the River — General Atkinson's Command — Abraham 
Lincoln — Colonel Taylor and Jeff Davis — Major Stillman — Flag of 
Truce Fired On — The Charge of the Sac Warriors — Precipitous 
Kout ot Stillman — Camp Equippage Deserted — Heroic Defense of 
Black Hawk and His Braves — His Skillful Maneauvers — What Jeff 
Davis Said About It — What Black Hawk Said About It — Horrible 
Fate of the Indians — Black Hawk's Capture — His Appearance Be- 
fore President Jackson — The Cause of the War — Black Hawk Con- 
veyed Through the Principal Cities — Superceded by Keokuk — Re- 
tired to His Little Farm — His Last Appearance in Public — His 
Speech — His Death Oct. 3, 1838 — Mrs. Maria Beck's Description of 
Him. 

CHAPTER X. 

Treaty With the Sac, Fox and Winnebagos — The Black Hawk 
Purchase — Sac and Fox Indians Sell the Remainder of Their Land 
— Sad Parting With Their Homes — Indians Degenerate — Keokuk 
Not a Hereditary Chief — Shrewd Address — Leader of Chiefs Who 
Made Treaty of 1804 — All Got on a Drunk — Sold the Immense 
Tract — Poweshiek Made Chief — Chief Wapello — Chief Appanoose 
Had Four Wives — Chief Taimah — Head of a Secret Society — Mem- 
bers Noted for Courage and Good Character. 

CHAPTER XL 

Pottawattamie — What Group They Belong To — When First 
Seen — Were Allied to the French — In 1816 They Ceded Land 
Where Chicago Stands — Pottawattamie County Named — The Dako- 
tas — The Omahas — The Sioux Indians — First Known — Hennepin's 
Capture — Last Battle Between Indians in Iowa — Indians Left for Res- 
ervation — Iowa Territory Ceded — Order to Build Fort Des Moines — 
Reservation Established — Lead Ore in Mississippi Valley — Julien Du- 
buque First White Settler in Iowa — Procured Interest in Land — ^Wife 
of Peosta — Allowed Them Use of Village — Learned Habits, Supersti- 
tions and Traditions — Gave Him Name of Little Cloud. 



10 THE DAILY TELEGRAPH-HERALD'S 

CHAPTER Xn. 

Effort to Secure Title to Land — Petition to Governor Carondelet — 
Referred to Don Andred Todd — Petition Granted — Chouteau of St. 
Louis furnished Money — Dubuque's Death — Indians Refused to Recog- 
nize a Successor — Claim for Title in Court — Pending for Nearly Half 
a Century — Dubuque's Grave — What the Court Held — Settlement in 
Clayton County — First Legal Title to Land in Iowa — Territory Owned 
by Three Different Nations During Dubuque's Occupancy from 1788 
to 1810. 

CHAPTER XIII. 

Territory of Orleans — The District of Louisiana — Organized Into 
a Territory — ^^Vhite Population — St. Louis Was the Capitol — Charles 
Floyd's Death — The First White Man Buried in Iowa — Pike's Explo- 
rations — Thomas H. Benton's Editorial — Burr Conspiracy — Prosecu 
tions by the United States — The Governor of Louisiana Implicated — 
Captain Tyler and Others Descend the Ohio River — Are Joined by 
Burr — Authorities Alarmed — President Jefferson Issued a Prcrclamation 
— Burr Arrested — Grand Jury Did Not Indict — Burr Made His Escape 
— Henry Clay Burr's Counsel — Was Captured — Taken to Richmond — 
Grand Jury Indicted Him — Scheme Prostrated — First Paper Published 
West of the Mississippi River — Fort Madison Erected — Indians Did 
Not Consent — This Was a Violation of the Treaty — Efforts to Capture 
the Fort — When Provisions Gave Out the Fort Was Abandoned. 

CHAPTER XIV. 

Fort Built at Rock Island — Indians Did Not Give Consent— Colonel 
Davenport— Fort Completed — Lands Reserved From Entry — Long 
Litigation Followed — Government Purchased Claims — A Succession of 
Earthquakes — Great Alarm Caused — New Madrid the Center — Great 
Changes in the Topography of the Country Effected — River Run Up 
Stream for Ten Miles — First Steamboat — Louisiana Admitted — Colonel 
Nichols Commander of the British Fleet— Tried to Revive the Scheme 
of Separation — Proclamation in the Name of the King — Population of 
the Northwest in 1812 — First Steamboat to Ascend the Mississippi 
River — Missouri Admitted — Beginning of the Slavery Conflict — Henry 
Clay's Influence — Slave Limits Agreed On — Southern Boundary of 
Iowa Described — Dispute Over Location — Armed Force Called Out on 
Both Sides — Better Council Prevailed. 

CHAPTER XV. 
Dr. Muir Built a Cabin Where Keokuk Stands — Married an Indian 



HISTORY OP IOWA AND COUNTY DIRECTORY. 11 

Girl — Order Directing Officers to Abandon Indian Wives — Dr. Muir 
Refused to Desert His — He Resigned His Commission — He Lived 
Happily — In 1832 He Died Suddenly of Cholera — First School in Iowa 
—By Whom Taught — First White Child Born— Eleanor Galland — ^What 
Dr. Galland Says — Graveyard Bluff — James White — Monsieur Julien — • 
First Steamboat to Reach the Rapids — It Was Agreed to Build a City 
and Call It Keokuk — James L. Langworthy — Exploration of the Lead 
Mines — Great Battle With the Sioux Indians — Near Dubuque's Grave — 
The Vanquished Sac and Foxes Rushed to Death Over a Precipice — • 
Miners Organized a Local Government — Rules and Regulations — 
Regulations at Galena Adopted — War Department Orders the Removal 
of Settlers — Sand S. White and Others — Entered on the Black Hawk 
Purchase — Were Driven Off and Cabins Destroyed — Treaty Ratified — 
At Flint Hill — White and Others Removed From Indian Lands. 

CHAPTER XVI. 

Black Hawk Purchase — Named Iowa — Population June 1, 1832 — 
Troops Withdraw from the Mines of Spain — The Langworthy Broth- 
ers Crossed to West Side of River and Resumed Work — Second School 
Established — Description by a Pioneer — Log Houses Built Without 
Doors or Windows — Winter Isolated Them From the Outside World — 
A Short Supply of Provisions but Plenty of Whiskey — Not a Woman in 
Settlement — The Demon Intemperance Stalked Everywhere — Cholera 
Also Claimed Its Victims — In Spring of 1834 Steamboat Landed — ^First 
American Flag Raised — First Church Built — First Catholic Church — 
Bishop Loras Located — Fort Madison Second Place Settled — Daven- 
port—Claim Sold for $100 — A Long and Bitter Contest — Davenport 
Gets County Seat — First Record of "Iowa." — Lieutenant Lee's Report 
— The Dubuque Visitor Refers to "Iowa" — "Iowa" First Found in Pub- 
lic Record — Iowa County Formed — Mineral Point the County Seat. 

CHAPTER XVII. 

Treaty August 4, 1824— Half-Breed Tract— Consisted of 119,000 
Acres — Half-Breds Allowed to Pre-empt— Court Appointed Commission 
— Legislature Repealed the Act — Claim and Action — Sale Made by 
SherifC — Supreme Court Set It Aside — Greed of the Attorneys — Divis- 
ion of Iowa Into Tv/o Counties — A Court in Each County — The Judges 
— County Seats — ^First Newspaper — Second Newspaper — George W. 
Jones Elected to represent Michigan Territory in Congress — What 
Bill He Secured Among His First Acts — Census Taken in 1836 — Total 
Population 10,531 — Who Elected to the Legislature — Miners Bank Es- 
tablished — Act Regulating the Sale of Spirituous Liquors — Fine for 
Running a Grocery Without a Liceijse — First Newspaper West of the 
Mississippi River — The First Newspaper Established in Iowa— Origin 



12 THE DAILY TELEGRAPH-HERALD'S 

of the Cognomen Hawkeye — Bill Introduced by General Jones Creating 
the Territory of Iowa — Second Legislature at Burlington — Disputed 
Boundary Settled — Congress to Appoint Commission — First Legislative 
Body — Dubuque County Divided — New Counties Organized. 

CHAPTER XVIII. 

Treaty With the Sac and Fox Indians — Census of 1836 — Territory 
of Iowa Established — ^What It Included — ^What the President Was Re- 
quired to Do — Terms of OflBce and Courts — Conway, Secretary, Usurp- 
ed Office of Governor — When Governor Lucas Arrived^Territory Di- 
vided Into Districts — Legislature Met in Old Zion Church, Burlington 
— James W. Grimes the Youngest Member — Call for First Democratic 
Convention — The First Whig Convention — Dodge Elected — Constitu- 
tion Defeated — Census of 1840 — First Treasurer — First Auditor — Crops 
Raised 1840 — How Houses Were Built — No Carpenters Required — How 
Grain Was Stored — How Stables Were Built — Third Legislature — 
Governor Lucas Message — Capitol Moved to Iowa City — The First 
Settlers — Salutary Laws Enacted — The Law Against Negroes — 
Heavy Penalties for Sheltering a Negro — Contest Between Governor 
and Legislature — Missouri Boundary Fixed by Act of Congress — Capi- 
tol located. 

CHAPTER XIX. 

Boundary Dispute — Governor Boggs of Missouri — Sent General 
Allen With 1,000 Men — Governor Lucas Ordered Out the Militia — 
Matter Finally Settled by the Supreme Court — Capitol Located — Fur- 
row Run One Hundred Miles — Soon a Beaten Road — Governor Lucas 
Visits New Capitol — Description of the First Settlers — A Most Notable 
Case — First Call for a Democratic State Convention — General Dodge 
for Governor — Iowa Products — Corn the Chief Crop — New Capitol — 
Corner Stone Laid — Governor Lucas Chief Orator — General Depression 
in Business — First Whig State Convention — General Harrison for 
President — Democrats Nominated Van Buren. 

CHAPTER XX. 

Superintendent of Schools Created — General Harrison Elected 
President — Democrats Removed from Office — Governor Lucas Was Su- 
perceded — John Chambers Appointed — Steamboat Ascended the Iowa 
River — Governor Chambers Made First Visit to the Capitol — Treaty 
With the Sac and Fox Indians — Financial Depression of 1842 — Specie 
Payments suspended — The Miners Bank of Dubuque the Only One in 
Iowa — Badly Managed and Went Down — Severest Winter — Continu- 
ous Snow from November to April — Fierce Winds and Cold Intense — 



HISTORY OF IOWA AND COUNTY DIRECTORY. 13 

Great Suffering — Cattle and Game Perished — No Money to Pay Debts 
— Unparalleled Low Prices and High Interest — Census of 1844 — Half- 
Starved Wolves Devoured Pigs and Sheep — Wheat Twenty Cents per 
Bushel — Money Twenty-five to Forty Per Cent — Majority in Favor of 
a Constitutional Convention — Committee to Frame Constitution — State 
Included Large Part of Minnesota — The Boundary — Pro and Anti Slav- 
ery Parties — ^Agreed to Admit Iowa Free and Florida Slave. 

CHAPTER XXL 

Address of Hon. A. C. Dodge — Eastman, Parrins and Mills — 
Made Aggressive Campaign — Leffler and Wood Joined Them — Consti- 
tution Rejected — New Legislature Met — Governor's Veto — Overruled 
by More Than Two-thirds Vote — Charter of the Miner's Bank Repealed 
— Dodge Advocated the Adoption — Constitution Beaten Second Time — 
General Dodge Was Elected — Prevailing Prices — State Government 
Organized With Population of 96.088 — Salaries of Officers — Annexation 
of Texas — War With Mexico — Iowa Volunteers — Third Constitution 
Framed — Banks Prohibited — First Democratic State Convention — The 
Platform— First Whig State Convention — -The Platform — Constitution 
Adopted — Douglas Reported a Bill for the Admission of Iowa — De- 
cember 21, 1846, It Passed the House — December 24th It Passed the 
Senate — December 28th the President Signed It — Mormons Driven 
from Missouri — Unparalleled Barbarity. 

CHAPTER XXII. 

Sound Money a Cardinal Principle — First Mormon Colony — ^Elder 
Rigdon— Joseph Smith Found Plates and Printed Bible — Joseph Smith 
Had a Second Revelation — New Jerusalem to Be Built in the West — 
Independence, Missouri, the Place Selected — Mob Attacked Them — 
Governor Boggs Called Out Militia — Ordered to Exterminate the Mor- 
mons — Leaders Arrested — Families Driven from Their Homes in No- 
vember — Snow Deep and Suffering Great — Mothers Carried Their 
Starving Children — Novel Mode of Burying Their Dead — Howe Mills 
Massacre — Barbarous Murder of a Nine-Year-Old Boy — Border Ruffians 
—The Missouri Authorities Grew Sick of the Atrocities — Finally 
Found Shelter in Iowa and Illinois — Purchased Town Sites of Keokuk, 
Nashville and Montrose. 

CHAPTER XXIII. 

Mormons Allowed to Settle in Iowa — Purchased Town Site of Com- 
merce — Changed It to Nauvoo — Revelation in 1843 Permitting a Plural- 
ity of Wives— Raised a Storm — Joseph Smith and Others Arrested— 
Mob Killed Smith and His Brother and Wounded Several Others— 



14 THE DAILY TELEGRAPH-HERALD'S 

Temple Built at Nauvoo and City of 20,000 People — ^Abandoned All for 
Religious Liberty — Brigham Young Succeeded Smith — Great Caravan 
— Their Route Marked With Graves — Stopped in Decatur County — 
Place Called Garden Grove — Several Hundred Settled on Grand River 
— Place Called Mount Pisgah — Remnant Left at Nauvoo Were Perse- 
cuted — Started West in October — Their Sufferings — Sickness and 
Death. 

CHAPTER XXIV. 

Winter March of Mormon Refugees — Reached Mount Pisgah— 
Frightful Mortality — Over Four Hundred Died from Exposure — Mor- 
mon Authorities Caused Monument to Be Erected — Names of William 
Huntington and Sixty-five Others Inscribed on the Monument — ^Village 
Built at Missouri River — Iowa Never Joined in the Persecution — Her 
Citizens Claim the Utmost Freedom — Accord Same Rights to Others — 
Salt Lake Selected — Cholera Scourge Carried Off Many — Imperative 
Order Issued — First Legislature at Iowa City — Salaries of State Offi- 
cials Fixed — First Grant of Lands for Railroads — Prohibition Move — 
Maine Liquor Law Adopted — Approved by Governor Grimes — Majority 
Vote in Favor of Prohibition — Over Forty Years Later This Law Was 
Repealed. 

CHAPTER XXV. 

Report of Superintendent of Public Schools — Salaries of Teachers 
— First Exemption Law — Rate of Interest — Code of 1851 — Census of 
1847 — George W. Jones Elected — Gold Fever — Wet Season — First 
Train at Rock Island — Thousands Assembled — Booming of Cannon, 
Speeches, Etc. — In 1S56 a Company Was Organized to Bridge the Mis- 
sissippi River at Rock Island — Last Contest Between Whigs and 
Democrats — Whigs Won — Contest in Kansas Over Slavery Had Be- 
come Bitter — Armed Collisions Frequent — Joint Resolution Opposing 
the Extension of Slavery — Harlan and Thorington Were the First Iowa 
Congressmen to Oppose Slavery — Big Grant to Railroads — Important 
Changes — Limit to State Indebtedness Increased — Banks Authorized — 
Capitol Fixed at Des Moines — Indians Drove Surveyor Marsh from His 
Work — Destroyed Wagons, Instruments, Etc — War Between the Sioux 
and Pottawattamies— The Latter Fought Bravely But Were Defeated. 

CHAPTER XXVI. 

Desperado Henry Lott— Ponies Stolen from Indians— Found on 
Lott's Premises — Lott Ordered to Leave County — Indians Burnt His 
Cabin and Killed His Cattle— Lott Alarmed and Fled— Spread Report 
That His Family Were Murdered— A Son Twelve Years Old Lost and 



HISTORY OF IOWA AND COUNTY DIRECTORY. 15 

Frozen to Death — Lott Swore Vengeance — Traded Whiskey to Indians 
— Lott Feigned Friendship — Waylaid Old Chief and Shot Him — Mur- 
dered the Whole Camp — Lott and Son Burnt Their Cabin — Major 
Williams and Several Indians Pursued — Crossed the Missouri River 
and Escaped — Lott Afterwards Hung in California — Facts Proven by 
Major Williams — Brother of Murdered Chief. 



CHAPTER XXVII. 

Adventurous Pioneers — The Irish Colony — Mr. Granger's Cabin — ■ 
Settlements of Springfield, Algona, Okoboji and Spirit Lakes — Most of 
the Indians Had Left — Cold Winter 1856-57— Deep Snow Isolated Set- 
tlers — The Massacre Was Planned — The Chief Selected Thirty War- 
riors — Parties Sent to Take the Arms, Etc. — Settlers Unable to De- 
Fled at Night — Abner Bell Was Nearest Neighbor — Great Indignation 
at Fort Dodge — First White Man to Paddle a Canoe on the Lakes — 
fend Were Obliged to Submit — Outrages at Gillett's Grove — Settlers 
The Next Settlers. 

CHAPTER XXVIII. 

Trip Through Snow Drifts to Waterloo — Indians Invaded Gard- 
ner's Cabin — Massacre Commences at Mattock's House — Gardner's 
Wife Implored Him Not to Shoot — Abbie the Only one Spared — 
Brave Resistance — Outnumbered Five to One — No Witness Survived — 
Dr. Herriott and Carly Snyder — Indians Killed and Wounded — Major 
Williams' Report — Horrible Work of March 8, 1857 — Celebration by 
the Indians — Abbie Gardner a Prisoner — Abbie Gardner Dragged to 
the Horrible Scene — Five Men, Two Women and Children Dead — 
Other Children Being Burned to Death in the Cabin — Their Cries 
Heartrending — ^Vain Attempt to Save the Women and Children. 

CHAPTER XXIX. 

No Warning on East Side of Lake — Mr. Howe and Family Mur- 
dered — Thatcher's Cabin Next Visited — Seeing Two Stout Men, the 
Cowardly Savages Professed Friendship — They Treacherously Fired, 
Killing Both Men — Children Snatched from Mothers' Arms and Brains 
Dashed Out — Mrs. Noble and Mrs. Thatcher Made Prisoners — William 
Mable's Cabin Next Visited — They Profess Friendship — Proposed to 
Shoot at a Mark — Mable Shot in Back — Mrs. Mable Kept a Prisoner — 
They Now Had Four Women Captives — Braided Hair and Painted 
Their Faces — Thus After the Lapse of Over Three Years the Savage 
Chief Avenged the Death of His Brother and Family by Lott. 



16 THE DAILY TELEGRAPH-HERALD'S 

CHAPTER XXX. 

Springfield, Minn., Saved — Markham Gave Notice — All Gathered in 
One House — Messenger to Fort Ridgely — Seventeen Days Suspense — 
When Attack Began — Called the People Out on a Cunning Pretext — 
Savages in Ambush fired on Them — But Three Men Left in the House 
— Prepared for a Vigorous Defense — Indians Crept Near the House — 
They Kept in Shelter of Stable and Trees — The Women Cast Balls — 
Mrs. Church Shot One Indian — Fight Lasted Till Sunset — Determined 
to Escape at Night — Markham Volunteered to Reconnoiter the Prem- 
ises — All Waited in Suspense — No Indians Discovered. 

CHAPTER XXXI. 

But One Abie-Bodied Man — They Had No Team — Compelled to 
Abandon Henderson and Smith — In Their Haste Boy Left Behind — 
Sheigly Returned Searching for His Boy — Sufferings Were Intense — 
Were Out Three Days — Plan of Battle — Bradshaw Was to Advance 
Upon the Indians — A Loud Shout and Signal Proclaimed Them 
Friends — It Was the Relief Corps — Language Cannot Describe the 
Joy and Transport — Mr. Church Recognized His Wife and Child — 
Thatcher Learned of the Butchery of His Child and Perhaps Worse 
bate of His Wife — Dr. Bissell Dressed the Wounds — ^All Felt Safe for 
the First Time in Weeks — Conveyed to the Irish Colony — Smith and 
Henderson Were Found Alive — News of Massacre Carried to Fort 
Dodge — Relief Expedition Organized — Call for Volunteers — Company 
Poorly Equipped — The Winter Had Been the Severest on Record. 

CHAPTER XXXII. 

March Was Slow and Difficult — Made But Eighteen Miles in Two 
Days — Hardship and Sufferings Increased — Supper on Crackers and 
Raw Pork — Major Williams Made Brief Address — Nine Turned Home- 
ward — Reached Irish Colony — Got Fresh Teams and Recruits — 
Scouts Sent Ahead — Indians Sighted — Men Formed in Line — Gov- 
ernor Carpenter's Description — Soldiers From Fort Ridgely at Spring- 
field — Volunteers to Bury Bodies at Lakes — Twenty-three Volunteered 
— Major Williams and Party Went to the Irish Colony — Johnson's 
Party to Lakes — A Horrible Spectacle. 

CHAPTER XXXIII. 

Not One of the Colony Alive — Body of Dr. Herriott Found — Luce 
and Clark Found Some Weeks Later — Homeward March — Sudden 
Change in Temperature — Terrific Blizzard — Horrible Suffering — Sep- 
arated in Two Companies — Johnson Led One, Maxwell the Other — ^A 



HISTORY OF IOWA AND COUNTY DIRECTORY. 17 

Night in the Storm — Johnson and Buckholder Succumb — Fire Started 
at the River — Went to Irish Colony for Help — The Account of Major 
Williams — The Principal Division — River High, Spread Over Valley — 
Box Ferry a Failure — Messenger Sent to Nearest House — What Cap- 
tain Richards Says — Governor Carpenter Tells — What Lieut. Mason 
Says— The Command Broke Up in Small Parties — Sufferings Beyond 
Description. 

CHAPTER XXXIV. 

What Capt. Duncombe Says — Four Young Women Prisoners — 
Indians Loaded Ponies, Squaws and Captives with Plunder — Mrs. 
Thatcher Was 111 — Heartless Savage Had No Mercy — Forced to Assist 
in the Camp Drudgery — She Sank Fainting in the Snow — She Was 
Lashed to the Back of a Pony — Indians Discovered That They Were 
Pursued — Ordered to Kill Captives When Battle Begun — Lieut. Mur- - 
ray Believed Indians Were Near — Guides Claimed Camp Was Old — 
When They Reached the Big Sioux — Mrs. Thatcher Ordered to Go on 
the Driftwood Bridge — She Suspected What Was Coming — Savage 
Shoved Her Into the River — One of the Braves Shot Her — Mrs. Noble 
Anxious for End of Life — ^News Reached Indian Agency — Plans De- 
vised to Rescue Them — Mrs. Mable Purchased — She Bid Her Compan- 
ions Good-Bye — She Was Ransomed for $1,000. 

CHAPTER XXXV. 

Minnesota Legislature — Appropriated $10,000 to Be Used by the 
Governor — Effort to Exterminate Failed — Taken Far Into the Wilds of 
Dakota — Hopeless of Rescue — Roaring Cloud Murdered Mrs. Noble — 
Life Had Been a Burden to Her — Abbie Alone — They Reached the 
James River — Abbie Abandoned All Hope — But Friends Were at Work 
— John Other Day — Learned but One White Woman Left — Miss Gard- 
ner Was Purchased — Abbie Conveyed to Mr. Thatcher the Last Mes- 
sage of His Wife — Mr. Skinner Got Information and Was Saved — 
Don't Seem to Have Told His Neighbors — Mr. Carter Was Also 
Warned — The Boy Josh Engaged in Massacre — Massacres Traced to i 
the Desperado I^ott — Leute's Message — Killed Roaring Cloud — The 
Old Chief the Most Ferocious. 

CHAPTER XXXVI. 

Major Williams' Report — Governor Grimes' Message — ^Indians 
Driven Out of State — Jackson County — Gang of Desperadoes — Coun- 
terfeit Money Appeared — Traced to Some Employe of Brown — Horses 
Stolen — Bellevue Headquarters of the Gang — Battle Fought at Brown's 
Hotel— Desperadoes Captured — Murder of Col. Davenport — Mitdhell 



18 THE DAILY TELEGRAPH-HERALD'S 

Abused a Young Lady — Thompson and Mitchell Met on the Street — 
Thompson Missed and Mitchell Sent a Bullet Through His Heart — 
Attempt to Blow Up Mitchell's House — Citizens Organized — Sheriff 
Warren, Attorney Crawford and Judge Wilson — Warrants Issued for 
Twenty Desperadoes — Posse of Forty Men Marched to Brown's Hotel 
— Brown Shot Dead — The Gang Fought Desperately — Orders Given to 
Set Fire to the Hotel — Cry to Hang Them — Punishment Finally De- 
cided by Vote. 

CHAPTER XXXVII. 

Chairman Passed Sentence on Each — Placed in Skiffs With Three 
Days' Rations — Sent Down the River — Reign of Terror — Murder of 
Col. Davenport — Edward Bonney Ferreted Out the Murderers — Burch 
Turned Out Statels Evidence — Guilty Brought to Justice — ^An Atro- 
cious Murder — Vigilance Committee Organized — Gifford Was Lynched 
— Confessed He Had Been Hired — Oath Bound Organization — Purpose 
to Rid the State of Thieves and Murderers — Cruel Murder — Barger 
Was Arrested — Tried Three Times — Always Convicted but Lawyers 
Saved His Neck — Vigilance Committee Took Matter in Hand — There 
Was No Further Appeal — Statement of the Vigilance Committee — 
Pledged to Stand by Each Other — Law Was Powerless to Protect — 

CHAPTER XXXVIII. 

Each Member of the Gang — Witnesses Ready to Prove an Alibi — 
Comegnick — Took Long Trips — He Belonged to the Gang — He Fre- 
quently Changed Residences — Robbed an Old Man — Confederates on 
the Jury Prevented an Indictment — Murdered Man and Wife — 
Brother of Murdered Woman Ran Him Down — Case Was Continued — 
Venn Changed, Etc. — Made a Short Speech to the Crowd — Judge 
Lynch Took the Matter in Hand — Comegnick Was Promptly Hung — 
Many Horses Stolen in 1855-6-7— Hard Times With the Settlers. 

CHAPTER XXXIX. 

Project of Dams a Failure — New Constitution Adopted — State 
House at Des Moines — Capitol Moved — Financial Depression — Banks 
Failed — No Banks of Issue in Iowa — Banks Started in Nebraska — 
Thomas H. Benton — Iowa Soon Had Plenty of Worthless Paper 
Money — Self Denial Practiced — Legislature Met at Des Moines Jan. 11, 
1858 — Gov. Grimes' Message — Commission Appointed to Codify Laws 
— Severe Law Against Fugitive Slaves — Under Ground Railroad — 
john Brown Drilled His Little Army— Of the Twenty-Six Men in His 
Band, Six Were From Iowa — Victor Hugo's Prediction Verified — 
"John Brown's Body" — Revision of 1860 — Branches of State Bank — 



HISTORY OP IOWA AND COUNTY DIRECTORY. 19 

Where Located — Gov. Kirkwood Vetoes the Banking Law — The 
Greatest Tornado — Its Course — Velocity — Loss of Life — Damage to 
Property — Strange and Wonderful Electric Freaks — Iowa Sent to the 
Civil War. 

CHAPTER XL. 

Indian Outbreak in Minnesota — First Hostilities in Northwestern 
Iowa — Settlers Become Alarmed — Military Companies Organized — 
About Eight Thousand Sioux Indians on the Reservation — Indians 
Planned the Massacre — Men Were at a Public Meeting — Indians Fell 
on Defenceless Families — News of Massacre Reached Spirit Lake — 
Company Organized to Aid — Indians Were Gone — Frontier Settlements 
Abandoned — Spirit Lake and Estherville Stood Pat — Territory of 
Minnesota Organized — Indians Ceded More Than 30,000,000 Acres of 
Land — Reserved a Tract on the Minnesota River — Indians Accepted 
an Amendment — Tribes Concerned in the Uprising — Location of the 
Agencies — Sioux Represented All Grades of Barbarism — How They 
Lived — Half-Breeds and Traders. 

CHAPTER XLI. 

Cause of the Outbreak — The Lost Cause Figured — Indian Warriors 
Within Reach — Tribes in the Conspiracy — Chiefs Visited Upper 
Agency — Assured Their Annuities Would Soon Arrive — Five Thou- 
sand Camped at Agency — Government Warehouse Plundered — Soldiers 
Passive — American Flag Cut Down — Excitement in Lower Agency — 
Quarreled With a White Man — Indians Fired, Killing Three — Large 
Number at Inquest — Indians Decided to Commence Massacre — Little 
Crow Called on Early in the Morning — Messengers Sent — James Lynde 
Shot Dead — Indians Afraid to Go Upstairs — A Bold Dash to Escape — 
General Massacre Commenced — Red Devils Showed No Mercy. 

CHAPTER XLII. 

Indians eager for plunder — Wabashaw and other chiefs joined — 
Dr. Humphreys — Frightful massacres — Unparalleled cruelty — Bravery 
of Captain Marsh — His fate and that of most of his soldiers — Treach- 
ery of the Indians — Loyalty of Other Day and his relatives — Friendly 
Indians warned whites — Attack on Fort Ridgely — Attack on New Ulm 
— Aid arrived in time to save the town — Second attack on Fort Ridge- 
ly — Narrow escape of Henry Ballard. 

CHAPTER XLIII. 
Indian charge at New Ulm— Whites made the mistake of retreat- 



20 THE DAILY TELEGRAPH-HERALD'S 

ing by deserted houses — Indians took shelter in them — Sharp and 
rapid firing from both sides — Indians set fire to houses and advanced 
behind the smoke — The conflagration became general — Captain Dodd's 
brave charge — Resulting in his death — Effective service bj^ sharp 
shooters — Great Indian charge repulsed — A desperate half breed — Col. 
Sibley's advance — Abandonment of New Ulm — Victims of Indian 
atrocity — Mayor Brown's perilous position and great loss — Indians 
quarreled — Defense of Forest City. 

CHAPTER XLIV. 

Little Crow saw the inevitable — Peace negotiations opened — In- 
dians had a large number of captives — Savages were divided among 
themselves — Battle of Wood Lake — One large camp with 250 white 
prisoners surrendered — Women and children wept with joy — Military 
Commission organized. 

CHAPTER XLV. 

Desolate condition of the country — People of New Ulm attacked 
the prisoners — Camp Lincoln established at Mankato — A number of 
Winnebagos tried — Prisoners arraigned on written charges — Trials, etc. 
— Witnesses and testimonj^ — Terrible murder of Cut Nose — Number of 
prisoners tried — Number sentenced to death and number to imprison- 
ment and number executed. 

CHAPTER XLVI. 

Treatment of the condemned — How they seemed affected — Descrip- 
tion of the condemned — Father Ravoux spent the whole night with 
them — Preparation for the execution — White Dog's request not granted 
— The half-breeds were most dejected — Ascending the scaffold — The 
death song was hideous — Nearly all their necks were broken — 38 in all. 

CHAPTER XVII. 

Republican State convention, 1877 — Resolution expressing confi- 
dence in President Hayes defeated — Greenback and Democratic con- 
ventions — Their declarations— Resolution of the Woman's Suffrage So- 
ciety—Resolutions adopted by the State Grange— The heaviest rain- 
storm of record — Fate of a railroad train — The dead and wounded — 
Amount of public land granted in 1878 was 8,000,000 acres— Report 
of Auditor of State— Kate Shelley's heroic act— Recognition by the 
State Legislature and railroad company. 



HISTORY OF IOWA AND COUNTY DIRECTORY. 21 

CHAPTER XLVIII. 

Drive well patent contest — Case tried before Judge Shiras and 
jury — Decision against the defendant — The U. S. Supreme Court 
affirmed the decision — Decision saved the farmers over two million 
dollars — The citizens who fought the suit deserve great praise, 

CHAPTER XLIX. 

Message of Governor Larrabee — Public debt reduced — An appeal 
for the prohibitory law — Reduced consumption of liquor — Duty of the 
legislative power — Gov. Boies' inaugural address — Local option favored 
— What Iowa needs — Effort to enact a local option law failed. 

CHAPTER L. 

Destructive hurricane — Gathered in Cherokee County — Graphic de- 
scription — Two women killed in Rock Township — Destruction of Pom- 
eroy — Shrieks of the wounded and groans of the dying were appal- 
ling — Efforts to rescue — Number of dead forty-two — Gov. Boies' appeal 
for aid — Destructive railroad collision — Presidential election, 1904. 

CHAPTER LI. 

Parliamentary rules and regulations — Quorum — Chairmai, Clerk 
and Committees^How appointed— Questions, motions, etc, — Division 
of question and urivilege — Minority and mapority report — -Motions not 
requiring seconds — Amendmeits, etc., when not debatable — Division of 
question — Previous and Equivalent questions — Order, Commitment and 
Reconsideration. 

CHAPTER LII. 

What caused the death of our Presidents — George Washington, 
John Adams, Thomas Jefferson, James Hadison, James Monroe, John 
Q. Adams, Andrew .lackson, Martin Van Buren, W, H, Harrison, John 
Tyler, James K. Polk, Zachary Taylor, Millard Filmore, Franklin Pierce, 
James Buchanan, Abraham Lincoln, Andrew Johnson, U, S. Grant, 
James A, Garfield, Chester A, Arthur, R, B, Hayes, William McKinley. 

CHAPTER LIII. 

Wealth of our Presidents — How deep to plant corn — The famous 
Connecticut blue laws — The seven wonders of the world — Homestead 
and Homesteaders — Valuable information — Wonders of the body — 
Food and drink consumed by the average man — Elevation above the 



22 THE. DAILY TELEGRAPH-HERALD'S 

sea level of 19 cities and points — Average fall of the Mississippi and 
Missouri Rivers — Punctuation Marks and Rules — Tributes to Women — 
Confucious, Voltaire, Adams, Whittier, Gladstone, Barrett. 

CHAPTER LIV. 

Rise and decline of the Catholic Church in the United States — A 
strange phenomenon — Statement of the Very Reverend Dr. Slattery of 
Baltimore, Md. a great surprise to Catholics — What advocates of the 
Parochial School affirm — What the Berlin Germania says — What oc- 
curred in 1790 — Catholic population in 1790 and in 1880 very rapid 
increase — Ratio in 1790 and 1880 — Table of immigration and 
census by decades from 1790 to 1900, both dates inclusive 
—Catholic population in 1902 — The cause of the great loss 
—When and how the public schools were established — Great 
advantage of the Public Schools — Bishop Hennessey's preaching 
against them — What he encountered — The reason why the Jew did not 
increase — Abstract history of the Jew — Number Moses led through the 
Red Sea — Settlement of Carthage and Rome — The Jew did not increase 
why? — The early Christians — The tenth general persecution — Where 
relief came from — What St. Sylvester wanted — What the Emperor Con- 
stantino did — Evil results of segrigation — Dubuque Public Schools — 
Catholic boy is handicapped — What the Poet Gray says — Comparison 
between the increase of the General and Catholic population — Time 
has come for reflection and action — What Pope Leo XHI. says. 

CHAPTER LV. 

W. J. Bryan's lecture delivered in the City of Dubuque, April 27, 
1905 — His appearance on the platform — What is the Value of an Ideal 
— An ideal is above price — How to measure life — The most difficult 
thing — A good class motto — Description of a noble life — The lecturer 
had three ambitions or ideals — The most important thing in dealing 
with young people — Entered politics by accident — Confidence game 
played on a young man — The science of government — No patience 
with those who are too good to take part in politics — The boast of 
Roman matrons — What ought to be the boast of American mothers — 
Service the measure of greatness — What fixes man's place among his 
fellows — What sons of farmers, mechanics, merchants, etc. have ac- 
complished — Hull House and Jane Adams — The ideal of Tolstoi — His 
change of ideals — The mystery of life — The period of skepticism — 
Materialism — Different ideals — Self-made men — Speculative spirit — 
What we need to-day — Domestic ideals — Commercial marriages — ^Busi- 
ness ideals — Ideals in politics — Corrupt politics — Voters paid for com- 
ing to the polls and voting — Some Democrats followed this bad ex- 
ample — Their excuse — Must have parties — What Jefferson said — Initia- 



HISTORY OF IOWA AND COUNTY DIRECTORY. 23 

tive and referendum — Switzerland the most democratic — Rights of the 
people — No excuse for fraud — An honest platform — What Senator Hill 
said — A nation must have an ideal — Grand action towards Cuba — Let 
flag stand for justice. 

CHAPTER LVI. 

Story of Commodore Perry's Landing in Japan in 1853 — The day 
appointed — The advance boat — Letter to the Emperor of Japan — Letter 
of the President of the United States Convention — Commodore Perry's 
letter to the Emperor of Japan — Letter of credence — Receipt given to 
Perry — The procession — The reception building — Conference lasted two 
hours — Steamer moved slowly down the bay — Japan opened to the 
nations. 

CHAPTER LVII. 

Dates of important events which occurred in the United States 
and Colonies from the discovery by Christopher Columbus, October 12, 
1492, to date. This is a very useful table. 

CHAPTER LVIII. 

Dictionary of Proper Names. 



CHAPTER 1. 

Inasmuch as the American Continents are isolated on all sides,- 
except at Behring Strait and the Polar region, by a wide expanse of 
ocean, it has been a question of much speculation, since their dis- 
covery by Colunibus, as to how, at what time, and whence they were 
populated. Different theories have been advanced; one is that many 
ages ago, those Continents were connected with Europe by a great 
Continent called "Atlas," which, long before the Christian era, sunk 
into the Atlantic Ocean. Another theory is that Ancient Navigators 
may have crossed the Atlantic Ocean and effected a settlement. An- 
other theory is, and to our mind the most plausible one, that the ten 
lost tribes of Israel, who rebelled in the year of 975 B. C. and estab- 
lished the Kingdom of Israel, which in the year 721 B. C. was over- 
come by Shalmanser of Asseria and all of its inhabitants led into cap- 
tivity. This put an end to the Kingdom of Israel, and also an end to 
the ten tribes, so far as history is concerned, for it makes no farther 
mention of them. They were no doubt colonized by the Asserians, 
and as they were a healthy, vigorous race of people, they increased 
and in time were liberated. Instead of returning to Jerusalem they 
may have wandered Northward along the Pacific Coast and after ages 
reached Behring Strait. At that time the channel was perhaps much 
narrower than it is now, or there may have been islands in it, suffi- 
cient to make it possible for them to cross with their crude crafts. 
This theory is corroborated by statements made by Columbus that he 
"observed that the natives he discovered, practiced some of the Jewish 
customs," and the lowas, who inhabited this country, and after whom 
our state is named, had a tradition "that the Great Spirit made a man 
and a woman out of red clay and all the Indians sprung from them," 
and again, "it rained for a month and the whole world was destroyed, 
except a few that escaped in a big canoe," and all the Indian tribes 
claimed that they had come from a great distance, generally from the 
Northwest. Towards the Pacific Ocean. These traditions were hand- 
ed down from father to son from time immemorial. Archaeologists 
generally claim that the remains of two distinct races have been found 
in the valley of the Mississippi River. It is claimed also that the 
Mound Builders were different from the Indians who preceded the 
white man. There is, however, much speculation about this. Because 
Ihey built mounds over theii- dead, and manifested some skill in man- 
uracturing copper knives, axes, etc., it does not follow that they were 
a different race. The custom of building mounds may have b^en 
dropped, and the art of working copper forgotten. Moreover, at least 



26 THE DAILY TELEGRAPH-HERALD'S 

one mound was built about the year 1801. For the Commissioner, ap- 
pointed by President Jefferson in 1803 to explore the Louisiana Pur- 
chase, found a mound recently built, twelve feet in diameter and eight 
feet high, erected on a prominent Missouri River bluff, over the re- 
mains of Chief Omaha. This would indicate that the Indians still built 
mounds over their most illustrious dead. 

The first human skulls discovered resembled those of a Gorilla, 
having thick ridges over the eyes, and very low forehead, indicating a 
low degree of intellect. Similar skulls have been found in Europe. 
This leads to the belief that the first inhabitants of the Earth known 
to Archaeologists were low browed, small bodied beings but a grade 
above the lower animals. The first inhabitants of the Mississippi 
River Valley, of which we have any evidence, are called Mound 
Builders. Stone and copper implements found indicates that they had 
made some progress in the scale of intelligence. As to their number, 
color, form of government; whether or not they cultivated the land 
and built comfortable houses, and how they constructed those mounds, 
is not and perhaps will never be known. In many of those mounds 
were found skeletons, partially preserved; with vessels, pipes and or- 
naments. One opened in Dubuque County disclosed a vault divided 
into three cells. In the center were found eight skeletons sitting in 
a circle, and in the center of the group was a drinking vessel made 
from a sea shell. The whole chamber was covered with logs preserved 
in cement. Some very interesting mounds were found near Daven- 
port. Several of them were opened and found to contain sea shells, 
copper axes, hemispheres of copper, stone knives, pieces of Galena 
mica, pottery with coarse cloth which had been preserved by the 
copper. The pipes were of the Mound Builders' pattern. Some of 
them were covered with effigies of birds and animals. One bird had 
eyes of copper, another of pearl, showing much delicacy of manufac- 
ture and skill in carving. Eleven copper awls and twenty copper pipes 
were taken from those mounds. All of the mounds contained skele- 
tons and ashes. Two contained altars of stone. In one tablets were 
found upon which heiroglyphics representing letters and figures of 
people, trees and animals. In one mound two skeletons were found, 
below these were layers of ashes and river shells, several feet thick. 
Beneath these three mature skeletons were lying horizontally, and be- 
tween them the skeleton of a child. Near them were five copper 
axes wrapped in cloth. Many of the mounds have been opened and 
found to contain, in addition to skeletons, evidence of ingenius and 
skilled work of a prehistoric race. If they were of the same line as the 
inhabitants of Central America, who erected the massive structures 
found in ruins on that portion of the Continent, their civilization must 
have been well advanced. That they existed in great numbers and 
through periods of many years there is no doubt, 



HISTORY OF IOWA AND COUNTY DIRECTORY. 27 

CHAPTER II. 

Iowa is one of the Central Western States of the Union. It is 
situated between 40 degrees 20 minutes and 43 degrees 30 minutes 
North Latitude; and 90 degrees 12 minutes and 96 degrees 38 minutes 
West Longitude. The center of the State is about on a line with the 
Northern boundary of California and Rhode Island, and is nearly mid- 
way between the two Oceans. Iowa is bounded on the West by the 
Missouri River, which separates it from South Dakota and Nebraska, 
and on the East by the Mississippi River, which separates it from Illi- 
nois and Wisconsin. It contains 56,025 squore miles, being very near 
the size of Illinois or Wisconsin. In shape the State forms a rectan- 
gle, having an extreme length of 300 and a breadth of 208 miles. The 
North and South boundaries are parallel. In area it is about equal to 
England and Wales. The North boundary separates it from Minnesota 
and the South boundary from Missouri. 

Its highest point is in the vicinity of Spirit Lake and its lowest at 
the mouth of the Des Moines River. The distance betweeu these 
points is about 300 miles and the difference in altitude 1,200 feet, 
making an average slope of four feet to the mile. The slope from 
the Northeast corner of the State to the Southeast is thirteen inches 
to the mile. From the Northwest corner to the Southwest corner, two 
inches per mile, from the Northwest corner to Spirit Lake five feet 
and five inches per mile. These figures give a general idea of the lay 
of the land. Its 35,856,000 acres constitute the finest body of agricul- 
tural land in the world. No bad lands, but few hills, all of which are 
good for grazing. Soil rich and well watered with suflicient rainfall. 
Its beds of coal are almost inexhaustible. 

Table showing the increase of population by decades from 1836 
to 1900, and the agricultural products for the latter year, according 
to the United States Census for 1900: 

1S36— 10,331 1840— 45,112 1850— 192,214 

1860- 674,713 1870—1,194,020 1880—1,624,615 

1S90— 1 ,911,896 1900—2,231,853 

Acres. Quantity. Value. 

Corn 9,804,076 383,453,190 bushels $97,297,707 

Wheat 7,689,705 22,769,440 bushels 11,457,808 

Oats 4,695,361 168,364,170 bushels 33,254,987 

Barley 627,851 18,059,060 bushels 5,343,363 

Clover Seed 15,114 bushels 69,640 

Grass Seed 1,276,958 bushels 1,146,123 

Hay and Forage 4,644,378 6,851,871 tons 30,042,246 

Rye 89,172 1,177,970 bushels 480,817 

Buckwheat 13,834 151,120 bushels 84,842 

Flax Seed 126,452 1,413,380 bushels 1,380,103 

Kaffir Corn 66 1,408 bushels 552 

Broom Corn 2,220 1,178,120 bushels 50,636 

Tobacco 131 127,421 pounds 8,345 

Peanuts 7 127 bushels 164 

Dry Beans 2,427 24,903 bushels 38,296 

Dry Peas 1,556 27,606 bushels 24 470 



28 THE DAILY TELEGRAPH-HERALD'S 

Potatoes 175,888 17,305,919 bushels 3,870,746 

Sweet Potatoes 2,688 224,622 bushels 128,981 

Onions 1,195 292,097 bus».els 177,088 

Other Vegetables 81,502 3,332,039 

Maple Sugar 2,320 pounas 280 

Maple Syrup 2,662 gallons 2,640 

Sorghum Cane 7,999 10,033 tons 29,125 

Sorghum Syrup 421,212 gallons 190,695 

Orchard Fruits 180,076 1,849,767 

Small Fruits 9,650 878,447 

Grapes 5,180 7,408,900 bushels 166,360 

Flowers and Plants 140 320,407 

Seeds 71 7,044 

Nursery Products 2,905 619,192 

Nuts 3,265,628 

Fruit Products 3,265,628 

Miscellaneous 28,501 

Total 22,164,564 $195,552,544 

Quantity. Value. 

Cattle all year on Farm 5,367,630 $142,518,902 

Horses all year on Farm 1,392,573 77,720,577 

Mules all year on Farm 57,579 3,737,529 

Sheep all year on Farm 1,056,718 3,956,142 

Swine 9,723,541 43,764,176 

Goats 41,468 146,708 

Poultry 20,043,343 6,535,461 

Bees, Swarms 138,811 443,923 

Unclassified 6,675 

Total $278,830,096 

Number. 

Cattle of all ages not on farm 79,880 

Horses 150,775 

Mules 5,74] 

Sheep 2,857 

Swine 128,138 

Goats 800 

The Territory now included in the State of Iowa was prior to 
17G2 claimed by three different foreign countries, Spain, England and 
Prance. Spain based her claim to title on the Discovery of North 
America by Columbus in 1492, and on a grant from Pope Alexander 
VI., made in 1493, to Ferdinand and Isabella, king and queen of Aragon 
and Castile, of all the continents, inhabited by infidels, which they had 
discovered, said grant being assigned to their heirs and successors, 
the Kings of Castile and Leon. By the partition agreed upon by Spain 
and Portugal, Spain was allotted all of North America. England 
cliamed title through the discovery of America in 1498, by John Cabot, 
who, together with his sons, had been granted a patent of discovery, 
possession and trade by Henry VII., King of England. The claim of 
France was based on the actual discovery of Iowa Territory by Father 
Marquette and Louis Joliet, in June. 1G73, and upon the discoveries 
made by Robert La Salle, in 1682, who had been granted a patent by 
Louis XIV., in 1678, permitting him to explore the Western part of 



HISTORY OF IOWA AND COUNTY DIRECTORY. 29 

New France. La Salle descended the Illinois and Mississippi Rivers, 
explored the shores of the Gulf of Mexico to the Westward, and on 
the 9th of April, 1682, proclaimed the rivers and all the lands drained 
by them to be by right of discovery the dominion of Louis XIV., King 
of France, and he named the country Louisiana in honor of his King. 
The ownership of the Territory of Louisiana was not definitely 
setled until 1763. In 1762 a preliminary treaty, known as the act of 
Fontainbleau, was signed between England, France and Spain, by 
which it was agreed that the boundary between the Provinces of Eng- 
land and France should be irrevocably fixed by a line drawn in the 
middle of the Mississippi River; the French possessions lying West 
and the English possessions East of said line. By this treaty Iowa 
was definitely placed in the Louisiana Province, and all rights of 
claimants through charters and grants made by the Kings of England 
in the Seventeenth Century were terminated. The treaty of Paris, 
which was signed by the three countries in the following year, con- 
firmed the boundaries agreed upon in the preliminary treaty. 

Louis XV., King of France, secretly ceded to Spain in 1762, all the 
French Possessions lying beyond the Mississippi River. Spain took 
formal possession of the Province of Louisiana in 1769, and retained 
control of this vast territory until 1800, when the treaty of St. Idle- 
fonso was concluded, Spain agreeing to recede the Province of Louis- 
iana to France upon the fufillment of certain considerations to be per- 
formed by the French Republic. This treaty was succeeded in the fol- 
lowing year by the treaty of Madrid, which provided that the retro- 
cession of Louisiana, as agreed upon in the treaty of St. Idlefonso, 
should be carried out. 

In 1803, for a consideration of $15,000,000, France relinquished to 
the United States all her right and title to the territory lying West 
of the Mississipi River and North and East of the Spanish possessions. 
This transaction is known as the "Louisiana Purchase." The United 
States thus acquired possession of a vast domain, out of which there 
have been formed the states of Arkansas, Missouri, Iowa, Nebraska, 
North and South Dakota, all of Indian Territory, the major parts of 
the states of Louisiana, Minnesota, Kansas, Montana, and Wyoming, 
nearly all of the Oklahoma Territory, and a large portion of the State 
of Colorado. 

CHAPTER III 

In 1538 Narvaez was appointed by Charles V. of Spain, Governor 
of Florida. He fitted out an expedition of five ships and four hundred 
men. After enduring hardships not easily described, all perished but 
one, Alvard Nunez, the sole survivor, who reached a Spanish settle- 
ment after ten years of wandering. De Soto was the next freebooter 
to try his hand. He organized a fleet of ten ships, manned by over 



30 THE DAILY TELEGRAPH-HERALD'S 

1,000 men. Like his predecessor, Narvaez, his purpose was to get 
gold. Thew had no respect or consideration for the natives. Plunder, 
murder and rapine were resorted tt>. They proved to be a band of 
freebooters in quest of fortune and plunder. An army, rendered cruel 
and ferocious by avarice, ready to march to any point where they 
might plunder Indian villages supposed to be stored with gold or 
other riches. 

The native soon discovered that they must fight; either fight and 
exterminate the invaders or be exterminated by them. And De Soto, 
before he had proceeded far into the trackless woods, had reason to 
believe he had taken the wrong course. The natives hounded his army 
day and night, and after a disastrous siege about 250 returned to the 
Spanish settlement. Both of these expeditions spent some time in the 
Mississippi River Valley. De Soto found a grave in the Great River. 

England and Portugal sent out exploring parties, who were equally 
cruel and unjust to the Indians. In fact, for the first century after 
the discovery of America, the Indians were treated like wild animals, 
having no rights that the white men were obligated to respect. But a 
new era was introduced by the Brotherhood of Jesus, or, as they are 
better known, the Jesuits. This society was organized about the year 
1540. Ignatius, its founder, who held a high rank in the Spanish army, 
was wounded at the siege of Pampeluna, and while convalescing, in 
the hospital, he read the lives of the Saints, and on refiection conclud- 
ed he was fighting on the wrong side. That he was fighting against 
humanity when he ought to be battling for God and humanity. He 
conferred with a few friends, and the result was that nine men of 
rank pledged themselves to devote their lives to the cause of God and 
humanity. After studying Theology fqr about three years, they went 
to Rome and made an offer of their services to Pope Paul III. He 
applauded their zeal, and after another three years' course of study, 
they were erected into a religious body, under the name of the Society 
of Jesus. Others soon joined and the society became in a short time 
numerically strong. The New World was their objective point and 
they penetrated nearly every part of it. Bancroft says of the Jesuits: 
"The history of their labor is connected with nearly every celebrated 
town in the annals of French America. Not a river was entered, not 
a cape turned, but a Jesuit led the way. Although certain privations 
and suffering was their lot, and martyrdom might be the crown of 
their labors, they ventured into the remotest regions and among the 
most warlike tribes." The Jesuit revelation, given by Father Claude 
Dablon in 1670, in his account of the Illinois Indians, says: "These 
people were the first to come to Green Bay to trade with the French. 
They are settled in the midst of a beautiful country away southward 
towards the great river named 'Missipi.' It takes its rise in the North, 
flowing towards the South, discharging its waters into the Sea. All 
the vast country through which it flows is of prairie without trees. 



HISTORY OF IOWA AND COUNTY DIRECTORY. 31 

It is beyond this river that the Illinois live, and from which are de- 
tached the Muscatines, which signifies a land bare of trees." None of 
the early French explorers seem to have suspected that this Great 
River so often told of by the Indians was the same river discovered 
by De Soto one hundred and thirty years before. 

CHAPTER IV. 

The French Jesuit, Father Marquette, was the first white man to 
set foot on Iowa soil. He had spent many years with the Indians 
in the vicinity of Green Bay building churches and teaching and 
preaching to them. The Indians held him in high esteem. They had 
a warm affection for the good Missionary who had devoted the best 
years of his life to their welfare. He had resolved to go farther West 
and see the Great River, which he had heard of so often. The Indians 
besought him with tears not to undertake so perilous a journey, but 
he had resolved to go. Louis Joliet, with five experienced voyagers, 
embarked with him May 13th, 1673, in two birch bark canoes. Arriv- 
ing at the Western extremity of the French explorations, they engaged 
two Miami guides to pilot them to the Wisconsin River. They floated 
down that river to where it empties into the Mississippi River, when 
they were delighted at beholding the magnificent river so often heard 
of. The largest on the continent. This was on June 17th, 1673. They 
felt the inspiration of their great discovery. All about them was an 
unknown region, not a human being was to be seen. They landed from 
time to time, made camps, killed game and caught fish. They ascend- 
ed the bluffs and saw in the distance boundless prairies, upon which 
were herds of buffalo and elk. The explorers passed between shores 
of unsurpassed beauty, where Dubuque, Clinton, Davenport, Rock 
Island, Muscatine, Burlington and other flourishing towns and cities 
now stand. On June 28th they landed on the West shore and dis- 
covered human foot prints in the sand. They traced them to a path 
which led up the bluff. Leaving their companions in charge of the 
boats, Marquette and Joliet followed the trail Westward for several 
miles, till nearing a fringe of timber a column of smoke was seen and 
soon after a tent was discovered erected in a grove. It proved to be 
part of an Indian village. It was built on the bank of a small river, the 
shores of which were shaded by a beautiful fringe of timber. The na- 
tives were astonished to see white men, but no hostile demonstration 
were made. It is likely that few if any of these Indians had ever 
seen a European before. The Indians made signs of friendship and 
offered the pipe of peace. They proved to be a band of the Illinois 
tribe, and had two other villages a few miles distant. The river on 
which they were living, was called by them, the Mon-in-go-na. Mar- 
quette was well enough acquainted with the language of the lUkioia 
tribe of Indians to converse with the villagers. When he had ex- 



32 THE DAILY TELEGRAPH-HERALD'S 

plained who they were, the object of their visit and the pleasure it 
afforded them to meet some of the inhabitants of that delightful 
country, the Indians gave the explorers a very cordial welcome. One 
of the chiefs delivered the following address: I thank the black 
gown chief, and his friend, for taking so much pains to come and see 
us. Never before has the earth been so beautiful nor the sun so 
bright as now. Never has the river been so calm and free from rock, 
which your canoes have removed as they passed down. Never has the 
tobacco nad so fine a flavor, nor our corn appeared so beautiful as we 
behold it now. Ask the Great Spirit to give us life and health, and 
come ye and live with us." 

At the conclusion of the chief's address they were invited, to a 
feast which the squaws had prepared, and which Marquette describes 
as follows: "It consisted of four courses. First, there was a large 
bowl filled with a preparation of corn meal boiled in water and sea- 
soned with oil. The Indian conducting the ceremonies had a large 
wooden spoon with which he dipped in the mixture, called by them 
Tagamety, and passed it in turn into the mouths of the different mem- 
bers of the party. The second course was fish, nicely cooked and sep- 
arated from the bones and placed in the mouths of the guests. The 
third course was a roasted dog, which our explorers declined with 
thanks, when it was at once removed from sight. The last course was 
roast buffalo, the fattest pieces of which were passed to the visitors. 
It was excellent meat and nicely cooked." Marquette and Joliet were 
delighted with the beautiful country. The fish and game were plenti- 
ful, and the friendly reception by the Indians, all conspired to give the 
explorers a lofty conception of both the country and its inhabitants. 
This was Iowa as seen by the first white man. For six days they re- 
mained with their Indian friends, hunting and fishing and 
living on the best the land could produce. The natives exerted them- 
selves to provide every entertainment for them, and urged them to 
prolong their stay. When Marquette and his party could not be in- 
duced to remain longer, more than six hundred Indians escorted them 
back to the river, where their canoes were moored, and regretfully 
bade them good-bye. The Indians watched the white men, waving 
them farewell, until they disappeared in a bend in the river. The 
place where they landed is supposed to be where Montrose now 
stands. A complete record of their trip and a description and chart of 
the country were kept by Joliet, but unfortunately were lost. Father 
Marquette's chief interest in all his daring expeditions Into unknown 
regions was the conversion of the Indians to Christianity. He made 
but few notes or records of his travels. Fierce feuds and savage war- 
fare have prevailed among the tribes of Indians; but the first white 
man that came among them was met with warm welcome and sub- 
stantial tokens of friendship. The French, doubtless under the influ- 
ence of the Jesuits, who led them in nearly all their explorations, 



HISTORY OF IOWA AND COUNTY DIRECTORY. 33 

treated the Indians with kindness and respected their rights. The 
people of nearly all other nations regarded and treated them as sav- 
ages having no rights that white men were bound to respect. The 
French lived with peace and security among them, while the English, 
Spanish and Portugese made war upon them which brought retaliation 
and massacre of men, women and children. Father Marquette won 
the conndence and esteem of the Indians, and when he and his party 
bade farewell to the Illinois chief, the latter presented him with the 
pipe of peace. The sacred calumet, ornamented with brilliant feathers. 
This suspended from the neck, was a safeguard among all the savage 
tribes that he might encounter in his journey. 

CHAPTER V. 

In latitude 33 degrees they met a fierce tribe of Indians of the 
Michigamie nation. These natives had heard, no doubt, by tradition, 
of the invasions of De Soto, one hundred and thirty years before, and 
the atrocities perpetrated on their ancestors. At first sight of the 
canoes manned by white men, the alarm was sounded. A large band 
of warriors assembled, and, armed with bows and arrows, tomahawks 
and war clubs, embarked in their canoes and advanced with yells of 
defiance upon the seven Frenchmen. The fearless Marquette, un- 
awed by the impending danger, held aloft the sacred calumet. Seeing 
the token of peace, the Indian chief restrained his men, and in turn 
made signs of peace. He invited Marquette and his party to the vil- 
lage, where for several days they were entertained with hospitality. 
They descended nearly to the mouth of the Arkansas River, a distance 
of more than 1,100 miles. They had learned that the Great River they 
had discovered emptied into the Gulf of Mexico, at a distance of about 
GOO miles from where they were encamped. The object of the expedi- 
tion was accomplished, the party had entered a region where the lan- 
guage learned by Marquette was unknown, and it was difficult to com- 
municate or procure information from the natives. The Indians were 
hostile and might at any time attack the little company. Should 
these men be killed all their valuable discoveries would be lost to 
France. Moreover, they were liable to come upon Spanish settlements 
or freebooters, of which they were as much in dread as the Indians. 
Hence they concluded it was their duty to return to Canada and report 
the result of their long and interesting voyage. Propelling the canoes 
up stream in hot weather was not such an easy task, but energy and 
perseverance accomplished it. Arriving at the mouth of the Illinois 
River, they heard from the Indians that this river afforded a much 
shorter route to the Great Lakes than the Wisconsin River. They 
therefore ascended it for two weeks and then crossed the Illinois 
prairie from its head to the Chicago River, and followed that stream 
to the shore of Lake Michigan. Father Marquette died in 1675 at tke 



34 THE DAILY TELEGRAPH-HERALD'S 

age of 38 years. His country was mankind. The following lines writ-* 
ten by a traveler, who was not a member of his church, gives an idea 
of his peaceful death: 

"His solitary grave was made 

Beside thy water, Mictiigan; 
In the forest shade the bones were laid 

Of a world wandering man. 
Discoverer of a world; he sleeps 

By all the world unknown; 
No mausaleum marks tlie spot, 

Nor monumental stone. 
He died alone; no pious hand 

Smoothed down the pillows for his liead; 
No watching follower reared the tent 

Or strewed the green leaves for his bed. 
His followers left the holy man. 
Beside a rustic altar kneeling. 
The slanting sun's beams sitting rays 

Through the thick forest branches stealing. 
An hour had passed and they returned; 

They found him lying where he knelt, 
But Oh! how changed; the calm of death 

Upon his marble features dwelt, 
Even while he prayed, his living soul 

Had to His native Heaven fled; 
While the last twilight's holiest beam 

Fell like a glory on his head." 



CHAPTER VI. 

In 1710 the first African Negroes were taken into the new French 
Colony and slavery established in Louisiana. In 1717 the entire trade 
of the Mississippi River was granted by a charter from the French 
King to a Western Company for twenty-five years. The company 
under its charter was obligated to introduce 6,000 white settlers and 
3,000 slaves. War was waged between England France from 1756 to 
1702, for the conquest of Canada, and in 1763 France ceded to England 
all her territory East of the Mississippi River, except a region East of 
New Orleans. The King of France about the same time, by a secret 
treaty, ceded to Spain the entire country West of the Mississippi River 
known as Louisiana. Thus, after nearly one hundred years' posses- 
sion, the entire interests of France were turned over and the French 
inhabitants became unwilling subjects of Spain and England. When 
Spain secured possession of Louisiana she put an embargo on the 
Mississippi River, which made it very inconvenient for the Americans, 
and after making several unsuccessful attempts to induce her to raise 
it, Congress in 1788 declared "that the navigation of the Mississippi 
River is a clear and essential right of the United States and that it 
ought to be enforced." This developed a war cloud above the horizon, 
and although Spain realized her danger, she procrastinated hoping to 
win the people of the Mississippi Valley to her side. But they were 
too firmly wedded to the Union. Finally the American minister at 
Madrid proposed that if Spain would cede to the United States, her 
possessions East of the Mississippi River, including the islands and 



HISTORY OF IOWA AND COUNTY DIRECTORY. 35 

City of New Orleans, the United States would make no claim to the 
vast teritory West of the river, as her real interests would then re- 
quire that Spain retain her possessions West of it. Since the free 
navigation of the river was of such prime necessity to the United 
States, it must sooner or later be conceded. The minister said: "This 
is the decree of Providence written on every map of the Continent, 
and it cannot be perverted by any human agency. Would it not be the 
part of wisdom to anticipate an irrepressible event peacefully, and 
cement a lasting friendship with the United States on this basis of 
mutual benefit and interest." In 1795 the matter was settled by treaty, 
making the middle of the Mississippi River the Western boundary of 
the United States from the 31st degree of North Latitude to its 
source, and navigation made free to its mouth. Under the brilliant 
young counsel. Napoleon Bonaparte, Prance became the most power- 
ful nation of Europe, and as her people had not become reconciled 
to the manner in which Louisiana was taken from them. Napoleon 
resolved to restore it to France, and in 1801 a treaty was made, by 
which Spain ceded to France all the Province of Louisiana, but before 
Napoleon could take possession of it, England and her allies were 
pressing the French armies so hard that Napoleon feared the power- 
ful British navy would secure and blockade the ports of Louisiana; 
thus cutting France off from her possessions so recently acquired. 
The French and Americans were traditional friends, and in order to 
save Louisiana from England, Napoleon determined to transfer it to 
a friendly power able to defend it, and in 1803 sold it to the United 
States for $15,000,000. 

The almost unexplored country comprising Louisiana, had been 
discovered by Spanish adventurers in 1542, but they abandoned it for 
one hundred and thirty years, when French explorers took possession 
of it, in the name of their King. It was held by France from 1681 to 
1763, when it was ceded to Spain. Up to the close of the Revolutionary 
War, Virginia claimed the territory lying west of the Ohio River, as 
well as Kentucky. This claim was ceded to the United States in 1784. 
In the same year a treaty was made with the Sioux Indians, who 
claimed a portion of the territory, by which they relinquished their 
claim to all lands west of the State of New York. In 1785 Congress 
passed an act providing for the survey of public lands. These lands 
were divided into Townships six miles square. The ranges to be 
numbered from the boundary of Pennsylvania west, and the Town- 
ships north from a point on the Ohio River due north or the western 
terminus of the southern boundary of Pennsylvania. These townships 
were divided into thirty-six sections one mile square. This was the 
origin of our excellent system of surveying, dividing and describing 
public lands. Afterwards the law was amended to the extent of lay- 
ing off the land in checks twenty-four miles north and south, and 



36 THE DAILY TELEGRAPH-HERALD'S 

forty-two miles east and west. This was divided into townships and 
sections, and the fractions thrown on the west side of the check, and 
township. In 1786 Congress adopted a joint resolution providing that 
not less than three nor more than five States should be organized out 
of the new territory. 

CHAPTER VII. 

In 1787 Congress passed an act by which all the country lying 
North and West of the Ohio River, and East of the Mississippi River, 
was organized into the Northwest Territory. This embraced what has 
since become the States of Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Michigan and Wis- 
consin. Seventeen million acres of land had been acquired by treaty 
with the various tribes of Indians, and the ordinance provided for its 
organization, forever prohibiting the introduction of slavery within 
its limits. This prohibition was introduced by Thomas Jefferson, 
author of the Declaration of Independence, and afterwards President 
of the United States. The wresting of Iowa from the Indians was 
attended with but little of the cruelties of war which followed the 
advent of the English, Spanish and Portugese invaders of other parts 
of America. Three hundred years of sturdy but unrewarded resist- 
ance to the advance of the European races, had exhausted the original 
fire and unyielding courage of the Indians, and impressed them with 
the gloomy conviction that further resistance must be futile. Nation 
after nation of their ancestors had been vanquished in the unequal 
contest. Slowly but surely they had been dispossessed of their hunt- 
ing grounds and home. The most powerful tribes had disappeared in 
tne warfare. Their lands had been peopled by the white man, who 
forced the savage step by step Westward. Their conquerors must be 
tueir historian, and justice demands that we shall record their virtues 
as well as their vices. If they were cruel, treacherous, revengeful and 
merciless as enemies, it is no less true that they were brave, warm, 
hospitable, devoted and loyal friends. They were as ready to risk life 
in defense of a friend as they were to tomahawk, scalp and burn their 
enemies and prisoners. They resisted the invasion of their country 
with a stern and relentless ferocity, born of ages of barbarism, tortur- 
ing and exterminating the despoilers of their homes. 

When Iowa was first explored by the whites, the Dakota Indians 
were found in possession of Minnesota and Northern Iowa. This 
family consisted of the following tribes: The lowas, Omahas, Osages, 
Winnebagos, Muscatines, Otoes, and Sissetons. The Algonquin family 
consisted of the Illinois, Poxes, Chippewas, Attouays, Pottawattamies, 
and Sioux, occupied North Missouri and South Iowa. Fierce wars 
were waged between those tribes and frequently until the weaker 
tribe was exterminated. The last battle fought between the lowas on 
on side and the Sacs and Foxes on the other, was near the town of 



HISTORY OF IOWA AND COUNTY DIRECTORY. 37 

lowaville. Here in the year 1824 the lowas had assembled in great 
.'lumbers to witness a horse race on the river bottoms about two miles 
from their village. Most of their warriors were present, unarmed and 
unconscious of the impending danger. The Sacs and Foxes were led 
by their Chief Pashepaho, assisted by Black Hawk, who was then a 
young man unknown to fame. Their spies had watched the assemb- 
ling of the lowas and reported their number. The Sacs and Fox 
braves were in ambush in a forest near by. The old chief had two 
divisions, in the stealthy attack, while young Black Hawk was sent 
with a third division to capture and burn the village. At a moment 
when all eyes were bent on an exciting race, the terrible warwhoop 
burst upon their ears and the fierce Sac and t ox warriors rushed like 
an avalanche upon the unarmed and panic-stricken crowd. The Iowa 
warriors made a dash for their village, where their arms had been 
left, only to find it in flames. The agonizing shrieks from their wives 
and children, mingled with the yells of young Black Hawk's band, as 
the tomahawks fell upon the defenseless villagers, nerved the Iowa 
braves to superhuman exertions. But few of their arms could be 
found in the confusion and the men, women and children were massa- 
cred by hundreds. In their hopeless efforts to protect their families, 
they fought with clubs and stones, and, seeing the utter futility of 
their resistance, the remnant of the band finally surrendered. Their 
power was broken, their proud spirit crushed by this disaster, and the 
survivors never recovered from the blow. They lingered in despair 
about the ruins of their village and the graves of their dead, gloomy 
and hopeless. 

The renown of this once powerful tribe had departed. They 
moved from place to place through Southern Iowa and Northern Mis- 
souri. They ceased as an individual tribe to hold any portion of the 
State to which their name had been given. In 1820 they sold their 
undivided interests in their Iowa lands to the United States. At this 
time their number was estimated at 1,000, and their principal villages 
in the Valley of the Little Platte River. In 1838 they ceded their en- 
tire interests in Iowa to the United States for $157,500, which was 
kept in trust; the interest at 5 per cent, is paid annually to the tribes. 
The remnant of the tribe accepted lands West of the Missouri River, 
with the Sacs and Foxes their conquerors. They soon after outnum- 
bered the tribes that subdued them and are partially civilized. During 
the Civil War they were loyal to the Union and many of them enlisted 
in the army, making good soldiers. In October, 1901, they finally 
surrendered their tribal organization and accepted lands in severalty. 
The lowans were worshippers of the Great Spirit, the Creator and 
Ruler of the Universe. They have a tradition that a very long time 
ago the Great Spirit "made a man and a woman out of red clay, and 
all the Indians sprung from them," and another tradition is that "it 
rained for a month and drowned all living animals and human beings. 



38 THE DAILY TELEGRAPH-HERALD'S 

except a few who escaped in a big canoe." They regarded rattle 
snakes and a certain species of hawks with veneration. Unlike most 
of the Indian tribes they were chaste in their social relations. Illegiti- 
mate children were never found among them. We give this extended 
account of this trib on account of its relation to Iowa, and our State 
being named after it. Equally interesting accounts could be given of 
the other tribes, but our space will not admit of such detail. It may, 
however, be of interest to give a description of an Indian village, and 
lor that purpose we will select the Sac vilage on the Rock Valley. 
Black Hawk, in his autobiography, says it was built in 1751; it was 
named Sahkenhk. This was for more than fifty years the largest 
village of the Sacs, and contained in 1825 a population of not less than 
eight thousand. The houses were substantially built, and were from 
thirty to one hundred feet in length, and from sixteen to fifty feet 
wide. They were built with a frame of poles covered with sheeting 
of elm bark, fastened with thorns of buckskin. The doors were three 
by six feet, and before them were suspended buffalo robes. These 
houses were divided into rooms separated by a hall, extending the 
length of the building. Fire pits were provided with opening for the 
smoke. The beds were made of skins of animals, thrown over ele- 
vated frames of poles. Half a mile East of town was a bold promon- 
/tory rising 200 feet from the bed of Rock River. This was known 
as "Black Hawk's Watch Tower," and was the favorite resort of the 
famous Sac chieftain. Here he would sit smoking his pipe, enjoying 
the grand scenery for hours. Here he was born, and his father before 
him, one of the greatest Sac chiefs. It is to his credit that he clung 
to his old home, and fought his last hopeless battle against over- 
whelming numbers of well equipped troops in defense of his native 
land. 



CHAPTER VIII. 

In 1804 a few chiefs of the Sac and Fox Nations, sold fifty-one 
million acres of land lying in the East side of the Missouri River, 
between St. Louis and the Wisconsin River, for the insignificant sum 
of $2,234 worth of goods and $1,000 in money per year. Black Hawk 
and several other chiefs repudiated this treaty, and claimed that the 
chiefs making it had no authority to dispose of this immense tract of 
land, including the site of the principal and oldest village of the true 
Sac Nation. These chiefs were sent to St. I.cuis to secure the release 
of a prominent member of their tribe who was charged with murder- 
ing a white man, and Black Hawk always asserted that they had no 
right to dispose of these lands. When it was claimed that he had 
subsequently ratified the treaty of ISO 4 with his own signature, he 
asserted that he had been deceived, and did not intend to dispose of 
the lands. In 1814 Major Taylor was sent, with a detachment of 334 



HISTORY OF IOWA AND COUNTY DIRECTORY. 3^ 

soldiers, up the Mississippi River by boat, with orders to destroy the 
corn fields of the Sacs and Foxes and burn the villages. 

The Indians were located on both sides of the river, in the vicinity 
of Rock Island and Davenport. They rallied from all sides to the 
attack. A detachment of British soldiers, from Prairie du Chien, 
joined them, and the battle lasted for three hours. The Indians, led 
by Black Hawk, fought with great courage to save their homes, and 
Taylor was driven back with great loss and compelled to retreat. 
Black Hawk had become an ally of the British on the promise that 
they would aid him to drive the Americans out of the valley which 
he claimed and refused to abandon. But when the war closed and 
the British were unable to aid him further, he returned to his old 
home at Rock River and found that Keokuk had become a chief of 
the party friendly to the Americans. In 1815 a large council of Sacs 
and Foxes met at the mouth of the Missouri River and ratified the 
treaty of 1804. Black Hawk and a few minor chiefs withheld their 
assent. 

In 1824 the Sacs and Foxes ceded to the United States all lands 
lying between the Mississippi and Des Moines Rivers, South of the 
North line of Missouri, except a small portion lying at the junction 
of the rivers afterwards known as the "half-breed tract," which they 
reserved for the iamilies of the white men who married Indian wives. 
In 1825 an agreement was reached in council at Prairie du Chien, fixing 
the South boundary of the Sioux country, separating the hunting 
grounds from that of the Sac, Fox and Iowa Indians on the South. 
It began at the mouth of the Upper Iowa River, extending West- 
ward to its fork in Winneshiek County; then West to the Red Cedar, 
in Black Hawk County; then West to the East fork of the Des Moines 
in Humboldt County; then in a direct line West to the lower fork 
of the Big Sioux, in Plymouth County; then following that river to its 
junction with the Missouri River. In 1828 the Sioux and Winne- 
bagos, then in alliance, sent an invitation to the Sac and Fox chiefs 
near Dubuque, to meet them in council and forever bury the hatchet. 
The Fox chiefs, unsuspicious of treachery, started towards the place 
of meeting. On the same evening as they were in camp for the night 
on the East shore of the Mississippi River, near the mouth of the Wis- 
consin River, they were fired upon by more than a thousand Sioux 
warriors. Rushing from their hiding place, the treacherous Sioux 
killed all but two of the Foxes, who plunged into the river and swam 
to the West shore, carrying the news to their villagers. Stung to des- 
peration by this act of treachery, the Foxes prepared to avenge the 
murder of their chiefs. A war party was organized, and led by the 
newly elected chief, they embarked in canoes and landed in the vicin- 
ity of the enemy, concealing themselves in the dense woods and un- 
derbrush. Towards midnight they crossed the river and crept silently 
upon the sleeping foe. Nerved by the spirit of revenge, they silently 



40 THE DAILY TELEGRAPH-HERALli'S 

buried their tomahawks in the heads of seventeen Sioux chiefs and 
warriors and escaped to their canoes without the loss of a man. The 
war between the Sioux, and the Sacs and Foxes was waged for many 
years. 

CHAPTER IX. 

Black Hawk and his followers always repudiated the treaty of 
1804, feeling that they had been wronged. The whites who were 
swarming around them, fearing hostilities, demanded their removal. 
Collisions took place from time to time, and in 1830 Black Hawk and 
his tribes, returning from their annual hunting excursion, found the 
lands had been surveyed and sold to white settlers. Their cabins had 
been seized and occupied, and their women and children were shelter- 
less along the river. Black Hawk drove the whites from the village 
and restored the wigwams to their owners. The whites called on 
Governor Reynolds, of Illinois, for assistance, and he called on Gen. 
Graves to bring an army strong enough to expel the Indians. On the 
25th day of June, 1831, Gen. Graves, with 1,000 mounted men, took 
possession of the Sac village, driving the Indians from their homes 
to the West side of the river. On the 30th day of June, Gov. Reynolds 
and Gen. Graves, at the point of the bayonet, dictated the terms with 
the Sac chief, by which the Indians were prohibited from returning 
to the East side of the river without the permission of the United 
States authorities. It was now too late to plant corn or grain, and the 
;autumn found them without food for the winter. 

In April, 1832, Black Hawk, with his followers, including women 
;and children, crossed to the East side of the river near the mouth of 
the Rock River. He declared the purpose of his journey was to join 
tne Winnebagos. Gen. Atkinson, in command of Fort Armstrong, on 
Rock Island, sent a message to Black Hawk, commanding him to 
return immediately to the West side. Black Hawk refused to comply 
with the order, stating that his people were suffering for food. He 
sent word to Gen. Atkinson that they were on a peaceable mission, 
their purpose being to join the Winnebagos, who had invited them to 
come and help raise a crop of corn. Gov. Reynolds, upon hearing of 
the return of the Sacs, called out the militia to aid the regulars at 
.Fort Armstrong, to drive them out of the State. Gen. Whiteside was 
placed in command of the Illinois militia, numbering about 2,000 men. 
One of the captains serving under him was Abraham Lincoln, after- 
wards President of the United States. Serving under Atkinson, 
Lieutenant-Colonel Taylor, who was elected President in 1848, Lieu- 
tenant Jeff Davis, afterwards President of the Southern Confederacy, 
and Captain W. S. Harvey, afterwards a distinguished general. The 
militia burned the Indian village at Prophetstown, and then joined the 
regulars under Gen. Atkinson. The combined army numbered about 
2.000, while Black Hawk had less than 500 warriors. Black Hawk's 



HISTORY OF IOWA AND COUNTY DIRECTORY. 41 

little band was now at Dixon's Ferry. Major Stillman, with 275 
mounted volunteers, was anxious for a fight, and Gen. Whi' side sent 
him out in the direction of the Sac camp to make observations. Black 
Hawk, hearing of Stillman's approach, sent three young men with a 
flag of truce to conduct Major Stillman into camp, that they might 
hold a conference. Five more young warriors were sent by the Sac 
chief to watch the reception of his messengers. When the messen- 
gers bearing the flag of truce reached Stillman's camp, they were taken 
prisoners, and one of them was shot. As the second party of five 
approached the camp, they were fired upon and two of them killed. 
The others escaped and reported to Black Hawk the slaughter of his 
messengers. The Sac chief had but forty warriors with him, the main 
body being encamped ten miles distant. The three Indians who 
escaped were pursued by the militia into Black Hawk's camp. The 
fearless old chief concealed his forty warriors in the brush and pre- 
pared for battle. As Major Stillman approached with his entire force, 
the Indians in hiding opened fire upon him and gave a terrific war- 
whoop. The volunteers fired one volley and then fled in a wild panic 
as the forty Sac warriors poured hot shot into their ranks. Eleven of 
the volunteers were killed. As they fied their provisions and camp 
equipments were abandoned. The fugitives scattered into little parties, 
and continued their wild flight until thirty miles were placed between 
them and the enemy. Fifty of them kept on until they found shelter 
in their homes; reporting as they ran an overwhelming force of In- 
dians in close pursuit. The wanton murder of his messengers and 
the attack upon his camp incensed Black Hawk, and he prepared as 
best he could to defend his people to the last. After several battles 
against greatly superior numbers, the Indians were gradually driven 
to the Wisconsin River. Gen. Dodge, with two brigades of mounted 
men, now came upon the remnant of the tribe, and killed sixty-eight 
of them. The Indians fought with great bravery, and when driven to 
the river, made a heroic stand against overwhelming odds; checking 
for several hours the pursuit, until the women and children crossed 
the river. A few years before his death Jeff Davis wrote as follows: 
"This was the most brilliant exhibition of military tactics that I ever 
witnessed; a feat of most consummate management and bravery in 
the face of an enemy of greatly superior numbers. I never read of 
anything that could be compared with it. Had it been performed by 
white men, it would have been immortalized as one of the most 
splendid achievements of military history." 

Black Hawk modestly says of this struggle at the river: "In this 
struggle with fifty braves, I defended and accomplished my purpose 
on the Wisconsin, with a loss of only six men, though assailed by a 
host of mounted militia. I would not have fought there but to gain 
time for our women and children to cross to an island. A warrior 
will duly appreciate the disadvantages I labored under. Sixty-eight 



42 THE DAILY TELEGRAPH-HERALD'S 

Sacs fell in this brilliant retreat and battle; but a remnant of the 
tribe was saved. An attempt was made to escape by rafts and canoes 
down the Wisconsin River, but the soldiers, from safe shelter on the 
shore, killed men, women and children in their flight. Many were 
drowned and others sought shelter in the woods and died of starva- 
tion." On the first of August, Black Hawk had gathered the remnant 
of his band on the bank of the Mississippi, and offered to surrender. 
But the soldiers who crowded the Steamer "Warrior" were ordered 
to fire on the white flag Black Hawk raised in token of surrender. 
Twenty-three of his men were thus killed while offering no resistance. 
The next day the Indians were attacked by the combined forces of 
Generals Dodge, Henry Alexander, and Posey and shot down again 
without mercy. Men, women and children were killed like wild ani- 
mals as they sought to escape by swimming the river. More than 300 
Indians were thus massacred and the slaughter was dignified by the 
name of "Battle of Bad Axe." 

Black Hawk and a few of his followers escaped, but were captured 
by treacherous Indians, delivered up to Col. Taylor and by him sent 
to Jefferson Barracks, near St. Louis. Thus ended the Black Hawk 
War, in which the whites lost about two hundred killed and the In- 
dians about five hundred men, women and children. The cost to our 
Government was about two million dollars. Black Hawk was taken by 
his captors to Washington in 1835, and when presented to' Gen. Jack- 
son, he stood unawed before the President, remarking, "I am a man, 
you are another." He then addressed the President as follows: "We 
did not expect to conquer the whites. They had too many men. I 
took up the hatchet to avenge injuries my people could no longer 
endure. Had I remained longer without striking, my people would 
have said. Black Hawk is a squaw; he is too old to be our chief; he 
is no Sac. These considerations and reflections caused me to raise 
the war whoop. The result is known to you. I say no more." The 
prisoners were taken to fortress Monroe, where they were kept until 
the 4th day of June, when they were released by order of the Presi- 
dent. They were then conducted by Major Garland, of the U. S. Army, 
through several of the large cities to impress them with the greatness 
of our nation. Crowds of people gathered to see the famous Sac chief 
and his braves. As they were conveyed down the Mississippi River 
to B'ort Armstrong, while passing along the shores of the old home 
and hunting grounds, the dauntless old chief sat with bowed head. 
The memory of the power and possession of his race in former years 
came over him, as he looked for the last time on the familiar shores, 
woods and bluffs. Here he had reigned over the most powerful tribe 
of the West; here his father ruled before him; here he had dwelt in 
happiness from boyhood; here he had taken his one young wife to his 
cabin and lived faithful to her all the years of his life; here for half a 
.century he had led his warriors to a score of victories. Now he was 



HISTORY OF IOWA AND COUNTY DIRECTORY. 43 

being returned a prisoner shorn of his power, to be humiliated before 
his hated rival, Keokuk. Upon landing at Fort Armstrong, Keokuk 
was seen gaily decorated as the Chief of the Sacs and Foxes, sur- 
rounded by his chosen band of personal attendants. Black Hawk was 
requested to make a personal surrender of his authority as chief of 
his Nation, to his triumphant rival and enemy. It was the saddest 
moment of his life and he only bowed to the humiliation at the com- 
mand of his conquerors, when powerless to resist. He returned with 
his faithful wife, two sons and a beautiful daughter, to the banks of 
the Des Moines River, near lowaville. There he lived a quiet life, fur- 
nishtng his house like white people. He cultivated a small farm, 
raised corn and vegetables for his family. His cabin stood near the 
bank or the river, shaded by two majestic trees. He saw his once 
warlike nation dwindling away year by year. Under his despised rival 
they were selling their land to the whites, and spending the money 
in drunkenness and degradation. Here on the old battlefield where he 
had wrested the country from the proud lowas, the proud Sac chief 
broods over his fallen fortune. His last appearance in public life was 
at a celebration at Fort Madison on the Fourth of July, 1838, when 
the following toast was given to his honor: "Our illustrious guest 
Black Hawk. May his declining years be as calm and serene as his 
previous life has been boisterous and warlike." In responding the 
old chief said: "It has pleased the Great Spirit that I am here to- 
day. I have eaten with my white friends. It is good. A few sum- 
mers ago I was fighting you. I may have done wrong. But it is past, 
let it be forgotten. Rock River Valley was a beautiful country. I 
loved my village, my corn field and my people. I fought for them. 
They are now yours. I was once a great warrior; now I am old and 
poor. Keokuk has been the cause of my downfall. I have looked 
upon the Mississippi River since I was a child. I love the great river. 
1 have always dwelt upon its banks. I look upon it now and am sad. 
I shake hands with you. We are now friends. I may not see you 
again. Farewell." He died the 3rd day of October, 1838, and was 
buried in a spot long before selected by him, on the banks of the 
Des Moines River near the Northeast corner of Davis County. His 
age was about 72 years. 

Mrs. Maria Beck, of Davenport, who made a careful study of the 
Sac chief, writes in the annals of Iowa as follows: "In Black Hawk 
was incarnated the very spirit of justice. He was as inflexible as steel 
in all matters of right and wrong, as he understood them. Expediency 
formed no part of his creed; and his conduct in the trying emergency 
that ended in the fatal conflict was eminently consistent with his 
character. No thought of malice or revenge entered his great soul. 
The contest was waged with no other purpose in mind than to pro- 
tect his people, in what he believed was their inalienable rights to 
the wide domain that was being wrested from them. It matters not 



44 THE DAILY TELEGRAPH-HERALD'S 

whether his skin is copper-colored or white, the man who has the 
courage of his convictions always challenges the admiration of the 
world, and as such pre-eminently the old Sac War Chief will ever 
stand as an admirable figure." 

CHAPTER X. 

In 1832 the Sacs. J^^oxes and Winnebagos entered into a treaty with 
the United States, ceding six million acres of land on the West side 
of the Mississippi River known as the Black Hawk Purchase, the 
consideration being $20,000 per annum for thirty years; and the fur- 
ther sum of $50,000, to be paid to the Indian traders, Davenport and 
Farnam, in cancellation of a debt which the Indians owed them; 
(5.000 bushels of com; fifty barrels of flour; thirty barrels of pork; 
thirty-five beef cattle and twelve bushels of salt were also appropri- 
ated for the support of the Indian women and children, whose hus- 
bands and fathers had been killed in the war just closed. It was 
estimated that the United States paid in money and provisions about 
nine cents per acre for this magnificent grant of land. In 1842 the 
Sac and Fox Indians conveyed all their remaining land to the United 
States. They were to vacate the Eastern part of the land ceded, to a 
line running on the West side of the present Counties of Appanoose 
and Lucas and North through Marion, Jasper, Marshall and Hardin to 
the North limit of Grant, on the 1st of May, 1843, and the remainder 
on October 11, 1845. When the time came the Indians were sad apd 
sorrowful. They lingered around the old homes reluctant to leave 
them forever. The women were weaping as they gathered their chil- 
dren and household goods together for the long journey to a strange 
land. The warriors could hardly repress their emotion as they looked 
for the last time upon their beautiful river, groves and prairies they 
had owned so long, and were so reluctant to surrender. As the long 
line of red men silently and sorrowfully took their way Westward, 
the booming of guns, and the lights of a hundred bonfires gave evi- 
dence of the advancing hosts of white settlers who hastened to occupy 
the vacant places. In the progress of years those once powerful and 
warlike tribes became listless and effeminated, losing the energetic 
character which distinguished them in farmer times. 

Keokuk, who succeeded Black Hawk as chief of the Sacs, was not 
a hereditary chief, but attained the position by bravery in battle 
with the Sioux Indians when a young man. He advocated peace and 
when Black Hawk was defeated his day of glory came. He was with 
great pomp and ceremony installed as chief. On one occasion when 
the war feeling was running high, and even the advocates of peace 
were yielding and a great pressure was brought to bear on Keokuk, 
he shrewdly addressed his followers thus: "Warriors, I am your 
chief. It is my duty to lead you to war If you are determined to go. 
The United States is a great Nation and unless we conquer them we 



HISTORY OF IOWA AND COUNTY DIRECTORY. 45 

must all perish. I will lead you against the whites on one condition, 
that is that we shall first put our women and children to death, and 
then resolve that when we cross the Mississippi River, we will never 
retreat but perish among the graves of our fathers rather than yield 
to the white man." His warriors, after listening to the desperate 
proposal, hesitated and finally determined to yield to the great superior 
forces of the whites. Pashepaho was the head chief of the Sacs at 
the beginning of the Nineteenth Century. He was the leader of the 
five chiefs who went to St. Louis in 1804 to meet Harrison, to nego- 
tiate the release of a member of his tribe, accused of killing a white 
man. While there he and his companions became intoxicated and 
were persuaded to agree to a treaty conveying to the United States 
an immense tract of land on the East side of the Mississippi River, 
including that upon which their ancient village of Saukunek stood. 
They returned loaded with presents and it was a long time before 
the tribes knew that they had conveyed to the whites more than 
51,000,000 acres of land, including their homes for more than one hun- 
dred years. Poweshiek, after the Black Hawk war, was made chief 
of the Fox tribes. His village was near the lowas, not far from 
where Iowa City now stands. He was born in 1787. He weighed two 
hundred and fifty pounds and was a fine specimen of his race, large 
and powerful. 

Wapello was head chief of the Fox tribes. His principal village 
was where the city of Rock Island now stands. He belonged to the 
peace party and supported Keokuk and Pashepaho in adhering to tho 
treaty of 1804. 

Hishkekosh was a Fox chief. His village was at one time on the 
Skunk River in Jasper County. He tried to bring about reform by 
changing the customs which required the Indian women to do all the 
work. He was very much attached to his young wife and was un- 
willing to have her do all the work. He did not, however, succeed in 
changing the custom. 

Appanoose, a chief of the Sacs, was one of the chiefs who accom- 
panied Keokuk to Washington in 1837. At Boston he made a speech 
which made him famous. He had four wives and lived a very quiet 
life, seldom going far from his village. 

Taimah was a Fox chief. In 1820 his village stood on Flint Hill 
where Burlington is built. Taimah was the head of a secret society 
of Indians noted for their courage and good character. Taimah was 
one of the chiefs who went to Washington in 1824 and signed the 
treaty made at that time. Tama County was named after him. 

The Musquakies are a remnant of the Pottawattamies and Foxes 
who returned from the Kansas reservation about 1800 and stopped on 
the Iowa River to hunt and fish. They were so much attached to 
Iowa that they persisted in staj'^ing in the State that had so long 
been their home. 



46 THE DAILY TELEGRAPH-HERALD'S 

CHAPTER XI. 

The Winnebagos belonged to the Dakota group, and are mentioned 
by French writers as early as 1669. 

The Pottawattamies belonged to the Algonquin group and were 
first seen by the French missionaries near the North limits of the 
Michigan Peninsula, extending East of Lake Erie into Northern 
Indiana. They were allies of the French in their wars with England. 
In 1816 the United States ceded a portion of the land acquired from 
the Sacs and Foxes in 1804 to the Pottawattamies and other tribes in 
exchange for lands lying on the West shore of Lake Michigan, in- 
cluding the site of Chicago. Afterwards the ceded lands were pur- 
chased by the United States from the Indians, for the sum of $16,000 
per annum. This purchase was made in 1828 and 1829 respectively. 
Those two purchases embraced but a small portion of the 51,000,000 
acres purchased in 1804 for a trifling sum. Pottawattamie County was 
named after this tribe. 

The Dakotas were the most powerful and popular of all the tribes 
that occupied the Valley of the Mississippi River in the Sixteenth 
Century. The Omahas, who spoke a language similar to the Dakotas, 
occupied at this period the West side of the Missouri River from the 
Kansas to the James River in Dakota. 

The Sioux Indians belonged to the Dakota Nation and were first 
known to the French in 1640. Hennepin, in 1680, was captured by a 
band of Sioux Indians, and was rescued after about six months, at Du 
Luth, by a French adventurer. The last battle fought in Iowa by the 
Indians was between a band of the Sioux and the Pottawattamies. One 
was fought near the Twin Lakes in Calhoun County, and another on 
the South Lizard, in Webster County. The Sioux were victors in both 
battles. The various tribes left soon after this for the Western reser- 
vations. 

Iowa Territory was ceded by Act of Congress in 1834. White 
settlers were not permitted to occupy any part of the territory with- 
out the consent of the Indians, until after the time stipulated in the 
treaty of purchase for them to vacate. By the terms of the treaty 
negotiated by Gov. Chambers at Agency City in 1842, the Sac and 
Fox Indians ceded to the United States the remnant of their lands in 
Iowa, but retained possession until 1845. 

In 1842 an order was issued to build a fort at the junction of the 
Raccoon and Des Moines Rivers. The establishment of the fort was 
delayed until March, 1843, when Captain Allen was selected to built 
it. It was called Fort Raccoon but changed to Fort Des Moines. The 
Government established a reservation a mile on each side which was 
retained until after the fort was abandoned in 1846. 

As early as 1690 it was known that lead ore existed in the upper 
Mississippi Valley. In that year a Miami chief with whom he was 
trading gave Mr. Parrot a specimen of lead ore, taken from a creek 



HISTORY OF IOWA AND COUNTY DIRBCTORY. 47 

that flows into the Mississippi which was no doubt "Catfish." The 
first white man who settled within the limits of Iowa was Julien 
Dubuque. He was a French Canadian, born in the Province of Quebec, 
January 10, 1762. He had a good education; a fine conversationalist 
and a good writer. He had given special attention to mineralogy and 
writing. He went to the far West in 1784 when he was 22 years old, 
settling near Prairie du Chien. Dubuque having heard about lead ore 
existing where Dubuque now stands, determined to procure an interest 
in the lands if possible. He succeeded in gaining the confidence of 
the Fox chief "Kettle" and his tribe and exploring the County, found 
lead ore existing in considerable quantities. 

The wifge of a prominent Fox warrior named Peosta, had in 1780 
discovered lead where Dubuque now stands, and Julien Du Buque 
induced the Indians to grant him the exclusive right to mine along 
the river from the mouth of the Little Maquoketa to the Tetes des 
Morts, a distance of seven leagues, and running Westward about three 
leagues. In drawing up the paper making this grant, Du Buque had 
written, "We sell and abandon to Du Buque all the coast and the 
contents of the mines discovered by Peosta's wife, so that no white 
man or Indian shall make any pretention to it without the consent of 
Sienr. Julien Du Buque." The grant was dated Prairie du Chien,. 
September 22, 1788. As soon as he had secured the lease he brought 
from Prairie du Chien ten Canadians to assist him as overseers, set- 
tlers, wood choppers, and boat men. There was a Fox village near 
where Dubuque now stands, called the village of Kettle Chief. It con- 
sisted of Indian lodges extending back from the river, sufficient to 
shelter about four hundred people, one hundred of whom were war- 
riors. Du Buque had secured the friendship of the Indians, who> 
permitted him and his companions to make their home in this village. 
He employed Indian women and old men of the tribe to work in the 
mines. He learned the habits, superstitions and traditions of the Fox 
Indians, and in the course of time acquired great influence over them. 
They gave him the name of "Little Cloud." 

CHAPTER XIL 

Dubuque opened farms, built fences, erected houses and horse 
mills; built smelting furnaces, opened stores, bought furs, and sold 
goods and Indian trinkets, carrying on a large business, including the 
preparation of ore for the market. Twice a year he took a boatload 
of ore, furs and hides to St. Louis, exchanging them for goods, money 
and supplies. He was an accomplished diplomat, but not a success 
as a money maker. After eight years of mining and trading he made 
an effort to secure a title to his leased lands; the only title he held 
was a permit *9 mine, granted by a council of Fox Indians. He now 
claimed that he had paid for the land in goods and in 1796 he pre- 
sented to the Spanish Governor of Louisiana a petition asking fop a 



48 THE DAILY TELEGRAPH-HERALD'S 

title to the lands. The petition was referred by Gov. Carondelet to 
Don Andrew Todd, a prominent merchant who secured a monopoly of 
the Indian trade with the tribes of the Mississippi River Valley. Todd 
was requested to examine into Dubuque's petition and report to the 
Governor. In his report Todd stated that he saw no reason why Du- 
buque should not be granted his claim, provided he should be pro- 
hibited from trading with the Indians, except with written permission 
of Mr. Todd, and upon such terms as he might require. November 
10, 1769, Gov. Carondelet granted the petition, endorsing on it these 
words: "Granted as asked for under the restrictions mentioned by 
the Merchant Don Andrew Todd, in his report." Monuments were 
erected oy the x^'ox chief and Dubuque to mark the boundary on the 
three sides from the river front, soon after the grant was made. In- 
asmuch as Spain always recognized the right of the Indians to sell 
their rights, Dubuque now thought his title was secure. As the years 
passed he carried on a large trade with August Chonteau of St. Louis, 
and became heavily indebted to him. m 1804 he conveyed to Chon- 
teau in settlement of his debt an undivided 7-lu of this land, estimated 
to consist of 73,324 acres. It was also provided that at the death of 
Dubuque all the remainder of his interests in the lands should succeed 
to Chouteau or his heirs. In 1807 Chonteau sold one-half of his inter- 
est to John Mullanphy of St. Louis for $15,000. In 1810 Dubuque died 
of pneumonia after a short illness. His death brought a great change 
in the mines, the village and the white colony. John T. Smith, a 
famous Indian fighter and West Pointer, bought an interest in Du- 
buque's grant, after his death, and took possession of some of the lead 
work. He attempted to carry on mining and smelting but the Indians 
refused to recognize his title. They claimed that the grant to Dubuque 
was a permit to him personally and conveyed no absolute title to the 
lands and could not be used by other parties. The Fox chief gathered 
his warriors, destroyed the buildings and drove all the whites to the 
East side of the river. 

In 1805 Dubuque and Chonteau had filed a claim in the United 
States Court for title to all the lands which Dubuque had originally 
leased of the Indians, embracing a tract of nine miles wide, twenty- 
one miles along the rives. For nearly half a century this claim was 
pending before the various tribunals. Finally by agreement a suit of 
ejection was commenced against Patrick Maloney, who held a United 
States patent to his farm, and judgment was rendered in favor of the 
defendant. An appeal was taken to the United States Supreme Court 
in 1853, which affirmed the judgment of the lower court. The Chon- 
teau heirs employed several able attorneys, assisted by Reverdy John- 
son, the great Maryland lawyer, while the Dubuque settlers were repre- 
sented by Caleb Gushing, of Massachusetts, Judge T. S. Wilson and 
Piatt Smith of Dubuque. It was to the people of Dubuque a very 
important case and closely contested. The title to thousands of city 



HISTORY OF IOWA AND COUNTY DIRECTORY. 49 

lots and farms as well as the lead mines of Dubuque were dependent 
upon the result. The decision hinged largely upon the legal con- 
struction given to the original grant made by the Indian council to 
Dubuque in 1788. Also on the nature of the Spanish grant made by 
Gov. Carondelet to Dubuque in 1796. The Court held that both grants 
were in the nature of a lease or permit to mine, and not intended to 
convey title to the land. During the twenty-two years that Dubuque 
and his assistants lived in Iowa, from 1788 to 1810, the territory was 
owned by three different nations, viz: Spain, France and the United 
States. The mines and village which were first named by Dubuque 
the "Mines of Spain," were after his death called "Dubuque Lead 
Mines." The burial place of Dubuque was on a high bluff two hun- 
dred feet above the river and close to it, near the site of the old 
Indian village of Kettle Chief. Inscribed on a cedar cross in large 
letters were, "Julien Dubuque, Miner of the Mines of Spain. Died 
March 24, 1810. Age 45 years and six months." His friend, the Fox 
chief, was buried near his grave. Fourteen years after the death of 
Dubuque but little was known of the lead mines, as the Indians had 
undisputed possession. The next white settlement attempted in the 
limits of Iowa was by Brazil Giard, a French-American, who obtained 
from the Lieutenant Governor of Louisiana in 1795 a grant to a tract 
of land in the limits of Clayton County, known as the "Giard Tract." 
It contained 5,860 acres and was occupied several years. When Louis- 
iana was acquired by the United States a patent was issued to Giard 
by the Government, which was the first legal title obtained by a white 
man to land in the limits of Iowa. 

CHAPTER XIII. 

October 3, 1803, Congress passed an Act authorizing the President 
to take possession of Louisiana, and establish a temporary Govern- 
ment. March 26, 1804, an Act was passed organizing the Territory 
of Orleans, which embraced what subsequently became the State of 
Louisiana, while the remainder of the purchase was made the District 
of Louisiana, and placed under the jurisdiction of the Governor of 
Indian Territory. On the 3rd of March, 1810, it was organized into a 
separate territory, with Gen. James Wilkinson as Governor. The 
white population at this date did not exceed 1,000 and the capitol was 
St. Louis. Charles Floyd, member of an exploring party, died August 
20, 1804, and was buried on a Missouri bluff a few miles above Omaha. 
He was the first white man buried in Iowa soil. A monument was 
erected over his grave in 1901. It is 100 feet in height and cost 
$20,000. In the spring of 1805 an exploring party was fitted out by 
the Government to explore the new purchase. It consisted of Captain 
Clark and Lewis. They traveled up the Missouri River and made 
their way to the Pacific Coast. Their report afforded much valuable 
information. 



50 THE DAILY TELEGRAPH-HERALD'S 

In August another exploring party was organized to explore the 
upper Mississippi River. Z. M. Pike, a brilliant young officer, was 
placed in command. They ascended the Mississippi River and some 
of its tributaries until February 18th, when they turned homewards. 
The expedition was a success, as it explored the Mississippi River to 
Red Cedar Lake. They reached St. Louis April 30, 1806, while the 
land was reported very fertile and grasses luxuriant, still, it seemed 
at that time the impression prevailed that the good land lay along 
the river, and a few miles West the land was barren and worthless. 
As late as 1819, Thomas H. Benton, Editor St. Louis Engineer, wrote: 
"After you get forty or fifty miles West of the Mississippi River the 
arid plains set in. The country is uninhabitable except upon the 
border of the rivers and creeks. The Grand Prairies, a plain without 
wood or water, which extends to the Northwest farther than hunter 
or traveler have ever been, come down to within a few miles of St. 
Charles, and so completely occupies the fork of the Mississippi River 
and Missouri River that the woodlands for three hundred miles of 
each form a skirt of from five to twenty miles wide, and about that 
distance the prairie actually reaching the river in many places." 

When it is seen that a statesman and editor so intelligent and 
eminent as Thos. H. Benton, as late as 1819, regarded the Northwest 
prairies covering a large portion of Missouri, Iowa, Minnesota, Nebras- 
ka, and the Dakotas, as uninhabitable except along rivers and creeks, 
it is not strange that the early pioneers, hunters and trappers enter- 
tained the same opinion. In 1806 the citizens of the Mississippi River 
Valley were excited by rumor of a secret conspiracy, said to be organ- 
ized under the leadership of the late Vice-President of the United 
States, Aaron Burr, to separate that region from the Union. It was 
reported that the scheme was to capture the adjacent Spanish Province 
of Mexico, unite them and form a Western Empire. 

November 15th the United States District Attorney for Kentucky 
made formal charges in the United States Court against Burr, and 
followed with a brief statement explaining the texture of the con- 
spiracy. Henry Clay appeared as counsel for Burr and defeated the 
attempt to have him held for trial. Burr had caused to be built at 
Marietta, Ohio, ten large beteaux and had collected a great amount of 
provisions for a voyage. He had secured the co-operation of many 
prominent men in various parts of the valley, and after the failure to 
indict him, took active steps to carry out his plan. Gen. Wilkinson, 
who was Governor of Louisiana Territory, was approached and there 
was evidence that he had for several months possessed some knowl- 
edge of the enterprise. 

Captain Tyler, with a force of men and boats, accompanied by 
Harman Bleumerhassett, a wealthy Irish gentleman occupying an 
island near Marietta, finally began the descent of the Ohio River. Be- 
low Louisville they were joined by Burr. The authorities now became 



HISTORY OF IOWA AND COUNTY DIRECTORY. 51 

alarmed. The situation seemed grave. President Jefferson issued a 
proclamation warning all citizens against aiding the conspiracy and 
directing the arrest of all concerned in the unlawful enterprise. Burr 
and his party were arrested near Natchez, his boats and military sup- 
plies were seized and he was taken before the Supreme Court and 
released on bail. The Grand Jury refused to indict him, and Burr, 
failing to secure a discharge, escaped. In attempting to make his 
way by night to Pensacola to find shelter on board a British vessel, 
he was captured and taken to Richmond, Va. He was there indicted, 
tried for high treason and acquitted. 

The arrest of Burr prostrated the scheme, although there was no 
doubt several influential men were implicated. 

The first paper published West of the river was at St. Louis, July, 
1808, called the Louisiana Gazette. As there was no print paper to be 
found in Louisiana at that time, the first number of the new paper 
was printed on Cap writing paper. The name was afterwards changed 
to the Missouri Gazette, and later to the Missouri Republican, and is 
now known as the St. Louis Republic. In 1805 Lieut. Pike was sent to 
locate a fort somewhere between St. Louis and Prairie du Chien and 
to procure the consent of the Indians. In his report he says: "I have 
chose a site on a hill forty miles above the View Des Moines Rapid, 
on the West side of the river. The channel of the river runs on that 
shore; the hill is about sixty feet perpendicular, nearly level on top." 
In 1808 Lieut. Kingsley was sent with a company of infantry to make 
a plat of the ground and erect the fort. The next year it was garri- 
soned and in honor of the President called Fort Madison. It appears 
that the Indians did not consent to the erection of the fort, and it was 
therefore a flagrant violation of the treaty of 1804, by which the United 
States secured 51,000,000 acres of most valuable lands for almost noth- 
ing. It is not strange that the Indians complained of bad faith, and 
hostilities under the leadership of Black Hawk made an attempt to 
capture and destroy it. In 1812 this fort was manned by about fifty 
men, and on the 5th of August a band of about two hundred Winne- 
bagos atacked it. Among the Indians was Black Hawk, then a young 
man. A lively fight ensued, lasting for three days, when the Indians 
withdrew after having burned several buildings in the vicinity. In 
1813 this fort was again attacked by the Indians, who were defeated, 
but seven soldiers were killed. In August of that year a large force 
of Indians laid siege to the fort, entirely surrounding it. The Garrison, 
under Hamilton, made a brave defense until the provisions were ex- 
hausted and they were reduced to the verge of starvation. During the 
night of Sept 3rd Hamilton ordered a trench dug from the blockhouse 
to the river where the boats were lying. There was no prospect of re- 
inforcements being sent to their relief. Starvation, massacre or escape 
were the alternatives. They chose the latter; the night was dark and 
cloudy, with a fierce wind roaring in the forest surrounding the fort. 



52 THE DAILY TELEGRAPH-HERALD'S 

The little garrison crawled on hands and knees along the bottom of 
the trench in fearful silence, and at midnight entered the boats with- 
out alarming the watchful savages. The last man to enter the trench 
applied a torch to the fort. A moment later the boats pushed out into 
the rapid current of the Mississippi River, and were soon out of danger. 
They arrived safely in St. Louis and the fort was never rebuilt. But 
the name clung to the spot where the ruins of the fort were long visi- 
ble and a later generation built a city on the historic site, giving it the 
name of Fort Madison. 

CHAPTER XIV. 
In 1815 Col. Nichols was sent with the 8th United States Infantry' 
to build a fort on Rock Island. On arriving at the Island, messengers 
were sent to the chiefs in the vicinity inviting them to meet in council, 
but none of them came. The Indians understood the significance of a 
fort and garrison and regarded it as unfriendly, but made no resis- 
tance. The island had long been a favorite resort of the Indians, who 
camped among its beautiful groves and paddled their canoes along its 
rocky shores. It was one of the most beautiful places in the Missis- 
sippi River Valley and they were reluctant to see it occupied by a 
military force of the whites. Gen. Smith was now in command and 
the erection of the fort was immediately commenced. When completed 
it was 4U0 feet square, the lower part of rock and the upper part of 
heavy timber. Col. Davenport was the contractor. He made his per- 
manent home on the island. 

In 1817 fort Armstrong was completed and occupied by troops 
until 1836, when it was evacuated. Different attempts were made to 
enter the lands on the Island, but the government held it as a reserve, 
except the tract occupied by Col. Davenport and D. B. Sears, on which 
they had made valuable improvements. They were by special act of 
Congress allowed to enter their lands. Long litigation followed, but 
finally the government purchased a number of the claims, others were 
abandoned, and in 1862 the Attorney General held the island was a 
military reservation. Over $3,000,000 had been spent in improving 
the island. 

In 1811 a succession of earthquakes shook the Mississippi River 
Valley and caused great alarm. The point where several shocks were 
felt was in the vicinity of New Madrid, in the Southeast corner of 
what is now the State of Missouri. The convulsion was so great that 
the inner section of land sunk. The channel of the river was changed, 
lakes and swamps disappeared and the low lands were elevated into 
hills. The waters of the Mississippi River near .New Madrid were 
rolled up stream with great force, for nearly ten miles, causing de- 
struction of life and property. It was during the continuance of these 
convulsions that the first steamboat that navigated a Western river 
was making its way cautiously down the Ohio and Mississippi Rivers. 
Its name was the Orleans, of four hundred tons, commanded by Capt. 



HISTORY OF IOWA AND COUNTY DIRECTORY. 53 

Roosevelt. It was built at Pittsourg. The trip was made to New Or- 
leans in good shaiDC, and steamboat navigation was established on 
Western rivers. 

June 4th, 1812, the Territory of Orleans was admitted into the 
Union as a State, under the name of Louisiana. During the war of 1812 
the Mississippi Valley suffered but little. Col. Nichols, commander 
of the British fleet in 1814, attempted to revive the scheme for separat- 
ing that region from the Union. He issued a proclamation in the name 
of the King of Great Britain to the citizens of Louisiana, calling upon 
the French, Spaniards, English, Indians and native Loulsianians to 
rally to his standard and emancipate themselves from a usurping, weak 
and faithless government. He declared that he had come with a fine 
train of artillery, experienced British officers and a large body of In- 
dian warriors, supported by a British and Spanish fleet. His avowed 
object was to put an end to the usurpation of the United States and re- 
store the country to its lawful owners. To the Indians he offered a 
bounty of ten dollars for every scalp taken from the enemy. His ad- 
-dress was distributed throughout the valley in the hope that the people 
of English, Spanish and French birth might be persuaded to conspire 
against the government of the United States and aid Great Britain in 
her attempt to secure the Mississippi River Valley. The response 
given to this apeal was manifested a few months later, when the loyal 
pioneers flocked to New Orleans with their rifles and met the English 
invaders on the field of battle. More than twenty-five hundred of Wel- 
lington's veterans fell before unerring aim of the sturdy, loyal back- 
woodsmen under Gen. Jackson. 

At the beginning of the war of 1812 the entire population of the 
Northwest, embracing the Territories of Indiana, Illinois and Michigan, 
was estimated at forty thousand. The first steamboat that ascended 
the Mississippi River to the limits of Iowa was the Grand Pike. It 
reached St. Louis Aug. 2nd, 1817. It was commanded by Capt Reed. 
In 1818 Missouri made application for admission as a State. When the 
bill was introduced in Congress, Mr. Talmage of New York offered the 
following proviso: "Provided that the further introduction of slavery 
or involuntary servitude be prohibited, except in punishment for crime, 
when the party shall have been duly convicted; and that all children 
born within said State after the admission thereof, shall be free at the 
age of twenty years." After a brief discussion the proviso was adopted 
in the House by a vote of 79 to 67. This was the beginning of the 
great conflict between freedom and slavery in the new States and 
Territories, which forty years later brought on the greatest Civil War 
known to the civilized world. The Senate favored the admission of 
Missouri as a slave state and the House insisted on the exclusion of 
slavery. The remarkable influence and eloquence of Henry Clay 
finally persuaded a majority of the members to admit Missouri as a 
Iowa and Missouri over the true meaning of the "Rapids of the River 



54 THE DAILY TELEGRAPH-HERALD'S 

slave state, upon the conditions that slavery should forever be ex- 
cluded from that portion of the Louisiana Purchase lying North of Lat. 
36 deg. 30 min. excepting Missouri. In defining the Northern boundary 
of Missouri the following language was employed: "From the point 
aforesaid North along said meridian line to the intersection of the par- 
ciliel of latitude which passes through the rapids of the River Des 
Mc^ines, making the said line to correspond with the Indian boundary 
liiie; then East from the point of intersection last aforesaid along said 
parallel of latitude, to the middle of the channel to the main part of 
said River Des Moines, to the mouth of the same, where it empties 
into the Mississippi River, then due East to the middle of the main 
channel of the Mississippi River. 

Some years later a serious conflict arose between tne States of 
Des Moines," Missouri contenting that it referred to certain ripples in 
the River Des Moines, which would carry the line some thirty miles 
North. Iowa held that the rapids in the Mississippi River called by 
the early French explorers "La Rapids de la River Des Moines" was 
tlie point meant. 

In 1819 the first steamboat undertook to ascend the ever shifting 
channel of the Missouri River. 

CHAPTER XV. 

In 1812, the trading house of the American Fur Company, was 
destroyed by fire, and Colonel Johnson, its manager, reported the 
loss on the building and furs at $5,500. In 1820 Le Moliere, 
another French trader, established a trading post six miles above the 
mouth of the Des Moines River. The same year Dr. Muir, a surgeon in 
the United States Army, was with a command stationed at Fort Ed- 
wards, now Warsaw, 111. He crossed the river and built a cabin where 
Keokuk now stands. He had married a beautiful and intelligent Indian 
giii of the Sac nation. 

Some years later an order was issued by the War Department re- 
quiring ofllcers of the army at the frontier posts to abandon their In- 
dian wives. Dr. Muir refused to desert his wife and resigned his com- 
mission. He was a Scotchman and a graduate of Edinburg University. 
He lived happily with his wife in their humble home until 1832, when 
ho died suddenly of cholera, leaving a widow and five children desti- 
tute, as he had lost his property in litigation. 

In 1830 the first school was established, taught by Berryman Jen- 
nings, and the first white child, Eleanor Galland, was born within the 
limits of Iowa at Keokuk. In his book Dr. Galland says: "As we pass- 
ed up the river we saw the ruins of old Fort Madison, about ten miles 
above the rapids, near a sand bluff rising perpendicular from the 
vater's edge. On the second day after our boat reached Flint Hill, an 
J.r.di*in village of the Fox tribe which stood at the mouth of Flint 
Creek; its chief was Tiema. In 1825 I took a trip, with an ox team and 



HISTORY OP IOWA AND COUNTY DIRECTORY. 55 

Indian guide up the river. We passed Wapello's village and 
crossed the Des Moines River on a raft. We ascended the highlands 
above Grave Yard Bluff, which was a landmark for the Indians. In the 
fall of 1825 I settled at Quash-qua-we-Village, where my father-in-law, 
CLipt. James White, had purchased the old trading house and a tract 
of land adjacent, which was an old Spanish grant made to Monsieur 
Julien, on which he lived in 1805. Capt. White made his first trip on 
the steamer Mandan, which was the first that came to the foot of 
the rapids. 

In 1831 the American Fur Co. erected on the bank of the river at 
Keokuk a row of hewn log buildings for the use of its agent in its 
traffic with the Indians, and for storing skins and furs. This place was 
called Farmers Port. In 1834 a meeting of the half-breed Indians was 
held at this place to prepare a petition to Congress, requesting the 
passage of an act to authorize them to sell the lands in the tract 
known as the "Half-Breed Reservation." There were nine families 
living in that vicinity, and after the adjournment of the meeting, the 
citizens held a council at John Gaines' saloon, to consider the pros- 
pect of building a city at that place. After some consultation John 
Gaines proposed, and it was agreed to, that the future city should be 
named for the Sac Chief Keokuk. 

In 1829 James L. Langworthy, a native of Vermont, purchased an 
interest in the Galena Lead Mines and attempted to procure an inter- 
est in Dubuque's old "Mines of Spain." Securing Indian guides he 
explored the country between the Turkey and Maquoketa Rivers, to 
find the lead mines formerly worked. He made friends of the Indians 
and secured permission to work some of the mines. The next year, 
with his brother, Lucius H. Langworthy, and a company of miners, he 
began work. 

A village of the Sac and Fox Indians which stood at the mouth of 
Catfish Creek had been depopulated by an attack of the Sioux Indians, 
who killod nearly all of its inhabitants. This battle took place near 
Dubuque's Grave, and tradition tells us that a remnant of the Sac and 
Foxes who escaped the slaughter rushed up the hill to the grave of 
their old friend and protector, Julien Dubuque; but being followed by 
the Sioux and hard pressed, they plunged over the rock precipice, 
which rises nearly two hundred feet, into the river and were no more. 
All perished. 

There were about seventy empty houses standing here when the 
miners from Galena crossed to take possession of the abandoned 
"Mines of Spain," Some of the indiscreet miners thought to intimidate 
the Indians by burning their cabins and thereby preventing their re- 
turn to the mines. In June, 1S:I0, the miners on the West side of the 
river determined to organize a local government. They held a meet- 
ing and elected a legislature consisting of James L, Langworthy, W. F. 



56 THE DAILY TELEGRAPH-HERALD'S 

Lander, James McPeters, Samuel Scales and E. M. Wren, and instruct- 
ed them to report a code of laws. 

The pioneer law making body gathered around an old cotton wood 
log for a table and proceeded to business. Mr. Langworthy was 
chosen clerk and kept the records. The following is a copy of the 
codes adopted: "Having been chosen to draft laws by which we, as 
miners, will be governed, and having duly considered the subject, we 
do unanimously agree that we will be governed by the regulations on 
the East side of the Mississippi River, with the following exceptions: 

"Article 1. That each and every man shall hold two hundred yar^s 
square of ground by working said ground one day in six. 

"Article 2. We further agree that there shall be chosen by the 
majority of the miners present, a person who shall hold this article, 
and who shall grant letter of arbitration, on application having been 
made, and said letter of arbitration shall be obligatory on the party so 
applying." 

The regulations referred to on the East side of the river, were the 
laws established by the Superintendent of the United States Lead 
Mines at Galena. Settlers soon began to arrive in the new colony, 
but as it was in violation of the treaty of the Indians, the War Depart- 
ment ordered their removal, and a detachment of troops was stationed 
at the mines to protect the Indians in their rights. Jefferson Davis, 
then a young man, was sent from the fort at Prairie du Chien, with a 
detachment of troops, to remove the settlers across the river. Jeff 
accomplished the very unpleasant task with the utmost promptings of 
humanity. He made warm friends of the miners by his mild course, 
and the aid which he and his soldiers extended in helping them to re- 
move their families and effects to the East side of the river or the 
island, whichever place they preferred to go. 

At Flint Hill, Sand S. White and others had entered the Indian 
lands, erected cabins and staked off claims, but were also driven out 
and the cabins destroyed. The treaty by which the "Black Hawk Pur- 
chase" was acquired was ratified Feb. 13th, 1833. 

CHAPTER XVI. 

It had not been named Iowa, but was known as the "Black Hawk 
Purchase." On June 1st, 1832, there were no more than fifty white 
people living within the limits of the future State. When the troops 
were withdrawn from the "Mines of Spain" in June, 1833, the Lang- 
worthy Brothers crossed the river again and resumed work in the 
mines. Settlers flocked in and the second school in the State was 
established. A pioneer among the early inhabitants of this first Iowa 
village gives the following descrii)tion of the place in that year: "The 
vilhige resounded to the woodman's axe; tlit^ study oaks fell before 
them on every side; the branches were used for fuel, and of the trunks 
were constructed rude log cabins without doors or windows. Three 



HISTORY OF IOWA AND COUNTY DIRECTORY. 57 

openings served for the entrance of light and the settler, and the 
egress of the smoke. The winter of that year shut us in from all 
community with the outside world, with a short supply of provisions 
and not a woman in the settlement. There was plenty of whiskey 
and the demon intemperance stalked everywhere during the long win- 
ter evenings and short bleak days. The cholera claimed many vic- 
tims, and the sick lay down and died with no gentle hand to nurse 
them, no medical aid to relieve, and no kindred or friend to mourn 
their untimely fate. We had no mail, no government, and were sub- 
ject to no restraint of law or society. Drinking and gambling were the 
universal amusements, and criminals were only amendable to the 
penalties inflicted by Judge Lynch, from whose summary decrees there 
was no appeal. There were stirring times in the old days in this 
region. Every man was the protector of his own honor. Every man 
was expected to defend himself when the occasion demanded. They 
shot on sight. One incident will suffice to give the reader an idea of 
the established customs and society of those days. One Smith and his 
son became involved in a dispute over a mining claim with Woodbury 
Massey. A few days later Massey was shot down in cold blood. Both 
father and son had emptied their rifles into him. Every man was a 
law unto himself. Six months later a sister of Massey's, about twenty 
years old, appeared in Dubuque. She had Smith pointed out to her, 
and without ceremony planted a bullet in him. An account book in his 
pocket saved the fellow from instant death. He died from the effects 
of the wound two years after. Some months after this affair, the girl 
would have been killed by young Smith had not a Smith of another 
tribe intercepted the son as he was taking aim at the girl. Later a 
brother of Massey's shot and killed young Smith in Galena. With true 
romantic instinct William Smith, who had saved her life, married Miss 
Massey. Incidents of this nature and in which the Indians figured 
might be recounted indefinitely. 

"In the spring of 1834 a transient steamer came up from St. Louis, 
bringing provisions, groceries, goods and newspapers. A few women 
came to join their husbands, and from that time on we began to ex- 
hibit some elements of civilization." 

It is claimed that the first American flag raised by a citizen of 
lowa was by Nicholas Carroll, July 4th, 1834. Also the first church in 
Iowa was built at Dubuque that year. A Mr. Johnson, a devout Meth- 
odist, raised the necessary funds by general subscription. The church 
was used by different denominations for several years. The first 
Catholic church erected in Iowa was a stone edifice built in Dubuque 
in 1835-36, through the efforts of a French priest, Mazzuchelli, and the 
pioneer Bishop Loras located in Dubuque in 1837. 

Fort Madison was next to Dubuque as one of the earliest places 
in the limits of Iowa ocupied by the whites. In 1833 Mr. M. Carver 
and Mr. White, with their families, crossed the river and took claims 



58 THE DAILY TELEGRAPH-HERALD'S 

where Burlington now stands. They established a ferry across the 
river. In the fall Wm. Ross bought a stock of goods and opened the 
first store. In November, 1833, the town was laid out and platted. 

The claim on which Davenport was laid out was made in 1833 
by R. H. Spencer and A. M. Cloud. Soon after Anton Le Clair pur- 
chased it for $100. In 1835 it became the property of a company of 
eight persons, who laid out a town and called it Davenport, after Col. 
Davenport. A long and bitter contest was waged between Rockingham 
and Davenport for the County Seat. It was finally decided in favor of 
the latter. This proved a death blow to Rockingham. The first record 
to be found in which the name Iowa is applied, to the section of 
country which became the State of Iowa, is Lieut. Lee's report, and 
book description of the "Black Hawk Purchase," and a little later 
a writer in the "Dubuque Visitor" refers to it as the "future State of 
Iowa." The name of the "Dubuque Visitor" was soon after changed 
to the News. So far as can be ascertained, the first time the name 
Iowa is found in any public record is in 1829. At a session of the 
Legislature of the Territory of Michigan held in Detroit that year, an 
act was passed and approved by which all the territorv Ivinir South 
of the Wisconsin River, West of Lake Michigan, East of the Missis- 
sippi River and North of Illinois, was formed into a new county called 
Iowa, and the County Seat was located at Mineral Point. 

CHAPTER XVII. 

When the treaty of Aug. 4th, 1824, was made with the Sac and 
Fox Indians, it was stipulated that the "small tract of land lying be- 
tween the Mississippi and Des Moines Rivers should belong to the 
half-breds of the Sac and Pox nations, they holding it by the same title 
and in the same manner that other Indian titles are held." This 
reservation consisted of 119,000 acres of choice lands lying in the 
Southeast corner of Iowa. Congress passed an act authorizing the 
half-breeds to pre-empt, the District Court of Lee County appointed 
a committee consisting of Edward Johnson, T. S. Wilson and David 
Brigham, to take testimony as to claimants and report to the court. 
Before the case was disposed of the Legislature repealed the act 
under which the committee was appointed. The repealing act author- 
ized the commissioners to bring suit against the owners of the land 
for their service. Suit was brought and judgment rendered in favor 
of the attorney for $5,773.32. It has never been explained how the at- 
torneys managed to get the fraction of thirty-two cents in their bill ; 
but it is claimed by some that it came as a result of close and careful 
figuring, tempered by justice and fair dealing. Still others seemed to 
think that their bill was outrageously high, and the United States Court 
seemed to take that view, for it set aside the sale made under the 
judgment which they obtained. • The lands were levied on, and the 
whole tract sold to satisfy the judgment. This case would indicate 



HISTORY OP IOWA AND COUNTY DIRECTORY. 59 

that a great change for the better has taken place among the attor- 
neys. Now in such a case the average atorney woukl be willing to 
take a good sized farm for his fee, but the attorneys of that day took 
the whole tract, 119,000 acres. The judgment, so manifestly unjust, 
was not, however, allowed to stand. When the Territory became a 
State the Supreme Court was reorganized, John F. Kinny and George 
Greene having succeeded Mason and Wilson. The court thus con- 
structed, in a case brought by the purchasers to dispossess the set- 
tlers, held that the sheriff's deed was invalid, so the attorneys who 
wanted to get all lost all. It would have been better for their repu- 
tation, conscience and finances to have taken a farm each. 

In 1824 the Iowa district was divided into two counties, by run- 
ning a line due West from the Iowa end of Rock Island. The territory 
North of this line was called Dubuque County and the territory South 
Des Moines County. A court was organized in each county, the terms 
of which were held in Dubuque and Burlington. The judges were 
Isaac Loeffler of Des Moines and John King of Dubuque. 

In 1835 Geo. W. Jones, who lived at Sinsinawa Mound, was elected 
to represent the Michigan Territory in Congress. He secured the pas- 
sage of a bill creating the new Territory of Wisconsin, which also in- 
cluded Iowa, part of Minnesota and the Dakotas. Governor Dodge or- 
dered a census to be taken of the new territory in 1836, and it was 
found that the counties of Dubuque and Des Moines had a population 
of 10,531, which entitled them to six members in the Council and 
thirteen members in the House of Representatives of the Territorial 
Legislature. At the election held that year, Des Moines County elect- 
ed to the Council, J. Smith, Joe. B. Teas and A. B. Ingham. In the 
House Isaac Loeffler, Thos. Blair, John Box, Geo. W. Teas, D. R. 
Chance, W. L. Jenkins and John Reynolds. The County of Dubuque 
sent to the Council Thos. McCraney, John Foley and Thos. McKnight; 
to the House, Wheeler, Hardin Nowlin, H. D. Camp, P. H. Engle and 
P. Quigley. The Legislature convened at Belmond Oct. 25th, 1836. 
Peter H. Engle of Dubuque was elected Speaker of the House and H. 
P. Baird Prsident of the Council. An act was passed by this Legisla- 
ture authorizing the establishment at Dubuque of the "Miners' Bank." 
The charter required that the bank should have a capital stock of 
$200,000. 

The first act regulating the sale of spiritous liquors in Iowa was 
passed in 1836. It provided that the County Supervisor might author- 
ize any person to keep a grocery, under such regulations as a majority 
might deem expedient, by paying a dollar per month into the County 
Treasury. For running a grocery without a license a fine of two dol- 
lars for each offense was levied. 

The first newspaper West of the Mississippi River was established 
in St. Louis in 1808; it was called the Louisiana Gazette; changed to 



60 THE DAILY TELEGRAPH-HERALD'S 

the Missouri Gazette; the Missouri Republican, and now the St. Louis 
Republican. 

The first newspaper established in Iowa was the Dubuque Visitor, 
in 1836, by John King. In 1838 the name was changed to the Iowa 
News; in 1841 to the Miners Express; in 1855 to the Express and 
Herald, then the Dubuque Herald, and finally consolidated with the 
Telegraph, under the name of the Telegraph-Herald. In 1836 Dr. 
Isaac Galland established the second paper in Iowa, at Montrose, called 
the Western Advertiser; two years later it was moved to Fort Madison 
and the name changed to the Fort Madison Patriot. The first issue of 
the Patriot contained the text of a bill introduced in Congress by Gen- 
eral Geo. W. Jones, providing for the division of the Territory of 
Wisconsin and the creation of a new territory West of the Mississippi 
River to be called "Iowa." 

The editor of the Patriot in an article referring to the bill said: 
"If a division of the Territory is effected, we propose that lowans take 
the cognomen of 'Hawkeyes.' Our etymology can thus be more defi- 
nitely traced than that of the Wolverines, Suckers and Hoosiers; and 
we can rescue from oblivion a memento at least of the old chief.'* 
The suggestion met with favor. Hence the people of Iowa are called 
"Hawkeyes." 

The second session of the Legislature of Wisconsin Territory as- 
sembled at Burlington, Iowa, on the first Monday of November, 1837. 
Previous to its meeting a call had been issued for a convention of 
delegates from the West side of the Mississippi River, to assemble at 
Burlington on the 6th day of November, for the following purposes: 
First, to memorialize Congress to pass an act granting the rlgnt of pre- 
emption to actual settlers of government lands. 

Second, on the subject of an attempt by the State of Missouri to ex- 
tend her Northern boundary so as to embrace territory claimed as a 
part of Wisconsin. 

Third, for the organization of a separate territorial government 
in that part of Wisconsin lying West of the Mississippi River. 

The convention assembled at the appointed time, and among 
other business transacted, the report on the disputed boundary settle- 
ment, asked Congress to appoint commissioners to run the line be- 
tween Missouri and Wisconsin, and to adopt such measures as might 
be necessary to settle and establish said boundary line. The conven- 
tion also memorialized Congress for a division of the Territory of 
Wisconsin. 

The assembling of the Legislature at Burlington at this time was 
the first meeting of a legislative body in the future State of Iowa. 
Early in its session an act was passed dividing Dubuque County, and 
organizing from its territory Dubuque, Clayton, Jackson, Clinton, Scott, 
Lima, Johnson, Benton, Iowa and Delaware. 



HISTORY OP IOWA AND COUNTY DIRECTORY. 61 

CHAPTER XVIII. 

In the fall of 1837 the United States negotiated another treaty 
with the Sac and Fox Indians, by which 1,250,000 acres of land along 
the West side of the Black Hawk Purchase was secured. The census 
taken in August, 1836, showed the population on the West side of the 
Mississippi River as follows: Dubuque County, 4,247; Des Moines 
County, 6,257; total, 10,531. In May, 1838, a second census taken in 
the sixteen counties organized from the original two counties showed a 
population of 22,859. In June, 1838, the bill was passed by Congress 
establishing the Territory of Iowa. 

It provided that: From and after the 3rd day of July next, all that 
part of the present Territory of Wisconsin which lies West of the Mis- 
sissippi River, and West of the line drawn due North from the head 
waters of said river to the territorial line, shall be constituted a sepa- 
rate territorial government by the name of Iowa. 

This territory included all of Iowa, most of Minnesota and a por- 
tion of Dakota. The act provided that the President should appoint a 
Governor to hold oflSce three years. The legislative department con- 
sisted of a Council and House of Representatives. The Council was 
composed of thirteen members, and the House of twenty-six. Mem- 
bers of the Council were elected for two years, and of the House one 
year. The courts consisted of Supreme, District, Probate and Justice 
of the Peace. President Van Buren appointed Brig.-Gen. Henry Atkin- 
son Governor of Iowa Territory because of his intimate acquaintance 
with the Indian affairs in the Mississippi Valley. But he declined. 
The President then made the following appointments for the new Ter- 
ritory: Robert Lucas, Governor; W. B. Conway, Secretary; Francis 
Gabon, Marshal; C. S. Jacob, United States Attorney; Chas. Mason, 
Chief Justice: Joseph Williams and Thomas S. Wilson, Associate 
Judges; A. C. Dodge, Registrar, and J. P. Van Antwerp, Receiver, and 
Thomas M. Knight, Receiver of the Land Office at Dubuque. Cyrus S. 
Jacobs was killed in a political affray and the vacancy was filled by 
the appointment of Isaac Van Allen, who also died soon after his 
appointment, and was succeeded by Chas. Weston. 

When Governor Lucas arrived at Burlington, Aug. 13, 1838, he 
was surprised to hear that Wm. B. Conway, the Secretary, when no- 
tified of his appointment at his home in Pittsburg, had hurried to the 
Territory and assumed the duties of Governor, and had issued a 
proclamation for an election, signing the document "Acting Governor.*' 
Governor Lucas quietly ignored this presumptuous act of the Secretary, 
and at once entered upon the discharge of his duties. The first official 
act of the Governor was to issue a proclamation dated Aug. 13, 1838, 
dividing the territory into eight representative districts, and appor- 
tioning the members of the Council and House among the counties 
organized. The Legislature met at the old Zion church in Burlington, 
Nov. 12th 1838. James W. Grimes, who was the youngest member 



62 THE DAILY TELEGRAPH-HERALD'S 

of the House, being but 22 years old, became Governor of the State 
and later a distinguished United States Senator. S. Hempstead, a 
member of the Council, 26 j^ears old, became the second Governor of 
the State in 1350. S. C. Hastings, member of the House, 24 years old, 
was afterwards elected to Congress, and in 1846 chief justice of the 
State Supreme Court. The laws enacted by this Legislature in the 
main were satisfactory and worthy of men of greater experience. 
The only discreditable act was that i^rohibiting free negroes from set- 
tling in the Territory, unless they r ive a bond of $500 as security 
for good behavior, and against their 1 ^coming a charge on the county. 
This act provided that any negro who should settle in the Territory 
without giving such a bond, should be arrested and forcibly hired out 
to the highest bidder for cash, to serve six months. Any citizen who 
sheltered or employed a colored man, who had failed to give a bond, 
was subject to a fine of $100. Any slaveholder was authorized to 
come into the Territory to procure their arrest and surrender to him, 
by an Iowa officer, of any slave who had escaped from bondage and 
sought freedom on Iowa soil. The House Journal shows no opposition 
to this infamous law, but in the Council, Jas. M. Clark, Robert Ralsom 
and J. W. Parker voted against it. An unpleasant contest soon arose 
between the Governor and the Legislature, A joint resolution was 
passed directing the Secretary to pay certain officers and employes. 
The Governor held that a law must be enacted and approved by the 
Governor before the Secretary would be warranted in paying out 
money. This dispute became warm and culminated in a majority of 
the House joining in an effort to induce the President of the United 
States to remove him. Governor Lucas explained the matter to the 
President and it was dropped. The Missouri boundary line was set- 
tled by act of Congress March 6th, 1820, as follows: 

The parallel of latitude which passes through the rapids of the 
River Des Moines, then along said parallel of lattitude to the middle 
of the channel of the main fork of said River Des Moines; then down 
along the middle of the main channel of said River Des Moines to the 
Mouth of the same, where it empties into the Mississippi River. 

In 1837 the State of Missouri appointed commissioners to run the 
Northern boundary line and mark it. In a search for rapids in the 
Des Moines River, they found ripples near Keosauqua, which they as- 
sumed to be the "Rapids of the Des Moines" named in the act of Con- 
gress defining the boundary in 1820. But these ripples had never been 
called the "Rapids of the Des Moines," until so designated by those 
Missouri commissioners. The conflict first arose over a disputed ter- 
ritory when Clark County, Mo., enrolled the citizens within its limits, 
and placed their names on its tax lists. When the Missouri tax officer 
undertook to collect the taxes for Clark County, the settlers who lived 
in the territory in dispute refused to pay. The collector levied upon 



HISTORY OF IOWA AND COUNTY DIRECTORY. 63 

their property, was arrested on a warrant issued by a magistrate of 
Van Buren County, and delivered into custody at Muscatine. 

CHAPTER XVIV. 

Governor Boggs of Missouri sent Gen. Allen, with 1,000 armed 
men, to aid the officer of Clark County in collecting the tax. Gov. 
Lucas promptly ordered Gen. Browne to call out the militia and march 
to the defense of Van Buren county officials; 1,200 men responded to 
the call. Before proceeding to hostilities. Gen. Browne selected A. C. 
Dodge, of Burlington; Gen. Chaurchman, of Dubuque, and Dr. Clark, 
of Fort Madison, to act as commissioners to negotiate a peaceable set- 
tlement. In the meantime the sheriff of Clark County had been di- 
rected to postpone the collecting of taxes, and a delegate had been 
sent to Gov. Lucas to propose an amicable adjustment of the contro- 
versy. Gen. Allen had withdrawn his army and awaited the result ot 
negotiations. The Iowa militia was disbanded. Col. McDaniels and 
Dr. Wagland, the Missouri commissioners, went to Burlington and con- 
ferred with the Governor and Legislature then in session, and it was 
agreed that hostilities should be postponed, and the matter in dispute 
be referred to Congress for settlement. 

On the 18th of June, 1838, Congress authorized the President to 
cause the Southern boundary of Iowa to be ascertained and marked. 
Lieut. Lee was appointed for the United States and Dr. Davis by Gov. 
Lucas for Iowa. Missouri had no representative on the commission. 
The matter was not finally settled until 1848, when the Supreme Court 
gave Iowa the boundary it claimed. The commissioners, John Rey- 
nolds of Louisiana, Robert Ralston of Des Moines, and Channey Swan 
of Dubuque, appointed to locate the Capitol, fixed the point on the 
East bank of the Iowa River, where six hundred and forty acres were 
procured. It was named Iowa City. The six hundred and forty acres 
were divided into lots, and the sale of the lots was well advertised 
for Aug. 18th, 1839. A few log houses had been built before the sale. 
The first sale lasted three days and was then postponed until October. 
Two hundred and sixty lots were disposed of at these sales for 
$28,854.75, which amount was estimated to be about one-fourth the 
value of the entire plat. There were no roads leading into the new 
Capitol, and in order to guide travelers to it from the Mississippi 
River, the enterprising citizens employed Lyman Dillon to run a furrow 
across the prairies and through the groves, to guide strangers to the 
new seat of government. Dillon started a two-horse immigrant wagon, 
carrying provisions, cooking utensils and bedding. The ox team 
dragged the plow patiently all day, turning over the prairie sod, to 
mark the way for the travelers. At noon and night the oxen were 
turned out to graze on the rich prairie grasses, while the men cooked 
their food and slept in the wagon. It was the longest furrow of record, 
being about one hundred miles; and soon a well beaten road was 



64 THE DAILY TELEGRAPH-HERALD'S 

made beside it by the white-topped wagons of the new settlers. Dur- 
ing the fall of 1839 Gov. Lucas, accompanied by his two daughters, 
with Gen. Fletcher of Muscatine, as guide, all traveled on horseback, 
visited the new Capitol. They met a most cordial reception, the hos- 
pitality of the best house in the village, the only one having an attic, 
was tendered to them. The way to their sleeping rooms was up a rude 
ladder through a small opening in the upper floor. Before returning 
the Governor purchased a claim near the city which in after years 
became his home. The first settlers in and about the new Capitol are 
described, by one who was among them, as "Mostly young men with- 
out families, who had left the paternal roof in the older States in 
search of homes on the frontier, there to work out their own way 
in life's battles and toils. The young pioneer is not encumbered with 
extra baggage; with a gun and knife, a bake-pan, tin cup, some corn 
meal and bacon, all packed on his back, he explores the country on 
foot. He selects his claim, builds a rude log cabin, cooks his coarse 
food, and freely shares his scant supply with any traveler who comes 
along. When absent, his cabin door is left unfastened, and some 
cooked food left in sight for any weary, hungry pioneer who may 
chance to come in to rest. When several settlers have taken claims 
in one vicinity, the first act towards civil government is to meet at 
one of the cabins and form a 'claim association' for mutual protection 
of their new homes. They select officers, record the names of the 
members, as well as the number of each member's claim. They pledge 
themselves to stand by each other in holding possession of their 
respective homes until they can be purchased trom the United States. 
In the absence of laws protecting their claims from mercenary specula- 
tors, they organized and enacted homestead and pre-emption laws long 
in advance of the legislation which was subsequently founded upon 
the recognition of the Justice of this principle thus first established 
by the necessities of the early pioneers." 

One of the most important and notable of the early decisions of 
the Territorial Supreme Court was the case of Ralph, a colored man. 
who had been a slave in Missouri, belonging to a man by the name of 
Montgomery. His master had made a written contract with Ralph 
to sell him his freedom for $550 and to permit him to go to the Du- 
buque lead mines to earn the money. Ralph worked industrially for 
several years, but was not able to save enough to pay Montgomery 
the price of his freedom. Two Virginians at Dubuque who knew of 
the agreement, volunteered to deliver Ralph to his fornfer owner In 
Missouri for $100. 

Montgomery accepted the offer. Ralph was seized at the mines 
while at work, hand-cuffed and taken to Bellevue to be sent by a 
stearner to Missouri. Alexander Butterworth, a farmer working in his 
field, saw the kidnapping and hastened to the office of Thomas S.Wil- 
son, one of the Judges of the Supreme Court, and demanded a writ of 



HISTORY OP IOWA AND COUNTY DIRECTORY. 65 

habeas corpus, which Judge Wilson promptly issued and served, by 
which Ralph was returned to Dubuaue. The case was one of so much 
importance that at the request of Judge Wilson it was transferred 
to the Supreme Court for trial. 

'T'he court consisted of three judges. Charles Mason, Chief Justice. 
with Thomas S. Wilson and Joseph Williams, associates. After a full 
hearing it was unanimously decided that Montgomery s contract with 
Ralph, whereby he was permitted to become a citizen of a free terri- 
tory, liberated him. as slavery did not and could not exist in Iowa. 
Judge Mason, in delivering the opinion, said: 

"Where a slave with his master's consent becomes a resident of a 
free State or Territory he could not be regarded thereafter as a fugi- 
tive slave, nor could the master under such circumstances exercise 
any rights of ownership over him. When the master applies to our 
tribunals for the purpose of controlling as property that which our 
laws have declared shall not be property, it is incumbent upon them to 
refuse their co-operation." 

When it is remembered that the three judges (all Democrats), 
thus early enunciated the doctrine of humanity and equity, that slav- 
ery was local and freedom a natural right, the liberty loving people of 
Iowa will forever honor these pioneer judges who, in their sturdy 
manhood and love of justice, immortalized their names in an opinion 
in direct conflict with the infamous later decision of the National 
tribunal in the case of Dred Scott. 

The corner stone of the new Capitol building was laid July 4th, 
1840. The principal address was by Governor Lucas. The cost of this 
building was not to exceed $51,000. A general depression in business 
prevailed during the time of Van Buren's term as President. The 
Whigs charged the hard times to the financial policy of the Demo- 
crats. Seeing a favorable condition for the overthrow of their adver- 
sary, the Whig politicians called the first Political National Convention 
ever held in Iowa and proceeded to nominate Gen. W. H. Harrison 
for President. 

The Democrats nominated Van Buren for re-election. The Whigs 
rallying cry was "hard cider" and "log cabins," and with songs, public 
meetings and rallies, throughout the country. Gen. Harrison was elect- 
ed on a wave of popular enthusiasm. 

The first call for a Democratic convention in Iowa was written by 
Edward Johnston, in January, 1840, and is as follows: 

"The undersigned, members of the Democratic party of the Ter- 
ritory of Iowa, conceiving it highly necessary that immediate steps 
should be taken to effect an organization of the party, hereby pledge 
themselves to use all honorable means in the several counties where 
they reside to bring about that result, and they further agree to use 
their exertions to have Democratic candidates sent from their rpspec- 



66 THE DAILY TELEGRAPH-HERALD'S 

tive counties to a territorial convention to be held in the ensuing sum- 
mer for the purpose of nominating a candidate to Congress. 

"Edward Johnston, Shepherd Loeffler, Laurel Summers, Jos. T. Fales, 
G. S. Bailey, John B, Lash, Jacob L. Meyers, Daniel Brewer, W. G. 
Coop, S. C. Hastings, J. M. Robertson, Jacob Minder, H. Van Antwerp, 
Thomas Cox, J. W. Parker. 
"January, A. D. 1840." 

Pursuant to this call a convention was held, and General A. C. 
Dodge was nominated for Delegate in Congress. The Whigs held a 
convention and nominated Alfred Rich. Dodge was re-elected by a 
majority of over five hundred. 

A proposition had been submitted to the people of the Territory 
at this election to call a convention for the framing of a constitution, 
preparatory to the admission of Iowa as a State. It was defeated by 
a vote of 937 for the convention, to 2.907 against it. 

The census of the Territory taken in 1840 showed a population of 
43,112, of which 172 were negroes. The Legislature having created the 
offices of Auditor and Treasurer, on the 14th of January, 1840, Morgan 
Reno was appointed Treasurer, and Jesse Williams, Auditor. 

By the federal census of 1840 it was shown that Iowa had pro- 
duced, corn, 1,406,241 bushels; wheat, 154,693; oats, 216,385; buck- 
wheat, 6,212; rye, 3,792; barley, 728, and potatoes, 234,$63. Corn was 
the principal grain crop for many years and was largely used for 
bread by the pioneers. Prairie grass furnished pasture for stock and 
all of the hay required for many years. 

In pioneer days most of the houses were built of logs and covered 
with staves held in place by other logs, puncheons of hewed logs were 
used for the floor, and all done without the aid of a carpenter. Grain 
was stored in rail pens lined and covered with straw, and stables were 
built of logs or slabs, with roofs of prairie hay or straw held in place 
by poles. 

The Third Territorial Legislature assembled at Burlington on the 
2nd day of November, 1840. In his message. Gov. Lucas gives a report 
of his action in relation to the boundary controversy with Missouri; 
recommends the organization of rifle companies to protect settlers 
from the Indians; urges the Legislature to provide a plan for raising 
revenue to meet expenses not provided for by the general government. 

CHAPTER XX. 

The Legislature created the office of Superintendent of Public In- 
struction; changed the time of meeting of the Legislature to the first 
Monday of December; provided for a Superintendent of Public Build- 
ings, and an agent to conduct the sale of lots in Iowa City. It pro- 
vided a law for raising revenue, and authorized a loan of $20,000 to 
aid in the completion of the Capitol building, to be repaid from pro- 
ceeds of lots in Iowa City. Chauncey Swan was appointed Superin- 



HISTORY OP IOWA AND COUNTY DIRECTORY. 67 

tendent of Public Buildings with an annual salary of $1,000, and Jesse 
Williams was appointed Territorial Agent at a salary ol $700 per year. 
The election of Gen. Harrison, the Whig candidate for President, 
was speedily followed by a removal of Democratic federal officers and 
the filling of their places by Whigs. Gov. Lucas was superceded on 
the 13th of May, 1841, by the appointment of Hon. John Chambers, of 
Kentucky. Gov. Lucas retired after nearly three years' service and 
settled near Iowa City, where he spent the remainder of his life. In 
looking back over his stormy administration, the verdict will be that 
he gave to the new Territory wise, able and faithful service. He 
brought to the office large experience in public affairs, sterling integ- 
rity and firm convictions of duty. Tenacious in his opinions, dignified 
in bearing, strong in purpose, he became involved in numerous sharp 
controversies and conflicts with the first Legislature over the exer- 
cise of the veto power, but he acted strictly within the letter of the 
law. In his firm and prompt resistance to the claim of Missouri to a 
strip of Iowa Territory, Gov. Lucas was sustained by the final decis- 
ion of the United States Supreme Court. He was largely instrumental 
in procuring the establishment of a liberal public school system, at that 
early day one of the most advanced in operation in the West. 

On the 20th of June, 1841, a steamer, the "Ripple," ascended the 
Iowa River to Iowa City and was welcomed by a great assemblage of 
people who hoped this was the beginning of regular navigation of the 
Iowa. On the 22nd of June, Gov. Chambers made his first visit to 
the new Capitol and was cordially received by the citizens. He was 
past middle age, plain, cordial in manner, and made a favorable im- 
pression on the pioneers. 

Gov. Chambers, who was Superintendent of Indian Affairs, in 
September, 1842, negotiated a treaty with the Sac and Fox Indians by 
the terms of which they ceded to the United States all of their re- 
maining lands in Iowa, to the Missouri River, and agreed to move to 
their Kansas reservation at the expiration of three years. Before this 
treaty was ratified by Congress adventurous settlers crowded into the 
newly purchased Territory to secure the choice claims. 

The War Department was called on for troops to expel them. The 
squatters were removed to the South side of the Des Moines River. 

The year 1842 brought to the people of Iowa severe financial de- 
pression, which had begun in the East two or three years earlier. 
Specie payment had been suspended and many banks failed. The 
Miners' Bank of Dubuque was the only one in Iowa. It had been 
poorly managed and was soon compelled to suspend. Throughout the 
Territary money was very scarce, and exchange of products was the 
only method of carrying on business. 

The winter of 1842-3 was one of the severest known by white men. 
Snow began to fall early in November and continued at frequent in- 
tervals throughout the entire winter, the first snow remaining on the 



68 THE DAILY TELEGRAPH-HERALD'S 

ground until April. The cold was intense, with fierce winds, and be- 
fore spring, in many parts of the country, snow reached a depth of 
from three to four feet. The settlers were poorly prepared for such a 
winter, their cabins were cold and little shelter had been provided for 
live stock. Great suffering ensued. Provisions became nearly ex- 
hausted; cattle perished by the thousands; deer, prairie chickens and 
quail were nearly exterminated. Half-starved wolves prowled about 
the settlements, seizing pigs, sheep and poultry wherever they could 
be found. The failure of banks had left the people without money; 
business was prostrated and the collection of debts became almost im- 
possible. The only market for farm produce was the limited demand 
from immigrants moving into the Territory. Good cows could be pur- 
chased for ten dollars each: pork for one dollar per hundred, wheat 
twenty cents a bushel, corn and oats for ten cents. Money command- 
ed from twenty-five to forty per cent and was of doubtful value. 

Under these conditions the Sixth Legislature met at Iowa City, 
Dec. 4th, 1843. The census of 1844 showed a population of the twenty- 
one counties organized of 75,150. An attempt was made to repeal the 
charter of the Miners' Bank, the only one in the Territory, because 
it had suspended specie payments, and being badly managed. The 
Territory had borrowed $5,500 of the bank, which it was unable to pay, 
and under these circumstances a majority of the members refused to 
drive it out of business. 

At the election held in April, for a convention to frame a consti- 
tution, the vote stood 6,719 for and 3,974 against. Gov. Chambers 
called an election for seventy-two delegates. Among the number 
chosen to frame a constitution were: Ex-Gov. Lucas, S. Loeffler, J. C. 
Hall, J. Grant, S. Hempstead and F. Gehon, Democrats; R. . Low, B. 
Sells, E. Cook and S. S. Shelledy, Whigs. The convention met at 
Iowa City, Oct. 7th. 1844, framed a constitution and fixed the boun- 
dary of the proposed State to include a large proportion of Southern 
Minnesota, as follows: The South line as it now stands; the West line 
the middle of the Missouri River, North to the Mouth of the Big Sioux, 
thence in a direct line Northwest to the middle of the St. Peters River, 
where the Blue Earth enters the same, then down that river to the 
Mississippi River, then down the Mississippi to the North Missouri 
line. This boundary excluding the County of Lyon, part of Sioux and 
Osceola, about half of Plymouth and a small fraction of O'Brien and 
Dickinson, and it took from Minnesota about seventeen counties. The 
growing conflict between the pro and anti-slavery parties was renewed 
with bitterness when the application was made for the admission of 
Iowa. Finally it was agreed that Iowa be admitted a free and Florida 
a slave State, TTarch 3rd, 1845. The Capitol building at Iowa City 
cost $123,000, and was not completed until 1855, a little over fifteen 
years having been occupied in its construction. And in 1857 on the re- 



HISTORY OP IOWA AND COUNTY DIRECTORY. 69 

moval of the Capitol to Des Moines, it was given to the State Uni- 
versity. 

The Iowa boundary fixed by Congress, would have taken eleven 
Counties from South Minnesota, but the Western boundary cut ofC 
thirty-one counties on the Missouri River slope and the Des Moines 
Valley. It brought the Western boundary of the State within forty 
miles of Des Moines. It made the State alone one hundred and eighty 
miles wide and two hundred and fifty miles long. This would have 
made Cedar Falls the geographical center. The Iowa delegates in 
Congress, Hon. A. C. Dodge, opposed the change, but in vain. How- 
ever, after Congress had approved it, thinking it was the best that 
could be done, he approved its adoption and issued an address to his 
constituents, in which he said: 

CHAPTER XXI. 

ADDRESS OF HON. A. C. DODGE. 

"A majority of the Committee on Territories was composed of 
members from the slave-holding portion of the Union. The delegate 
from Florida, supported by the members from the South, brought for- 
ward a proposition for a division of that State, although its whole ter- 
ritory was three thousand square miles less than that embraced within 
the Constituional boundaries of Iowa. The object of this move being 
to increase the number of slave states, and the weight of slave repre- 
sentatives in Congress. It met with warm opposition from the non- 
slave-holding states, and as a counter movement they came forward 
with a similar proposition in regard to Iowa. After being fully, freely 
and even angrily discussed at various meetings of the Committee, the 
proposition to divide f lorida was carried, and that to divide Iowa was 
rejected by a strictly sectional vote. When the bill came into the 
House, where the relative strength of the sectional parties was re- 
versed, the action of the Committee was overruled by a large majority. 
The clause for the division of Florida was stricken out, and the 
boundaries of Iowa, in opposition to my earnest protest, were sub- 
jected to considerable curtailment. 

"This was effected by votes of members from North, East and 
West, irrespective of party divisions. The amendment to reduce was 
opposed by Mr. Duncan (Democrat) from Ohio, and supported by Mr. 
Vinton (Whig), who in a lucid and cogent manner represented the 
injury which the creation of large states would inflict upon the West- 
ern country. He forcibly exhibited the great wrong done to the West 
in times past by Congress in dividing its territory in overgrown states, 
thereby enabling the Atlantic portion of the Union to retain supremacy 
in the United States Senate. He showed that it was the true interest 
of the people of the Valley of the Mississippi that new states should 
be of reasonable size, and he appealed to Western members to check 
that legislation which had neretofore deprived the Western country of 
its due representation in the Senate. I advert to the remarks of Mr. 
Vinton, because their irresistible force was admitted by all except the 
delegates from the South. The Hous? had a few days previous to this 
discussion passed a law for the annexation of Texas, by which five 
new states may be added to the Union. This furnished an aaditional 
reason why my protest was disregarded, inasmuch as our fellow citi- 



70 THE DAILY TELEGRAPH-HERALD'S 

zens from the non-slave holding states were desirous by moderate 
division of remaining free territory of the Union to give to the free 
states a counterbalancing influence." 

On the question of admission, the Territory soon divided into two 
l)arties. The Democrats as a rule favored the admission under the 
boundary fixed by Congress, and the Whigs opposed it. At this junc- 
ture E. W. Eastman, T. S. Parrins, and F. D. Mills, all young men and 
Democrats, seeing the mistake of dividing the State in that manner, 
commenced an aggressive campaign against admission. Leffler and 
Wood joined them and a thorough canvass was made. The Constitu- 
tion was rejected by a majority of nine hundred and ninety-six. Those 
young public-spirited men deserve all honor and praise, as but for 
them our Western boundary would not now be the Missouri River. 
The new Legislature met May 5, 1845. An act was passed providing 
for the submission of the rejected constitution. The Governor vetoed 
it but it was carried over his veto by a two-thirds vote, and it became 
a law. Among the important acts of this legislation was the repeal 
of the charter of the Miners' Bank of Dubuque; abolition of the office 
of Territorial Agent conferring his duties on the Incorporation of a 
University at Iowa City; changing the name of Louisville to Ottumwa; 
the organization of Iowa and Marion Counties. 

Dodge in his canvass for re-election advocated the adoption of 
the rejected Constitution of 1844. The result was 7,235 for and 7,656 
against it. Thus it was rejected a second time by a majority of 421. 
Gen. Dodge was elected over his Whig opponent, R, P. Lowe, by a 
majority of 831. In 1846 the prevailing prices were: Horses from 
$50 to $60; Oxen $40 to $60 per pair; Wagons $75; Plows $8 to $20; 
Sugar 10c; Coffee 10c; Tea 75c to $1.50 per pound; Flour $4 per 
barrel; Unbleached cotton sheet 18c; calicoes 10c to 20c per yard; 
Good board was furnished from $1.50 to $2.00 per week; the wage of 
common laborers was from 75c to $1.00 per day; Government land 
sold at $1.25 per acre, and an ordinary log cabin cost from $50 to $75. 
The State Government was organized with a population of 96,088. The 
total votes polled at the first election was 15,005; the Governor's salary 
was $1,000; Secretary of State $500; the Treasurer $400; and the State 
Librarian $150 per annum. The annexation of Texas brought on a 
war with Mexico in 1846. Iowa was called on to furnish a regiment, 
and soon twelve companies of volunteers were organized. The Iowa 
Volunteers gave a good account of themselves in the Mexican War. 
Many of the brave boys were laid to rest there, while many are still 
alive, at this writing (1904), The thirty-two delegates chosen at the 
election in 1846, to frame a State Constitution, met at Iowa City on 
the first Monday of May, and by the 19th of the same month had con- 
cluded their labors. The boundaries of the State were fixed as they 
now exist. With that exception it was almost an exact copy of the 
rejected one. The only important change was the prohibition of the 



HISTORY OF IOWA AND COUNTY DIRECTORY. 71 

establishment of a bank. On August 3rd it was adopted by a vote of 
9,492 to 9,036. The prohibition of the bank aroused a strong opposition 
to it, which came near defeating it. The Democrats nominated A. 
Briggs for Governor. The platform adopted by the first Democratic 
State Convention was as follows: 

1. Endorsed the administration of James K. Polk. 

2. Approved the independent Treasury bill and settlement of the 
Oregon boundary. 

3. Endorsed the repeal of the tariff of 1842 and approved tariff 
for revenue only. 

4. Pronounced unalterable opposition to all banking institutions 
of whatever name, nature or description. 

5. Favored unlimited suffrage to free men without property quali- 
fication or religious tests; opposed the grant of exclusive privileges 
to corporations. 

6. Declared in favor of less legislation, few laws, strict obedience, 
short sessions, light taxes and no State debt. 

The following day the first Whig Convention met at the same 
place and nominated Thomas McKnight for Governor. The platform 
adopted decided in favor of: 

1. A sound currency. 

2. A tariff for revenue and protection to American labor. 

3. Restraint of the Executive from exercise of the veto. 

4. Distribution of proceeds of the sale of public lands among 
the States. 

5. One term only for the President. 

6. Improvement of rivers and harbors by the general Government. 

7. Condemned the administration of James K. Polk. 

8. Condemned the State Constitution recently adopted, with 
pledge to labor for its speedy amendment. 

S. C. Hartings and S. Leffler, Democrats, were elected to Con- 
gress. December 15, 1846, A. C. Dodge, delegate from Iowa, presented 
to the House of Representatives, the Constitution of the State of Iowa. 
It was referred to the Committee on Territory, and on the 17th S. A. 
Douglas of Illinois, reported a bill for the admission of Iowa into the 
Union. On the 21st the bill passed the House and was sent to the 
Senate. On the 24th it was taken up in the Senate, having been ap- 
proved by the Judiciary Committee. After an attempt to amend it 
had failed, the bill passed the Senate. On the 28th of December, 
1846, the President signed the bill and Iowa became a State. Con- 
gress granted every 16th section to the new State, for the support 
of its schools. It amounted to 1,013,614 acres. June 5, 1846, the Pot- 
tawattamies ceded their lands in Iowa to the United States. 

The Mormons or Latter Day Saints, who were driven out o- 
Missouri in 1846, with great heartlessness, and in fact almost unparal- 
leled barbarity, found shelter in Iowa, and many of them made it their 
permanent home. The sufferings of those people were almost beyond 
description, and as the details are interesting, we will relate them 
as follows: 



72 THE DAILY TELEGRAPH-HERALD'S 

CHAPTER XXII. 

The first attempt to found a Mormon colony was made at 
Kirkland, Ohio, where Sidney Rigdon lived. Rigdon had been an 
eloquent minister of the Christian church in Kirkland, and was 
converted to Mormonism soon after Joseph Smith claimed to have 
found the plates on which a revelation was inscribed, and from 
which the Mormon Bible was produced. Rigdon assisted Smith in 
procuring the printing of the Bible and on the 6th of April, 1830, 
they organized the 'Church of the Latter Day Saints." Rigdon's 
eloquent preaching made converts rapidly, and on the first of Jan- 
uary, 1831, they had secured more than one thousand members 
and believers in the new religion. Smith claimed to have a second 
revelation commanding him to found a colony of the saints in the 
far West and build a temple in the New Jerusalem. A location 
was .chosen in the vicinity of Independence, Missouri, where a 
large tract of land was secured, houses built, farms opened and the 
foundation laid for the temple. The Mormons from all quarters 
gathered at the New Jerusalem until several .hundred were as- 
sembled. But the Missourians were intensely hostile to the new 
sect and finally a large mob attacked the Mormon colony, de- 
stroyed their printing office and other buildings and flogged some 
of the saints. Governor Boggs called out nearly five thousand of 
the State militia, under General J. B. Clark, with instructions "to 
exterminate the Mormons, or drive them beyond the borders of 
the State." Gen. Clark proceeded to execute the orders. A large 
number of the leaders were arrested, their families driven from 
their homes at the point of the bayonet and the entire colony sent 
destitute out upon the bleak prairie late in November, without even 
tents to protect them from the driving storms. The rivers and 
creeks were unbridged and filled with floating ice; the snow was 
deep, impeding their progress; many were killed, others wounded, 
families separated, women and children sick and dying for want 
of food, shelter and proper care. The oxen, which were their only 
teams, died of starvation. Disease and death claimed victims daily. 
Mothers carried their starving children, themselves weak with 
fatigue and hunger. The dead were thrust into rude bark coffins 
and sunk in the rivers. At least 1,200 emaciated people in all 
stages of disease and starvation reached the banks of the Mississippi 
River, where the strongest crossed. The people of Iowa and Illinois 
treated them kindly, furnished food and such shelter as was avail- 
able. Their leaders had been captured, such as were not killed, 
and paraded from one jail to another, tormented in a manner that 
stamps their enemies as more cruel and barbarous than Indians. 
At Howe's Mills twenty prisoners were confined in a log building, 
the door fastened and the mob, joining the State militia, fired upon 
the helpless prisoners through the crevices between the logs until 



HISTORY OF IOWA AND COUNTY DIRECTORY. 73 

all were killed or wounded. One little boy, nine years of age, was 
dragged out and murdered in cold blood, while the savage white 
men cheered and danced around the dying boy and the nineteen 
other victims. 

The "Border Ruffians" who, a quarter of a century later, in- 
vaded the Territory of Kansas and slaughtered her citizens in a 
war waged to spread human slavery; and the Civil War, under the 
lead of Quantrell, murdered more than a hundred defenseless citi- 
zens of Lawrence in the presence of their families, were the pro- 
geny of these barbarous wretches. The authorities finally grew 
sick of the atrocities perpetrated by the militia that they were 
unable to control and permitted the escape of the survivors of the 
Mormon leaders, who finally reached the refugees who were find- 
ing shelter in Iowa and Illinois. 

The Mormons were expelled from Missouri in the fall of 1838. 
They crossed the Mississippi and erected temporary shelter for the 
winter. Dr. Isaac Galland, a Mormon elder, was the owner of a large 
tract of land on both sides of the river and sold it to the refugees 
on liberal terms. In February, 1889, Dr. Galland wrote to Governor 
Robert Lucas, of Iowa, inquiring whether their people would be per- 
mitted to purchase land and settle in the Territory of Iowa. The 
Governor replied that he knew of no authority that could deprive 
them of that right; that as citizens of the United States they were 
entitled to the same rights and legal protection as other citizens. 

With this assurance a few Mormon families settled in the South- 
east corner of the Territory in 1839 and 1840. Bishop Knight bought 
for his church a part of the town sites of Keokuk, Nashville and 
Montrose, in Lee County. In 1840 there were over one hundred 
Mormon families living in that County. 

CHAPTER XXIII. 

Across the river from Montrose was the little town of Commerce, 
started by New York speculators; this the Mormons purchased, 
changing its name to Nauvoo. Joseph Smith, their Prophet, came 
from imprisonment in Missouri and pronounced Nauvoo the seat of 
the church. As the Mormons gathered into it from all sides, it soon 
grew to be a large city and the foundation of a large temple was 
laid. Great numbers of converts came from England and joined the 
Nauvoo colony. 

A revelation in July, 1843, permitting a plurality of wives, raised 
a storm of indignation in the surrounding settlements, and it was 
charged tRat the Mormons harbored criminals. Joseph Smith was 
arrested in June, 1844, with other leaders. The arrests had been made 
by a company of soldiers on order of Governor Ford, of Illinois. The 
Mormon leaders were lodged in jail at Carthage and charged with 
riot. On the 27th a mob numbering about two hundred men, dis- 



74 THE DAILY TELEGRAPH-HERALD'S 

guised as Indians, attacked the guards at the jail, overpowered them, 
broke down the door, killing Joseph Smith and his brother, Hiram, 
and severely wounding several others. Conflicts frequently arose be- 
tween the citizens and the Mormons, some of whom had purchased 
claims and settled on the half-breed lands in Iowa. Although the Mor- 
mons had built a city of nearly 20,000 at Nauvoo and erected a tem- 
ple for public worship and had become the owners of valuable farms 
in the vicinity, their lives and property were almost continually in 
jeopardy. They finally determined to abandon all and seek safety 
by emigration. Their religion and peculiar social practices were so 
obnoxious to their neighbors, that they realized the necessity of col- 
onizing their people in distant, unsettled regions, if they would 
secure religious liberty. 

In 1845 they began to dispose of their property and prepared to 
emigrate Westward into Iowa. Brigham Young, who had succeeded 
Smith, led the main body across the river, beginning the journey in 
February, 1846. A large number, including many sick, aged and poor, 
had to be left behind until a new home could be provided. The trans- 
fer of 16,000 into Iowa was finally completed. The line of 3,000 
wagons, 30,000 head of cattle, horses and mules, large herds of sheep, 
and the thousands of men, women and children made up such a 
caravan as had never before been seen in America. 

Heavy cold rains fell and the rich black soil was converted into 
deep mud. But two or three miles could be made some days be- 
fore the weaker gave out, and a camp had to be made on the wet 
ground where death came often to end the suffering of the sick. 
The burials were pathetic. In place of a coffin the body was enclosed 
in bark stripped from green logs and buried in a hollow trench and 
the grave was marked by a post. 

In April, 1846, the first party stopped in what is now Decatur 
County and built rude log houses for shelter, while breaking up the 
prairie to raise crops upon which to subsist when they should re- 
sume their march. This settlement they named Garden Grove, and 
here several hundred made a temporary home for such as were too 
weak to travel. When the high bluffs of Grand River were reached, 
in what is now Union County, on the 17th day of June, seven hundred 
of the Mormons determined to stop and raise crops to supply pro- 
visions for themselves and those who were to follow them. They 
selected a ridge on the Bast side of Grand River. Here they built log 
cabins and dug caves in each side of the long street on the summit of 
the ridge. 

A mill was built by their mechanics ; native boulders were dressed 
into mill stones and the machinery run by horse power. They erected 
a tabernacle in the grove and provided a cemetery in which their 
numerous dead were buried. A great spring on the East slope of the 



HISTORY OF IOWA AND COUNTY DIRECTORY. 75 

ridge furnished an abundance of pure water for the entire population 
of "Mount Pisgah," the name they gave to the place. 

During the two and a half years the Mormons occupied this place, 
thousands of their brethren found it a most welcome resting place 
on their journey Westward. The remnant left at Nauvoo were perse- 
cuted beyond endurance by the people who had flocked into the city 
after the mian body of the Mormons had left, and on the 17th of 
September they were driven out. Crossing the river under the lead 
of Heber C. Kimball, wagons and hand carts were procured and in 
October they started West. 

The women and children suffered from insufficient clothing and 
food. Traveling over the prairie, fording swollen streams, amid 
floating ict and fierce snow storms, camping nights on the snow- 
covered ground, protected only by tents, their sufferings were fearful. 
Sickness from exposure prevailed to an alarming extent, and death 
by the wayside ended the misery of hundreds. 

CHAPTER XXIV. 

Their route was made conspicuous by the graves that marked 
their journey through Van Buren, Davis, Appanoose, Decatur and 
Union counties. No such scenes have ever been witnessed in Iowa 
as marked the winter march of the Mormon refugees over its un- 
settled prairies. When Mount Pisgah was reached they found rest 
and shelter and kind hands to minister to their wants. More than 
four hundred men, women and children who died from the effects of 
exposure and hardships of the exodus of 1846-7 were buried in the 
Mormon cemetery at that place. 

The Mormon authorities at Salt Lake caused a monument to be 
erected here in 1888 to the memory of the dead, who for the most 
part sleep in unmarked graves in this inclosure. On the monument 
are inscribed the names of William Huntington, the First Presiding 
Elder of Mount Pisgah, and sixty-seven others. The cemetery has 
long been in charge of C. A. White. It is often visited by high offi- 
cials of the Latter Day Saints and surviving friends of those who 
perished during the exodus of 1846-7. A number of the Mormon fam- 
ilies remained at Garden Grove, Mount Pisgah, Lost Grove, Sar- 
gent's Grove and Indiantown. Others made claims along the line of 
march, built cabins and opened farms. But the main body pushed on 
to the Missouri River, where a village was built in the Southwest 
corner of Mills County. The greater number, however, went North- 
ward and located on Indian Creek and built a town near where Council 
Bluffs now stands, which they named Kanesville. 

In the persecution which the Mormons endured in the early years 
of their residence in the Western States and Territories, Iowa never 
joined. Our people and State officials have respected the right of 
American citizens to hold such religious opinions as they chose and 



76 THE DAILY TELEGRAPH-HERALD'S 

to enjoy the protection of our laws. Narrowness and bigotry has 
never flourished in Iowa. Her citizens claim the utmost freedom 
of religious opinion for themselves, and accord the same rights to 
others. The kind treatment of the Mormons by Governor Lucas is 
in marked contrast with that of the officials and citizens of Missouri 
and Illinois. 

In 1847 Brigham Young led an expedition over the plains to Salt 
Lake, where he selected a location for the future home of the Mor- 
mons. In June, 1848, the second expedition, consisting of six hun- 
dred and twenty-three wagons and nearly two thousand persons, 
joined the colony at Salt Lake. Elder Orson Hyde was their leader. 
A large tabernacle of logs was erected for their religious meetings 
and another for school purposes. The farmers among them settled 
along the creeks and in the groves, and opened farms to supply 
provisions for the colony. During the year 1849 cholera of a deadly 
type was brought into their settlements and prevailed for nearly 
two years. The people, who had neither experienced physicians nor 
suitable medicines, living in poor cabins, were but illy prepared to en- 
counter this terrible pestilence. Hundreds died without medical at- 
tendance. The bluffs were thickly dotted with newly made graves. 
Each year large parties of Mormons left the Iowa settlement to join 
the Salt Lake colony. 

An imperative order was issued, in 1852, for all to emigrate to 
Utah, and, disposing of their houses and farms, and under the lead 
of Elder Orson Hyde, they crossed the great plains. Some, however, 
who were opposed to polygamy, remained in Iowa and reorganized 
the "Church of the Latter Day Saints," and finally established head- 
quarters at Lamoni, in Decatur County, under the lead of Joseph 
Smith, Jr., son of the founder of the Mormon Church. 

The first State Legislature convened at Iowa City on the 30tli of 
November, 1846. The Senate consisted of nineteen members, and 
elected Thomas Baker, of Polk County, President. The House con- 
sisted of forty members, and elected Jesse B. Browne, of Lee County, 
Speaker. The Democrats had a majority in the Senate and the 
Whigs a majority in the House. But local issues had, in Lee County, 
overshadowed party considerations to such an extent that it was 
doubtful whether the Democrats would be able to command a majority 
on joint ballot for their candidates for Supreme Judges and United 
States Senators. 

The Salaries were fixed as follows: Governor, $1,000; Auditor, 
$600; Secretary of State, $500; Treasurer, $400; Judges of the Su- 
preme and District Courts, $1,000 each. For the purpose of defraying 
the expenses of the State government an act was passed authorizing 
the issue and sale of bonds to the amount of $55,000. bearing interest 
at ten per cent and payable in ten years. 

The first report of State Officers, made at the close of 1847, 



HISTORY OF IOWA AND COUNTY DIRECTORY. 77 

showed taxable property valued at $11,277,139, on whicli a tax of two 
mills should raise a revenue of $22,554.25; only $15,788, however, 
had been collected. The report of the Treasurer showed the total 
revenue from all sources to be $50,782.36, and the amount paid out 
on warrants $59,184.36. The children of school age were 20,928, of 
which only 2,429 were attending school. Congress adopted the policy 
of granting lands for public improvements as early as 1802, long be- 
fore a railroad was built. When a grant was made for a turnpike 
from the interior of the State of Ohio to the Ohio River, a grant 
was also made to aid the construction of a canal in Indiana. Other 
grants were made to Ohio and Illinois for similar purposes. In 1829 
the first railroad on which steam was used was built. The first 
grant of public lands to aid in the construction of a railroad in the 
United States was in 1833. The first grant of public lands in Iowa 
for internal improvement was in 1846, to aid the navigation of the 
Des Moines River. It was every alternate section for five miles on 
each side of the river from its mouth to its source. 

Congress made the first grant of public lands to aid in the con- 
struction of a railroad by authorizing the State of Illinois to use the 
land theretofore granted to aid in the construction of canals. 

As early as 1837 the people of Iowa had, through the efforts of 
John Plumb, become interested in a project for building a great 
trunk line of railroad to connect the Atlantic States with the Pacific 
Coast, to be aided by a grant of public lands along the route. Such 
a route would be likely to pass through Iowa and open up its inland 
prairies to settlement. Asa Whitney, of New York, who projected 
a line of railroad across the great plains and Rocky Mountains to 
the Pacific Coast and had written able articles showing the feasibil- 
ity of such a line. The proposed route passed through Iowa and the 
citizens of our State felt a deep interest in the project and some of 
the far-seeing men believed that the benefits of this commercial high- 
way might be secured to Iowa by prompt action in obtaining a valua- 
ble land grant for a railroad to the Missouri River. 

In 1854 a strong movement had been organized in the State by 
the Prohibitionists for the enactment of a law prohibiting the manufac- 
ture and sale of intoxicating liquor. The State Temperance Alliance 
had delegated to Hiram Price, D. S. True and John L. Davies the 
preparation of a bill to be presented to the Legislature, similar to the 
"Maine Liquor Law." The bill was drafted with great care and sent 
to Dr. Amos Witter, a Democratic Representative from Scott County, 
who, on the 13th of December, 1854, introduced it into the House. It 
met with active opposition, but finally passed both houses and was 
approved by Governor Grimes. One of its provisions required the act 
to be submitted to a vote of the people at the following April elec- 
tion. The vote stood 25,555 for the law, to 22,645 against. Having 
thus been adopted by a majority of 2,910, it went into effect on the 



78 THE DAILY TELEGRAPH-HERALD'S 

first of July following. The act prohibited the manufacture and sale 
of intoxicating liquors, excepting for mechanical or medicinal pur- 
poses. The penalties were fine and imprisonment. With some amend- 
ment and modifications this law remained upon the statute books for 
more than forty years. 

CHAPTER XXV. 

Ansel Briggs was the first Governor of the State of Iowa. He 
was inaugurated December 3, 1846, and the first legislature convened 
In 1848 the report of the Superintendent of Public Instruction showed 
children of school age 41,446, of which but 7,077 were in the public 
schools. There were 124 teachers employed, of which 101 were men 
and 23 women. The average salary of the men was $16.00 per month, 
and of the women but $9.00. There were 673 organized school dis- 
tricts. The State Library contained 1,660 volumes, one-third of which 
were law books. The expense of maintaining the Library in 1847 was 
$109.31. 

The first homestead law, exempting the home to the heads of 
families from sale for debts was enacted by the Second General As- 
sembly. The usual rate of interest was 40 per cent. Governor Briggs 
on retiring, congratulated the General Assembly and the people, on 
the settlement by the Supreme Court of the United States of our 
Southern boundary. The claim of Iowa being allowed. During this 
session the following Counties were created: Union, Adams, Adair, 
Cass, Montgomery, Mills, Bremer, Butler, Grundy, Hardin, Franklin, 
Wright, Risley, Yell, Greene, Guthrie, Audubon, Carroll, Fox, Sac, 
Crawford, Shelby, Harrison, Monona, Ida, Waukon, Humboldt, Poca- 
hontas, Buena Vista, Cherokee, Plymouth, Floyd, Cerro Gordo, Han- 
cock, Kossuth, Palo Alto, Clay, O'Brien, Sioux, Howard, Mitchell, 
Worth, Winnebago, Bancroft, Emmet, Dickinson, Osceola and Bun- 
comb. 

The Code of 1851 was also adopted. The volume consisted of six 
hundred and eighty-five pages. The report of the Commission with dia- 
gram and fieldnotes of the survey of the boundary between Iowa and 
Missouri was also filed and entered of record in the House Journal. 
The entire length of the line, so established, was two hundred and 
eleven miles and thirty-two chains. 

The census of 1847 gave Iowa a population of 116,454. The Demo- 
crats carried the State, at the Presidential election of 1848 by a small 
majority. Hon. Geo. W. Jones and T. S. Wilson were candidates for 
United States Senator, Jones receiving the nomination and election. 
The contract had been let for rendering the Des Moines River navi- 
gable, by building dams and locks, from the Raccoon Forks to the 
Missouri River, to be completed March 1, 1850. Much was expected 
from this improvement, but it was not realized. Efforts were also 



HISTORY OF IOWA AND COUNTY DIRECTORY. 79 

made to induce Congress to make appropriations to improve the Ma- 
quoketa. Skunk, Wapsipinicon and Iowa Rivers. 

The first Exemption Law, providing for the exemption from debt 
of the home to the head of each family, was passed by the Legisla- 
ture of 1848. The Democrats carried the election in 1849 by a small 
majority. In this year the California gold fever set in, and for three 
or four years the Iowa prairies were lined with immigration wagons 
bound for the gold fields. 

In 1850 the election was in favor of the Democrats. The plurality 
being about' 2,000. Stephen Hempstead of Dubuque, was elected Gov- 
ernor. The financial report of the money on hand and received for 
the year ending November 4, 1850, showed amount received $90,444.33, 
paid out $90,442.94. The year 1851 was remarkable for the vast 
amount of rain fall all over the State. The average precipitation was 
about IZYz inches. Rivers were very high all summer and low lands 
were converted into lakes. In order to keep the Sioux Indians at bay. 
Fort Dodge was selected as a site for a tort. The fort was erected and 
manned in 1849. It was abandoned in 1863 and the troops sent to 
Minnesota to build a new fort on the North line of the new purchase 
made from the Sioux Indians. 

At the Presidential election in 1852 the Democrats carried the 
State, Pierce securing 17,762 and Scott 15,856. Geo. W. Jones was 
elected Senator for six years. 

February 22, 1854, thousands assembled at Rock Island to witness 
the arrival of the first train. At five o'clock P. M. the whistle of the 
engine St. Clair was heard. A great shout went up from the crowd. 
The booming of cannons and sky rockets were the response. Two 
other trains followed in rapid succession. Speeches of welcome fol- 
lowed and a big time was had which lasted away into the night. In 
1853 the Illinois Legislature incorporated a bridge company, to build a 
bridge across the Mississippi River at Rock Island. The construction 
of a bridge was opposed on account of its being an obstruction to 
navigation, but the courts decided in favor of the bridge. The work 
was begun in 1853 and finished in 1856. In 1852 the census showed 
a population of 229,929. At the election of 1854 the Whigs won. J. 
W. Grimes was elected Secretary of State. 

The last contest between Democrats and Whigs occurred in 1855. 
The Whigs won by a majority of nearly 5,000. But before the next 
election the Whig party was largely absorbed by the New Republican 
party. The contest in Kansas over slavery had become very bitter. 
Thousands of people from slave States had entered the territory to 
aid in making it a slave state. Immigration from the Northern States 
poured in, and the contest between the Slavery and anti-Slavery par- 
ties was bitter and bloody. Armed collisions were frequent. In 1856 
the Legislature passed a joint resolution in opposition to the extension 
of slavery. But our member in Congress took no part in the fierce 



80 THE DAILY TELEGRAPH-HERALD'S 

discussion, until Harlan and Thorington were elected by the free soil 
Whigs and Abolitionists. Those were the first Iowa Congressmen to 
oppose the aggressions of the slave powers. 

May 15, 1856, Congress made a grant of every alternate 
section for three railroads running from Burlington, Lyons and 
Davenport, respectively, Westward through the State. The grant 
to be subject to the disposal of the Legislature. At the Presi- 
dential election in 1856, the vote stood for John C. Fremont 
(Republican) 45,196; James Buchanan (Democrat) 37,663; Filmore 
(Whig) 9,669. The vote in favor of a Constitutional Convention was 
32,790 against 14,162. The most important changes made in the Con- 
stitution were as follows: No lease of agricultural lands valid for 
more than twenty years; second. Biennial Sessions of the Legislature 
were to begin on the second Monday in January after the election of 
members; third, time of the general election changed to the second 
Tuesday of October; fourth, a majority of the members elected 
in each branch of the General Assembly was required to pass 
a bill; fifth, local or special laws not to be passed on certain subjects, 
and in no case when a general law could be made applicable; sixth, 
no money to be appropriated for local or private purposes, unless by 
a vote of two-thirds of the members of each branch of the general 
assembly; seventh, the Senate was limited to fifty, and the House to 
one hundred members; eighth, the office of Lieutenant-Governor was 
created; ninth, the office of Supreme Judge was made elective; tenth, 
the limit of State indebtedness was increased from one hundred thou- 
sand to two hundred and fifty thousand dollars. In case of insurrec- 
tion, invasion or defense or in time of war this limit might be ex- 
ceeded; eleventh, banks could be established under laws enacted by 
the Legislature, provided such laws were approved by a majority of 
the whole, at a general or special election; twelfth, a State Board of 
Education was created; thirteenth, the Capitol of the State was per- 
manently fixed at Des Moines, and the State University was perma- 
nently located at Iowa City; fourteenth, to submit to a vote of the 
people a proposition to strike out the word "white" from the article 
on Suffrage. 

The census of the year 1856 gave Iowa a population of 517,875. 
Iowa was now very prosperous. Railroads were building rapidly; im- 
migration was rushing in rapidly; crops were good and prices satis- 
factory. The Committee appointed to investigate the office of Super- 
intendent of Public Instruction, reported a deficit of $65,150.8. Al- 
though the Sioux Indians had sold the lands about the head water 
of the Little Sioux, they were reluctant to leave it. When the land 
was being surveyed by Mr. Snarsh of Dubuque, a band of Sioux Indians 
attacked him, and compelled him and his party to cross the river and 
leave the country, after destroying his wagon and instruments and 
capturing their horses. In the war between the Sioux and Pottawat- 



HISTORY OF IOWA AND COUNTY DIRECTORY. 81 

tamies the last battle was fought on the Lizard in Webster County. 
The Sioux were in ambush and the Pottawattamies were led into the 
trap. They fought bravely but were defeated with great slaughter. 
The survivors who reached their own country were so few that they 
made no more raids into the Sioux district. 

CHAPTER XXVI. 

In 1847 a desperado named Henry Lott, built a cabin near the 
mouth of Boone River, which became a rendezvous for horse thieves 
and outlaws. Horses were stolen from the settlements below and 
from the Indians, secreted on Lotfs premises and from there taken 
to the eastern part of the State and sold. In 1848, Lott's marauders 
stole a number of ponies from the Sioux Indians, who were hunting 
along the river. Si-dom-i-na-do-tah and six of his party tracked the 
ponies to Lott's settlement, found them concealed in the woods, re- 
covered them and the chief ordered Lott to leave the country within 
five days. This he failed to do and, when the time was up, the Sioux 
chief ordered his men to burn the cabin and kill the cattle. Lott 
was now alarmed and fled down the river with a stepson, abandoning 
his wife and small children. Upon reaching the Pea settlement in 
Boone County, he spread the report that his family had been murdered 
by the Indians. The settlers at once organized a party to punish the 
Sioux. Che-meuse, a Musquakie chief, was at Elk Rapids, sixteen 
miles below, with several hundred of his band. He furnished twenty- 
six warriors for the expedition, which was placed under his command 
and piloted by Lott. When they reached his claim the Sioux had gone, 
and the wife and children of Lott were there without food or shelter. 
A son twelve years old had attempted to follow Lott when he fled, but 
after wandering twenty miles alone had perished from cold. Lott re- 
mained on his claim, where his wife died during the year, as Lott re- 
ported, from exposure and abuse from the Indians. Lott swore ven- 
geance upon the Sioux chief, but made no haste to execute it. In the 
fall of 1853, he and a son passed through Fort Dodge with an ox team 
and a wagon loaded with provisions, goods and three barrels of whis- 
key. He went into what is now Humboldt County and built a cabin 
on the bank of the creek which has since been named Lott's Creek. 

Here he opened trade with the Indians in goods and whiskey. In 
January, 1854, Lott learned that Si-dom-i-na-do-tah and family were 
camped on another creek since named Bloody Run. Lott and his son 
went to the camp of the Sioux chief. Finding the chief did not recog- 
nize him, Lott professed friendship for the Indians. He told the chief 
that there was a large herd of elk on the river bottom and induced 
him to set off to find them. Lott and his son started toward their 
own cabin, but as soon as the old chief was out of sight, they skulked 
back, hiding in the tall grass, and as the chief returned from the hunt 
they shot him dead as he rode by on his pony. Then they stripped 



82 THE DAILY TELEGRAPH-HERALD'S 

him and, disguising themselves as Indians, waited until night, when, 
returning to the Indian tepees ,they gave the war cry, and when the 
Indian women and children came out in alarm, they butche:ud them 
one by one. 

The victims were the wife, children and aged mother of the dead 
chief, and two orphans living with them. One little girl hid in the 
grass and escaped, and one little boy, terribly wounded and left for 
dead, recovered. They plundered the camp of every article of value 
and left the mutilated bodies of their victims to be devoured by 
wolves. Returning to their own cabin, they burnt it, to throv/ sus- 
picion on the Indians, loaded a wagon with plunder and fled down the 
river. Ink-pa-du-tah, a brother of the murdered chief, was encamped 
with another band of Sioux Indians a few miles from the scene of 
the massacre. A few days later he discovered the dead and mangled 
bodies of his mother, brother and his entire family. 

A careful examination by Major Williams, of Fort Dodge, and Ink- 
pa-du-tah, led to the discovery of facts which left no doubt that Lott 
was the perpetrator of the murders. His heavily loaded team was 
tracked down the river on the ice to the mouth of the Boone. Lott 
stated that he had been driven from his claim by the Indians, and he 
here sold to the settlers the pony, gun, furs and other property be- 
longing to his victims. Lott hurried on his flight down the river, leav- 
ing one of his children at T. S, White's, six miles below Fort Dodge, 
and his two little girls at Dr. Hull's in Boone County. 

Major Williams, with several of the Indians, followed rapidly on 
their trail, hoping to overtake and arrest them. But they having sev- 
eral days start, left the Des Moines River, struck out westward upon 
the unsettled prairie, crossed the Missouri River north of Council 
Bluffs and disappeared on the great plains. 

Several years afterwards, it was learned by a letter from his son 
that Henry Lott met his fate at the hands of the "Vigilance Commit- 
tee" for crime committed in the gold regions. Ink-pa-du-tah brooded 
sullenly over the cruel murder of his mother and brother, believing 
that some of the white settlers were parties to the massacre and had 
aided Lott and his son to escape. The head of the murdered chief was 
taken to Homer, by some unknown barbarous wretch and nailed on the 
outside of a house. Upon learning this the Sioux were highly incensed 
and threatened revenge. These facts were all procured from Major 
Williams, who had been active in his efforts to bring the murderers 
to justice, and was familiar with the true history of the massacre. 
fQ)i-pa-du-tah never manifested friendship for the whites after this mur- 
der of his relatives, but looked upon them as treacherous enemies. 
There can be no doubt that he determined to bide his time for retalia- 
tion, which resulted a few years later in the Spirit Lake massacre. 



HISTORY OF IOWA AND COUNTY DIRECTORY. 83 

CHAPTER XXVII. 

During 1855-6, adventurous pioneers explored the valley of the 
Little Sioux and made claims at different places near the river. They 
built cabins and settled with their families at Correctionville, Wood- 
bury County, Pilot Rock, in Cherokee; Peterson and Gillett's Grove, in 
Clay County. 

An Irish colony located near Medium Lake, on the west fork of 
the Des Moines River, in Palo Alto, and a Mr. Granger had built a 
cabin in Emmet County, near the north line of the State. A small 
colony had ventured farther up the river and made a settlement in 
Minnesota, called Springfield. Asa C. and Ambrose A. Call, brothers, 
had settled near the present town of Algona, on the east fork of the 
Des Moines River, in 1854. The settlements of Okoboji and Spirit 
Lake, in Dickinson County, had been made in 1856, and embraced 
about fifty persons. Most of the Indians had by this time removed 
from Northwestern Iowa, but parties frequently returned to hunt and 
fish at their favorite resorts of former, years. Ink-pa-du-tah, who often 
came with his band, had professed friendship for the whites in these 
isolated settlements, but those who were best acquainted with the 
treachery of the Indian, were apprehensive that some day he would 
take revenge upon them for the murder of his relatives by Lett. 

The winter of 1856-7 was one of unusual severity. Continuous 
storms swept over the prairies, covering them with a depth of snow 
that made travel very difficult. They continued late into March, filling 
the ravines with drifts so deep that communication between the scat- 
tered settlements was almost impossible for weeks and months. The 
colony was short of provisions and it was difficult to replenish. Ink- 
pa-du-tah had carefully noted the condition of the settlers and with 
the ferocious and relentless cruelty of his race, laid his plans to visit 
an awful retribution upon the countrymen of Henry Lott. It mattered 
not that these settlers were innocent of any part, knowledge, or sym- 
pathy with the murders; they were of the white race to which Lott 
belonged and their lives must atone for his crime. 

During the summer of 1856, Ink-pa-du-tah, with his band, had 
visited most of these frontier settlements and carefully noted their 
helplessness in case of a sudden attack. In February, 1857, the Sioux 
chief selected about thirty of his warriors and, accompanied by their 
squaws, to allay suspicion on the part of the settlers, started up the 
l^ittle Sioux Valley. The chief sent detached parties to the settlers' 
cabins to take their arms, ammunition, provisions and cattle, and leave 
them defenseless and destitute. The weather was cold and the snow 
was deep, the settlers few and widely separated, beyond reach of aid, 
and were compelled to submit to every outrage the Sioux chose to per- 
petrate. Resistance would have brought certain death. 

As the Indians advanced their depredations began to assume a 
savage character. At Gillett's Grove ten armed warriors forced an 



84 THE DAILY TELEGRAPH-HERALD'S 

entrance into a house occupied by two families, seized the women and 
girls and subjected them to horrible outrages. They destroyed the 
furniture and beds, killed the cattle and hogs and robbed the terrified 
families of every article they took fancy to. Near midnight the set- 
tlers fled through the deep snow wandering for thirty-six hours, thinly 
clad, until they reached the house of Abner Bell, the nearest neighbor, 
utterly exhausted and nearly frozen to death. The Indians went from 
cabin to cabin, perpetrating outrages too horrible to relate, carrying 
off some of the girls to their camps where they were held until the 
savages moved on. Up to this time, however, no one had been killed. 

Fort Dodge was seventy miles distant and Abner Bell, Mr. Weaver 
and Wilcox started through the deep snow for that town. Their story 
of the Indian outrages created great indignation and excitement, as 
all realized that the frontier settlements were in imminent danger. 
The pioneers who built the first cabins in the beautiful groves that 
line the shores of Okoboji and Spirit Lakes, were Rowland Gardner 
and Harvey Luce, his son-in-law. They had recently emigrated from 
the State of New York. Crossing the prairies in their canvas-covered 
wagons drawn by oxen, they found no settlement west of Algona, but 
continued on westward until the evening of July 16, 1856, when they 
camped on the beautiful shore of West Okoboji. They were so en- 
chanted with the beauty of the lakes, forest and prairie that they 
decided to here make their homes. They explored the country about 
them and found the clear blue waters of Okoboji fringed by alternate 
stretches of sandy beach, pebble shores, walls of bowlders and forests 
reaching down to the water's edge. Away in the distance were 
prairies, while eastward were other lakes and groves. Not a sign of 
human habitation or smoke of camp fire was to be seen in any direc- 
tion from the highest point on the lake shore. They were the sole 
inhabitants of the paradise they had discovered, far distant from the 
haunts of men. Elk and deer were grazing on the prairies. Water 
fowls were coming and going from lake to lake. Great flocks of 
prairie chickens were seen and squirrels and birds were on every 
side. 

They selected a site for their cabin on the southeast short of West 
Okoboji, near the rocky projection since known as Pillsbury Point. 
The families consisted of Rowland Gardner, his wife, son and three 
daughters; also Harvey Luce, his wife and their two little children. 
The first human beings they saw after locating their new home, was 
a party consisting of Dr. I. H. Herriott, Bestell Snyder and William 
and Carl Granger, who camped on the strait separating the two Oko- 
boji lakes. They were the first white men to paddle a canoe on these 
lakes. Fascinated by the beautiful aspect of the country each took 
a claim and built a cabin on a peninsula, now known as Smith's 
Point, The next settlers were from Delaware County, Iowa; James 
H. Mattocks, his wife Mary and four children. They built a cabin 



HISTORY OF IOWA AND COUNTY DIRECTORY. 85 

opposite Granger's on the slope extending down toward the straits 
from the South side. Robert Mathieson and a son lived with them. 
Both of these cabins overlooked East and West Okoboji Lakes. Some 
weeks later Joel Howe, his wife Millie, with six children, settled on 
the east shor^ of East Okoboji. A daughter, Lydia, had married Alvin 
Noble, and they had a son two years old. This family, with Joseph 
M. Thatcher and his young wife Elizabeth, with their infant daughter, 
occupied a cabin a mile north of Howe's, at the upper end of the 
grove. A trapper, Morris Markham, boarded with Noble and Thatcher. 
These people were all from Hampton, in Franklin County. 

CHAPTER XXVIII. 

Six miles northeast, on the west shore of Spirit Lake, William 
Marble and his young wife, Margaret, recently married in Linn Coun- 
ty, had taken a claim and built a cabin. These made a settlement 
among the lakes, separated by distances of from one-half to six 
miles, of six families, in which were living sixteen men, eight women 
and fourteen children. This little colony came to the lakes in the 
summer of 1856. Early in February their supply of provisions was 
nearly exhausted. It was a long perilous journey to the nearest 
settlements where provisions could be procured. But with starva- 
tion staring them in the face, Harvey Luce and Joseph M. Thatcher 
started for Waterloo with an ox team and sled for supplies. After 
a journey over trackless prairies, working their way through snow 
drifts, they reached Waterloo, loaded their sled, started on their re- 
turn and reached a cabin ten miles below Emmetsburg, where their 
team gave out. Thatcher remained here several days to rest the 
oxen, but Luce, feeling anxious about his family, determined to go on. 
Here he found Jonathan Howe, Enoch Ryan and Robert Clark, who 
joined him on his homeward journey. Jonathan was a son of Joel 
Howe; Clark and Ryan were young men. 

After a fatiguing journey through snow drifts and blizzards, Luce 
and his three companions reached the Gardner cabin on the evening 
of March 6th. The day after their arrival the weather moderated, 
and Mr. Gardner concluded to go to Fort Dodge for provisions. As 
the family sat down to an early breakfast, the cabin door was opened 
and fourteen Indians walked in, led by Ink-pa-du-tah. They professed 
friendship until they had eaten all of the food in the house, when 
they attempted to seize the guns and ammunition. Luce resisted 
them and a most unequal struggle began. Dr. Herriott and Carl 
Snyder now entered and seeing four determined men the savages 
withdrew. Believing that the settlement was in danger, Mr. Gardner 
urged the young men to notify all of the neighbors to assemble at 
the Gardner house, which was the largest and strongest, and there 
defend themselves, should the Indians become hostile. The young 
men thought there was no danger and soon after went to their cabin. 



86 THE DAILY TELEGRAPH-HERALD'S 

The Indians prowled around until near noon when they ap- 
proached the Mattocks cabin, driving Gardner's cattle and shooting 
them on the way. Gardner, Luce and Clark now foresaw the danger 
and made a heroic effort to warn their neighbors. Mr. Gardner re- 
mained to protect his family, while Luce and Clark started, about 
two o'clock, to give the alarm. Soon after, the rapid firing of guns 
at the Mattocks house and the screaming of the terrified women 
warned the Gardner family that the work had begun. Mr. Gardner 
now barricaded the door and prepared to defend his family to tne 
last, but his wife, who still had hope that the Indians would spare 
them for the many acts of kindness in times past, begged of her 
husband not to fire upon them. The Indians now forced their way 
into the house and shot Mr. Gardner, killing him instantly. They 
then turned upon the women and children and beat their brains out 
with clubs; the only one spared was Abbie, the daughter, fourteen 
years of age. The terrified child begged of the savages to kill her, 
too, as she could not endure the thought of the terrible tortures and 
outrages inflicted on helpless prisoners. But heedless of her entreaties, 
they dragged her away, while the moans of her dying mother, sister 
and brother, filled her with anguish and horror. At the Mattocks 
house a brave resistance was made. When the attack began Dr. 
Herriott and Carl Snyder seized their guns and hastened to the 
assistance of their neighbors. But outnumbered five to one as they 
were by the Sioux warriors, there was no hope of successful resist- 
ance. The five men fought here with bravery unsurpassed, to save 
the women and children, and as they fell one by one, with rifles 
grasped in their nands, the terror of those remaining, for whom their 
lives had been given, was appalling. 

When Abbie was dragged to this scene of slaughter the mangled 
bodies of the five men, two women and children were lying about 
the burning cabin, while the shrieks of other children roasting in 
the flames, made a succession of horrors too hideous for description. 
No witness survived to tell the fearful story of the heroic fight and 
bloody massacre here, but eleven mutilated bodies were left to mark 
the spot. A careful examination of the vicinity later, by the party 
who buried the dead, throws some light upon the struggle. 

Dr. Herriott and Carl Snyder doubtless heard from their cabin 
the shrieks of the women and children, when the attack began at 
the Mattocks house. Then came the reports of firearms as Mr. 
Mattocks, Mathieson and the young man seized their rifles and fought 
desperately against the savages. Dr. Herriott and young Snyder 
might have escaped now by flight but, heroic men as they were, no 
such attempt was made. With rifle in hand they hurried to the 
rescue, regardless of overwhelming numbers. At the first fire Dr. 
Herriott brought down one of the Sioux warriors; then rushing into 
the thickest of the fight, the two brave men shattered their empty 



HISTORY OF IOWA AND COUNTY DIRECTORY. 87 

guns over the heads of the savages in a vain effort to save the 
terror-stricken women and children. How many Indians were killed 
or wounded in the conflict can never be known. Abbie Gardner be- 
lieves that none were killed and but one was wounded. But Major 
Williams, the veteran commander of the relief expedition that buried 
the dead, is of a different opinion. In his report to Governor Grimes, 
made on the 12th of April, immediately after the return of the burial 
party to Fort Dodge, he writes: 

"The number of Indians killed or wounded must be from fifteen 
to twenty. From the number seen to fall, and judging from the 
bloody clothes and clots of blood left in their encampments, the 
struggle at the lakes must have been severe, particularly at the 
house of Esquire Mattocks. Eleven bodies were found at this house, 
together with several broken guns. They appear to have fought 
hand to hand." 

Luce and Clark, who started from the Gardner house to warn 
the settlers, went toward Mr. Howe's. They were overtaken, shot 
down and scalped. This closed the first day's horrid work of March 
8, 1857. That night the Sioux warriors celebrated the butchery of 
twenty men, women and children, keeping time in their war dance 
to the beating of drums, circling over the blood-stained snow with 
unearthly yells among the mutilated bodies of their victims, until 
exhausted by their horrid orgies. Crouched in an Indian tepee, Abbie 
Gardner, the only survivor of the first day's massacre, prostrated by 
grief and terror and the awful deeds she has been compelled to wit- 
ness, endured such anguish as seldom falls to the lot of human being. 



CHAPTER XXIX. 

While this awful butchery was going on, the neighbors on the 
east side of the lakes had no warning of their impending danger. 
Luce and Clark were lying dead on the South shore. Mr. Howe had 
started early in the morning of the 9th, wading through the deep 
snow drifts toward the Gardner cabin to borrow flour. He was met 
by the Indians who were going to his house to continue their work. 
They shot him, then severed his head from the body and hurried on 
to his cabin. Mrs. Howe, her son Jonathan, his sister Sardis, and 
three young brothers, all unsuspicious of danger, were in the house. 
Suddenly the door was burst open, a wild rush of yelling Indians 
with gleaming tomahawks and scalping knives filled the house, and 
a moment later, amid screams of terror and moans of anguish, the 
dead and dying bodies of the entire family were lying in the blood- 
stained snow. The Thatcher cabin was next visited. There the In- 
dians found Mr. Noble, his wife and child, Mrs. Thatcher and her 
child and Mr. Ryan. Seeing two stout stalwart men at home, the 
cowardly savages professed friendship as they entered the house. 
Noble and Ryan were thus deceived, when the Indians suddenly turned 



88 THE DAILY TELEGRAPH-HERALD'S 

their guns upon them and fired, killing both men before they could 
seize their rifles. The two children were snatched from their mother's 
arms and swinging by their feet against a tree near the door, dashing 
their brains out. They plundered the house, killed the cattle and 
hogs, then dragging Mrs. Noble and Mrs. Thatcher with them, started 
for their camp. With a refinement of cruelty, peculiar to their race, 
they took Mrs. Noble back to the Howe cabin, where with unspeak- 
able horror she saw the mangled bodies of her mother, sister and 
four brothers. Jacob, her thirteen year old brother, was still alive, 
and while the Indians were killing the cattle, she endeavored to put 
him in a bed in the house, hoping he might be saved, but the sav- 
ages discovered him and beat his brains out in the presence of his 
sister who was unable to protect him. 

The Indians remained about the lakes until the 13th, while Will- 
iam Marble and his young wife knew nothing of the terrible fate that 
had overtaken every family of their neighbors. They were several 
miles from any other house, and had heard nothing to alarm them. 
On that morning, soon after breakfast, as Mrs. Marble relates, looking 
out of the cabin window, a band of painted and armed Indians was 
seen approaching. They came into the house and professed friend- 
ship. One of them wanted to exchange his rifle for a very fine one 
belonging to Mr. Marble, who, fearing to offend them, agreed to the 
trade. They then proposed shooting at a mark. Mr. Marble fired first 
and stepped forward to examine the target, when the treacherous sav- 
ages shot him in the back. Mrs. Marble, who had been anxiously 
watching them from the window, in fear for her husband's safety, 
sprang out with piercing screams as he fell, and threw her arms 
around her murdered husband, in the agony of despair. He was dead, 
and she was alone, in the hands of his brutal murderers. They flung 
her aside and searched the body of their victim, taking from it a belt 
containing $1,000 in gold. This was the little fortune the young 
couple had brought with them to improve and stock the beautiful 
site for a farm they had selected on the banks of the lake. The In- 
dians then plundered the house, took Mrs. Marble's gold watch and 
placed her upon a pony. In one brief hour the young wife had lost 
husband and home, and was a captive, reserved for a fate worse than 
death. 

The Indians with their plunder joined the main body, and here 
Mrs. Marble found the other three captive women and leared the ter- 
rible fate that had overtaken the entire settlement. They realized 
now that none were left to effect their rescue. They prayed for death 
to end it all and save them from a fate too awful to be contemplated. 
They were soon separated, each being taken to a different lodge, 
where their hair was braided and their faces painted, the same as 
the Sioux Squaws. They were held as slaves and suffered treatment 



HISTORY OF IOWA AND COUNTY DIRECTORY. 89 

as brutal as has ever befallen helpless women in the hands of sav- 
ages. 

Thus did Ink-pa-du-tah bide his time, and did, after the lapse of 
more than three years, wreak a fearful vengeance upon innocent 
white families, for the massacre of his nearest relatives by Henry 
Lott and his son. Not a person was left in the entire colony at the 
lakes to carry the news of the great tragedy to the nearest settlement. 
But it was discovered on the same day the Howe, Noble and Thatcher 
families were slaughtered. 

Morris Markham, who lived at Noble's, had started for the Des 
Moines River on the 7th, in search of some cattle that had strayed 
away. Returning on the evening of the 9th, cold, hungry and ex- 
hausted, he reached the Gardner cabin near midnight. It was cold 
and dark, and Markham was surprised to find the doors open and the 
house deserted. Upon examination he came upon the bodies of the 
family, some lying upon the floor and others about the yard. Horror 
stricken by these evidences of a terrible tragedy, he cautiously went 
on through the dark forest towards the Mattocks' house. When near 
it he discovered the Indian camps, and realized that the fierce Sioux 
had appeared in his absence and murdered his friends and neighbors. 
He saw the smouldering ruins of the Matocks cabin and the mutilated 
bodies of other settlers lying about. He turned back toward the 
Howe settlement, hoping against hope that it might have escaped 
the massacre. But upon reaching Howe's cabin he again came upon 
the ghastly bodies of women and children. Markham had walked 
thirty miles since morning, through deep snow without food or rest. 
He was exhausted and his feet were frozen. He managed to start a 
fire in a ravine, not far away, and here, without shelter or food, he 
spent the remainder of the night, not daring to lie down, lest he, too, 
might be murdered by the savages. 

CHAPTER XXX. 

Before daylight he started for Springfield, Minn., eighteen miles 
distant. He reached that place completely exhausted and spread the 
news of the fate of the Okoboji colony. Fortunately Markham's 
strength held out to warn them of the danger, else they would have 
shared the fate of their neighbors. After a consultation the people de- 
cided to gather all the families at the houses of Thomas and Wheeler 
for mutual protection. Messengers were sent to Fort Ridgely for aid. 
"^or seventeen days the settlers at Springfield were kept in suspense, 
ourly expecting an attack from the Indians. There were sixteen 
ien, women and children at the Thomas house when the attack be- 
gan.. Most unexpectedly the Indians found the people prepared to 
give them a warm reception. 

The savages dressed one of their number in citizen's clothes, and 
he approached the Thomas house in a friendly manner, calling the 



90 THE DAILY TELEGRAPH-HERALD'S 

people out upon a cunning pretext. The remainder of the band was 
concealed behind trees in the forest surrounding the cabin. They 
opened fire upon the settlers who had been decoyed outside. The 
volley mortally wounded a little boy eight years old, and severely 
wounded Mr. Thomas, David Carver and Miss Swanger. There were 
but three men now left in the house unhurt — Morris Markham, Jareb 
Palmer and John Bradshaw. Hastily barricading the doors, the three 
men, assisted by Mrs. Thomas and Louisa Church, Eliza Gardner and 
Miss Swanger, prepared for a vigorous defense. 

The wounded had succeeded in reaching the house, except little 
Willie Thomas, who had fallen outside, and was overlooked in the ex- 
citement until after the doors were barricaded. Then it was too late 
to rescue him without endangering the lives of all. His father was 
severely wounded and his mother begged piteously to be permitted to 
open the door and bring him in; but the others felt it would be cer- 
tain death to all and he was left to his fate. The Indians gradually 
crept nearer the house while keeping up a constant fire on the be- 
sieged settlers. They, however, kept in shelter of the log stable and 
large trees. Eliza Gardner and Miss Swanger cast bullets and loaded 
guns, while Mrs. Church took the place of one of the wounded men 
at a port-hole and fought as bravely as the men. Watching a tree be- 
hind which an Indian was firing upon the cabin, Mrs. Church gave 
him a load of buckshot as he was aiming his rifle at the house. He 
fell back howling into the snow. So the fight went on until sunset, 
and well directed shots from the cabin preventing an assault by the 
Indians. At dark they joined others of the band who were butchering 
isolated settlers. 

William and George Wood, who kept a store and were on friendly 
terms with the Indians, were confident that they would not be mo- 
lested and refused to unite with their neighbors in preparing for de- 
fense, as they discredited Markham's report of the massacre at the 
lakes. A party of Sioux, upon their arrival, went to Wood's store 
and purchased a keg of powder and a quantity of lead, which was 
used in the siege of the Thomas house and in the slaughter of the 
Stewart family. The Wood brothers suffered a fearful penalty for 
their folly, as some days later the treacherous Sioux returned to the 
store, shot the proprietors, plundered the store and, piling brush over 
the mutilated bodies of the victims, set it on fire. Johnny Stewart, 
a little eight-year-old son of Joshua Stewart, had escaped into the 
woods when the family was massacred by the Indians. After dark he. 
made his way to the Thomas house and was taken in. Soon after 
Mr. Sheigley arrived. There were now seventeen persons in tl, 
house, three of whom were badly wounded and In need of medical ai» 

•HI 

A consultation was held, and it was determined to attempt to es- 
cape in the night. Whether they should stay or go, there was but 
little hope of escape from the doom that had overtaken their neigh- 



HISTORY OF IOWA AND COUNTY DIRECTORY. 91 

bors. They believed themselves to be the only survivors of the 
colony. No aid could be expected, and they determined to try to 
reach the nearest settlement. There was great fear that the Indians 
were lurking near by in the woods. Some one must venture to exam- 
ine. It was a dangerous undertaking and all hesitated. A volunteer 
soon offered himself. 

It was the brave Morris Markham, who had discovered the mas- 
sacre at the lakes, and had already saved the lives of all present by 
warning them of the impending danger. He told his companions that 
if he discovered Indians he would warn them by firing his gun, and 
they would immediately barricade the door and defend themselves 
without waiting for him. He stepped out into the darkness and dis- 
appeared. His comrades waited with intense anxiety. Markham 
crept silently through the snow from tree to tree, listening for the 
first movement of a stealthy foe. He cautiously made a wide circuit 
around the house and stable, expecting any moment to hear the 
crack of a rifle or the sudden rush of armed savages. Half an hour 
passed and the suspense of his companions in the house seemed un- 
endurable. Not a sound reached them, and they began to fear that 
he had been tomahawked by the stealthy Sioux before he could fire 
the gun. 

At last they heard approaching footsteps and hastily barricaded 
the door. Another moment of intense waiting and peering through the 
port-holes with loaded guns, when they heard the voice of Markham. 
He informed them that the Indians had gone and he had found a 
yoke of oxen which had escaped the slaughter. He had hitched them 
to a sled and all hands hastened to bring out the small children, the 
wounded, blankets and provisions, and they started on their dan- 
gerous journey, sorrowfully leaving the dead body of little Willie 
Thomas where he fell. The brave women tramped through the deep 
snow, following the well armed men and the heavily loaded sled. 

CHAPTER XXXI. 

There was now but one able-bodied man at the Wheeler house, J. 
B. Skinner. The others were Mrs. Skinner, Mrs. Nelson and her 
child, Mrs. Smith and her crippled husband, whose leg had recently 
been amputated, Mr. Sheigney's little boy and Mr. Henderson, who 
had lost both legs. To remain now, with but one able-bodied man to 
defend them, until the Indians returned seemed to be certain death 
for all. They had no team and no way to carry the "wounded men. 
Hard as it was they had to abandon Henderson and Smith and start 
through the deep snow, expecting to be pursued by the Indians upon 
discovery that they had left the house. In their haste and terror, Mr. 
Sheigley's little boy was also left behind. On the second day they for- 
tunately fell in with Markham's party, and Mr. Sheighley learning <hat 



92 THE DAILY TELEGRAPH-HERALD'S 

his little boy had been abandoned in the iflght, started back alone to 
rescue him. 

The party remained two nights at the Granger cabin, waiting the 
return of Mr. Sheighley, who was unable to find his boy (a neighbor 
who had escaped the massacre rescued him.) The next day the 
entire party left for Port Dodge, with a scanty supply of food 
and clothing and the wounded suffering greatly for medical assistance. 
At night all slept in the snow without shelter, their shoes and clothing 
wet with melting snows and the water of icy streams. Miss Swanger, 
with a painful bullet wound in her shoulder, gave up her place on 
the sled to the children and marched on foot through the snow. The 
sufferings of the entire party were enough to exhaust the strongest 
men, as they waded through the deep drifts and icy waters that filled 
the ravines and sloughs. 

The news of the massacre at the lakes was carried to Fort Dodge 
by O. C. Howe, R. U. Wheelock and B. F. Parmenter, of Jasper County, 
who had taken claims the fall before at Spirit Lake. They started for 
the lakes early in March, and reached the Thatcher cabin on the 15th. 
No one could be aroused to let them in, but upon opening the door 
they came upon the lifeless bodies of Noble and Ryan. Horror 
stricken by the sight, they next approached the house of Mr. Howe 
and there found the mutilated bodies of seven women and children. 
They now realized that the Indians had probably exterminated the 
entire settlement, and hastened back to Fort Dodge. 

The horrible news aroused the people. Prompt action was taken 
to organize a relief expedition. Major Williams issued a call for vol- 
unteers, and in three days one hundred men were enlisted. So in- 
tense was the desire to overtake and punish the savages, that the 
little army started out in haste, poorly equipped for a long winter 
march. The winter, which had been the severest on record, was 
still unbroken. 

CHAPTER XXXII. 

The snow storms had continued for months. Sloughs and ravines 
were filled to a great depth. But few tents could be procured and the 
blankets, clothing and provisions that were hastily collected were in- 
sufficient for such an expedition. Major Williams, the commander, 
was a vigorous man though sixty-two years old. He had been com- 
missioned two years before to act at discretion in any trouble that 
might arise with the Indians. Howe, Parmenter and Wheelock joined 
the expedition at Fort Dodge; J. M. Thatcher, at the Irish colony, 
Morris Markham, John Bradshaw and Jareb Palmer turned back with 
it, after conducting the Springfield refugees to safety. A hard crust 
on the snow rendered their march slow and difficult. At the close of 
the second day the party camped at Dakota, in Humboldt County, but 
eighteen miles from Fort Dodge. From this place onward the obstruc- 
tions, hardships and sufferings increased. In many places the ravines 



HISTORY OF IOWA AND COUNTY DIRECTORY. 93 

were filled with snow in depth of from ten to twenty feet, in which 
the teams were helpless. Long ropes had to be fastened to the 
floundering horses and they were pulled through by the men one at a 
time. The loaded wagons were drawn through in a similar manner. 
Sometimes it required the entire brigade to haul one loaded wagon 
through the immense drifts. Often the men were compelled to wade 
two abreast in long lines up to their waists in snow, to break a road 
for the teams and wagons. 

On the third night the expedition was compelled to camp on the 
unsheltered prairie in the deep snow, without fuel, with a bleak north- 
west wind sweeping down upon the exhausted men. They made a 
supper of crackers and raw pork, chained the oxen to the wagons, 
which were arranged close together to break the wind, while the men 
crowded together on their beds of snow, to keep from freezing. The 
next day was a repetition of the hardships until night, when they were 
able to reach the shelter of McKnight's Grove, where they found 
plenty of fuel to cook their food and cabins in which to sleep. 

On the morning of the 2Sth after roll call. Major Williams made 
a brief address to his men, alluding to the hardships encountered and 
complaints of some of the faint-hearted. He told them plainly that 
great sufferings were ahead of them and if any lacked the courage or 
endurance to encounter them, now was the time to say so and return 
to their homes. Nine men turned their steps homeward, leaving the 
command with weakened ranks to face the dangers ahead. No rec- 
ord has been kept of the names of these deserters. 

On the 29th, the little army reached the Irish colony, near where 
Emmettsburg now stands, and exchanged some of their worn out 
teams for fresh animals. They were also reinforced by several 
young men, bringing the number of the command up to one hundred 
and twenty-five. Dr. Strong, who had deserted his wife and child, was 
found here, but could not be persuaded to join the relief expedition. 
Mr. Williams, expecting soon to get within reach of the Indians, sent 
a company of nine picked men in advance as scouts. They were Car- 
penter, Mason, Thatcher, Church, Laughlin, Hathaway, Defore and 
Johnson, under command of Lieutenant Maxmell. They carried corn 
bread to last three days. This was the 30th of March, and traveling 
northward about twelve mtles, upon reaching an elevation, one of the 
company shouted "Indians!" Far away could be seen a party twice 
as large as their own, slowly advancing. Lieutenant Maxwell quickly 
formed his men in line for the attack, and followed a high ridge to 
keep in sight of the enemy, as the approaching party was seen to be 
preparing for battle. Coming nearer, Mr. Church, who was in ad- 
vance, suddenly dropped his gun, sprang forward, exclaiming, "My 
God! there's my wife and babies!" 

Governor Carpenter described the scene that followed: 

"They had surrounded the ox-sled in an attitude of defense, 'as 



94 THE DAILY TELEGRAPH-HERALD'S 

they had supposed us to be Indians, and had resolved, if overpowered, 
never to fall into the hands of the savages alive. On discovering that 
we were friends, such a heartrending scene I never before witnessed, 
as the relatives and friends of the refugees had supposed they were 
dead. In the party were Mrs. W. L. Church and her children; her 
sister, Drusella Swanger, shot through the shoulder; Mr. Thomas, 
who had lost an arm; Mr. Carver, also severely wounded in the fight 
at Springfield; Mrs. Dr. Strong and child, who had been deserted by 
her craven husband. In the haste of their flight they had taken but 
few provisions and scanty clothing. The women had worn out their 
shoes; their dresses were torn into fringe about the ankles; the chil- 
dren were crying with hunger and cold; the wounded were in a deplor- 
able condition for want of surgical aid. Their food was entirely ex- 
hausted; they had no means of making fire; their blankets and cloth- 
ing were wet and frozen; and in their exhausted condition it is 
hardly possible that many of them could have survived another night's 
exposure from the fearful storm then coming on. The refugees were 
so overcome by the sudden transition from deadly peril and impend- 
ing death that seemed to confront them, changed in an instant to re- 
lief in their desperate extremity, that they sank down in the snow, 
crying and laughing alternately, as their deliverers gathered around 
them. If nothing more had been accomplished by the relief expe- 
dition, every member felt that the salvation of eighteen perishing 
refugees, from almost certain death from exposure and starvation, 
had richly repaid them for all the hardships encountered." 

On the 31st the expedition pushed northward, finding frequent 
indications of Indians, until it reached the Granger house, on the 
west fork of the Des Moines River, near the Minnesota line. Here 
Major Williams learned that a company of soldiers from Fort Ridgely 
was at Springfield for the protection of settlers, and that the Indians 
had moved on westward. As the bodies of the murdered victims at 
the lakes were unburied, Major Williams called for volunteers to go to 
the lakes and bury the mutilated bodies. Twenty-three brave men 
promptly stepped forward and volunteered to go on the perilous mis- 
sion. April 2nd the command separated, the main body under Major 
Williams turned back to the Irish colony, while Captain Johnson's 
party started for the lakes. On reaching Thatcher's cabin, East Oko- 
boji, a horrible spectacle was presented. All was in ruins, and lying 
in the yard were the dead bodies of Noble and Ryan, as they had 
fallen three weeks before when shot down. Inside of the cabin noth- 
ing was left but the ghastly forms of the two little children who had 
been dragged from the arms of their terrified mothers, Mrs, Thatcher 
and Mrs. Noble. The fate of the two young mothers was then un- 
known. From cabin to cabin, the company went through the settle- 
ment, burying the dead, until all were laid beneath the ground. 



HISTORY OF IOWA AND COUNTY DIRECTORY. 95 

CHAPTER XXXIII. 

Not one of the colony was found alive. Mr. Marble's body had 
been buried by the soldiers from Fort Ridgeley. The body of young 
Dr. Herriott was found near Mattock's cabin, with his right hand still 
grasping hsi broken rifle, where he had fallen in a hand-to-hand strug- 
gle with the Indians, bravely defending his neighbors. The bodies of 
Luce and Clark, near the outlet of the lake, were not found until some 
weeks later. The burial party started April 4th on their homeward 
march, their provisions entirely consumed. 

The weather was warm and the melting snow filled the sloughs 
with water, in many places waist deep, through which the men had 
to wade, wetting their clothing to the shoulders. About 4 o'clock 
the wind, which had been in the south, suddenly changed to the north- 
west, and in half an hour a howling blizzard was sweeping down 
upon them. Their clothes were soon frozen stiff. Some of the party 
had taken their boots off to wade the sloughs, and others had holes 
cut in them to let the water out. Many had their boots frozen before 
they could put them on and were compelled to walk on through the 
snow and freezing water in their stockings, which were soon worn out. 

As night came on the piercing winds nearly chilled them to death. 
They dare not lie down in the snow, for it was only by vigorous ex- 
ercise that they were able to keep warmth and life in their stiffening 
limbs and bodies. They separated into two companies, one led by 
Captain Johnson, the other by Lieutenant Maxwell. They dare not 
go on in the blinding storm and darkness, fearing to lose their way, 
so all that long fearful night they tramped back and forth in a des- 
perate effort to save themselves from freezing. Often the weaker 
ones would fall down benumbed in the drifting snow and the stronger 
comrades would lift them up and force them to keep moving. 

In the morning, says Lieutenant Maxwell: 

"I saw Johnson and Burkholder some distance from us, going in 
a southerly direction, while we were traveling east. They were fol- 
lowing the directions of an old trapper, and we soon lost sight of 
them. Henry Carse became unconscious during the day, and sank in 
the snow, blood running from his mouth. We carried him to the river, 
where a fire was started by saturating a damp wad with powder and 
shooting it into the weeds. Carse was now helpless, and when we 
cut the rags from his feet, the frozen skin and flesh came off with 
them." 

As soon as the flre was well started. Maxwell and Laughlin, who 
were the strongest of the party, determined to cross the river and go 
to the Irish colony for help. They reached the settlement and sent as- 
sistance to their comrades, who were brought in badly frozen but 
alive. Major Williams gives the following account of the sad fate of 
Captain J. C. Johnson and William E. Burkholder: 

"G. P. Smith was the last one who saw them. He fell in wRh 



96 THE DAILY TELEGRAPH-HERALD'S 

them after they separated from their comrades and traveled with 
them for some time. They were very much exhausted from wading 
ponds and sloughs; their clothes frozen and covered with ice. Their 
feet were badly frozen, and unable to walk farther, they finally sank 
down in the snow, and Smith helped them to pull off their frozen 
boots. They tore up a part of their blankets and wrapped them around 
their freezing feet, which were very painful. Smith urged them to get 
up and make another effort to reach the Des Moines River timber, 
which was in sight, but they were so chilled and exhausted by the 
bleak wind, frozen feet and icy clothing that they were unable to 
rise, and said they could go no farther. After vainly trying for a long 
time to get them to make another effort to reach the timber, Smith 
at last realized that to save his own life he must leave them. After 
going some distance he looked back and saw them still on their 
knees in the snow, apparently unable to arise. It is not likely they 
ever left the spot where Smith left them, but finally, overcome with 
cold, they sank down and perished side by side." 

Eleven years after two skeletons were found near where they 
were last seen and identified by the guns and powder flasks lying 
near them as the remains of Johnson and Burkholder 

Captain J. C. Johnson had recently come to Webster City from 
Pennsylvania, a young man who was universally esteemed. His cour- 
age, patient endurance and considerate care for his men on that long 
fearful march had endeared him to every member of his company. 

William E. Burkholder had recently been elected Treasurer of 
Webster County, and was a young man of great promise. He had 
cheerfully shared all the hardships of this winter campaign, volun- 
teering to go on to the lakes to bury the dead. He was a brother of 
Governor Carpenter's wife. 

The principal division of the expedition which had gone back to 
the Irish colony had but little trouble until near night of the second 
day's march. Provisions being scarce, they were put upon short al- 
lowance. The river was very high and melting snow was filling the 
creeks and sloughs. When the division reached Cylinder Creek, its 
banks were overflown and spread out over the valley a mile in width 
and twelve feet deep, with a strong current in the channel. All efforts 
to find a crossing failed. The wind had changed to the northwest and 
it was growing cold. Captains Richards and Buncombe saw danger 
before them and sent Major Williams and Mr. Dawson, both of whom 
were old men, back to the settlement, while they proceeded to look 
for a crossing. An effort was made to convert the wagon box Into 
a raft on which to cross and with a long rope erect a ferry. But the 
raft was swamped and the rope lost. A messenger was sent to the 
nearest house for help and material for a raft. Captain Richards 
says: 

"The wind was now blowing a terrific gale and the cold was in- 



HISTORY OP IOWA AND COUNTY DIRECTORY. 97 

tense so that our wet clothing was frozen stiff upon us as we traveled 
up and down the banks of the swollen current in a vain search for a 
better place for the men to cross. When help and material for a 
raft came, so strong and cold was the wind, and so swift the current, 
filled with floating ice, that all of our efforts to build a raft failed. 
It was now dark and still growing colder, and the roar of the blinding 
storm so great that we could no longer hold communication with our 
companions on the other side. We were benumbed with cold, ut- 
terly exhausted, and three miles from the nearest cabin. We were 
powerless to aid our comrades, and could only try to save ourselves. 
It was a terrible walk in the face of the terrific blizzard, our clothes 
frozen, our feet freezing, and our strength gone. After wandering in 
the blinding storm until 9 o'clock, we fortunately found the cabin. 
Here we passed a night that will never be obliterated from my mem- 
ory. We gathered about the fire vainly trying to dry our frozen 
clothing. We had no blankets, and the piercing wind was driving 
through every crevice of the cabin, and we walked the floor in the 
most intense anxiety over the fate of our companions, left on the 
banks of the creek, exposed to the fury of the blizzard, without food, 
shelter or fire. All through the night we kept looking out on the 
wild storm in hopes it would cease, but the cold ever grew more in- 
tense, and the wind howled more fiercely, and no one slept. We 
knew that Carpenter, Stratton, Stevens and Wright were men en- 
dowed with courage equal to any emergency, and we trusted they 
would find some way to keep the men from perishing; still a har- 
rowing fear would come over us that we should in the morning find 
them frozen to death. Terrible visions of their fate tortured us 
through the long hours of the night, and with the first dawn of light 
Duncombs, Smith, Mason and I were wading through the drifts to 
Cylinder Creek. The mercury was now 28 degrees below zero, and the 
blizzard at its wildest fury. Mason gave out and sunk down in the 
drifts. I got him back to the cabin and soon overtook the others. 
Strong ice was formed on the creek from the shore, and we hurried 
over it to the main channel where the current was so swift that it 
was too weak to bear us up. We could go no farther, could not see 
across for the drifting snow, and could hear no sound on the other 
side in answer to our loud shouts. Our faces and hands were now 
freezing, and we had to return to the cabin and wait until the ice 
should be strong enough to support us. Toward night we made an- 
other vain effort to cross, and had to return to the cabin, oppressed 
with the conviction that not one of our companions could survive 
until morning. But soon after dark three of the men came to the 
cabin and reported the command safe." 

Governor Carpenter tells how they managed to save themselves. 

"We took the covers from the wagons and some tent canvas 
and stretched them over the wheels and made a rude shelter. We 



98 THE DAILY TELEGRAPH-HERALD'S 

then put all of the blankets together on the snow and crowded in, 
lying down close together in our wet and frozen clothing, where we re- 
mained from Saturday evening until Monday morning, with nothing to 
eat until we reached Shippey cabin Monday noon. We had waited un- 
til the ice had frozen over Cylinder creek hard enough to bear up our 
loaded wagons and teams. I have since marched with armies from 
Cairo to Atlanta and up to Richmond, sometimes traveling continu- 
ously for three or four days and nights with only a brief halt occa- 
sionally to give the exhausted soldiers a chance to boil a cup of coffee; 
under burning suns, through rain, sleet and snow, we endured great 
suffering; but never in all the weary years could our suffering be 
compared with that of the two terrible days and nights we endured 
on the banks of Cylinder Creek." 

Lieutenant Mason says: 

"How we survived those fearful nights I do not know, when the 
mercury sunk to 34 degrees below zero the first night. The poor boys 
were slowly freezing, and many of them were insane; I think all of 
us were more or less insane the last night. The tongues of many of 
the men were hanging out, and the blood was running from the mouth 
or nose as we got up the last morning." 

The command now broke up into small parties and spread out 
over a wide range of country. In no other way could they find food 
in the scanty supply of the few settlers who had lived along the river. 
The sufferings of some of the small parties reached the last degree 
of endurance as they traveled on homeward. But for the help of the 
settlers many must have perished. However, all reached their homes 
except Johnson and Burkholder, but many were badly frozen. 

CHAPTER XXXIV. 

Captain Duncombe, in writing of this relief party thirty years 
later, says: 

"For severe hardships, continuous toil, constant exposure, bodily 
and mental suffering, I do not believe it has ever been surpassed by 
men who have risked their lives to rescue their fellow men from 
peril and death." 

While these events were transpiring, four young women, who had 
been dragged from their homes by the merciless savages, were cower- 
ing in the Indian camp. The Indians loaded their ponies, squaws and 
captives with plunder soon after their repulse at the Thomas cabin 
and started westward. Mrs. Thatcher was ill of a fever and scarcely 
able to walk, but the savages had no mercy. She was compelled to 
wade through snow and water sometimes up to her wais^ carrying a 
heavy load. At night she was forced to assist in all the camp 
drudgery, cutting and carrying wood until she often sunk fainting in 
the snow. When she could no longer walk, she was lashed to the back 
of a pony and carried along. She bore her sufferings with great pa- 



HISTORY OF IOWA AND COUNTY DIRECTORY. 99 

tience in the hope that her husband, to whom she was devoutly at- 
tached, had escaped the massacre and would do all in his power for 
her rescue. 

The Indians on the third day discovered that they were pursued 
by soldiers. Preparations were made for battle, while the squaws 
tore down the tents and hid among the willows. The captives were 
left in custody of a warrior with orders to kill them when the attack 
began. Another Indian secreted in a tree watched the soldiers and 
signaled their movements to the warriors. 

For an hour and a half the suspense and excitement was intense 
with both Indians and captives until it was known that the soldiers 
had turned back and abandoned pursuit. The pursuing party was a 
detachment of twenty-four men, under Lieutenant Murray, which had 
been sent by Captain Bee, from Springfield, in pursuit of the Indians. 
He had arrived from Fort Ridgely and secured two half-breed guides 
from Lieutenant Murray. They reached the grove in which the In- 
dians had encamped the night before at 3 p. m. Lieutenant Murray, 
upon examination of the camp, believed the Indians were near, but 
the guides assured him the camp was three days old and further pur- 
suit would be futile. Thus deceived, Murray turned back, when actu- 
ally in sight of the sentinel of the Indians who was watching his 
movements. The Indians were numerically stronger, and being well 
armed and in ambush the result of an attack would have been doubt- 
ful. Then the four captives would have been murdered at once. 
Herein it was fortunate that no attack was made. The Indians were 
alarmed and fled and traveled in their flight for two days and nights 
without stopping. The captives suffered fearfully in this hurried re- 
treat wading through deep snow and sloughs and rivers, hungry, cold 
and exhausted and worn out, and it is a wonder they survived. The 
horses which they had taken from the murdered settlers died be- 
fore they reached the Big Sioux River from starvation, their bodies 
were cut up for food and the loads they had carried were transferred 
to the backs of the squaws and the four white women. 

Horrible suffering had been endured by the four young white 
women during the first six weeks, when they reached the Big Sioux 
River. As they were preparing to cross an Indian came up to Mrs. 
Thatcher, who was carying a heavy load, took the pack from her 
shoulders and ordered her to go on to the driftwood bridge. She 
realized at once that some harm was intended. She turned to her 
companions and bade them "good-bye," saying, "If any of you escape, 
tell my dear husband that I wanted to live for his sake." The savage 
drove her along before him and when about half across seized her and 
hurled her into the river. WiUi wonderful strength and courage she 
swam in the icy current until she reached and clung to a fallen tree 
on the shore. She was beaten off by the savages with clubs and with 
their tent poles pushed her back into the swift current. Again the 

**0^ ... 



100 THE DAILY TELEGRAPH-HERALD'S 

brave woman swam for the opposite shore, when the merciless 
wretches beat her back into the rapids. As she was carried along by 
the current, the savages ran along the shore throwing clubs and stones 
at the exhausted and drowning woman, until one of the warriors raised 
his rifle and shot her as she clung to a ledge of driftwood. A more 
cowardly crime is not recorded in the annals of Indian cruelty and 
barbarity. She was but nineteen years of age, a lovely girl in the 
bloom of youth, and had come with her husband to make a home on 
the beautiful wooded shore of Okoboji. Intimate friendship existed 
between Mrs. Noble and Mrs. Thatcher. They had married cousins 
and together had moved to the distant frontier with bright anticipa- 
tions of long, happy lives in each other's society. Now, as Mrs. No- 
ble closed her eyes to shut out the horror of the dying struggles of her 
dearest friend, and thought of her murdered husband, child, father, 
mother, brothers and sister, she felt that death alone could relieve her 
hopeless anguish. That night she begged Abbie and Mrs. Marble 
to go with her and end their sufferings beneath the dark waters of 
the river, where her last dear friend had perished. From that day 
Mrs. Noble seemed weary of life and anxious to end the horrors that 
every night brought to the captives. 

When the news of the capture of four women and the massacre 
of the settlers at the lakes reached the Indian Agency on Yellow 
Medicine River, the agent, Charles E. Flandreau, with S. R. RIggs and 
Dr. Thas. Williamson, missionaries, began to devise plans for the 
rescue of the captives. Two friendly Indians had visited the Sioux 
camp, had there seen the three captive women and at once opened 
negotiations for their purchase. They succeeded in purchasing Mrs. 
Marble. When she learned that she had been sold by Ink-po-du-tah to 
two strange Indians, she bade her companions a sorrowful good-bye, 
and assured them that if she should reach a white settlement she 
would do all in her power for their rescue. She was taken to the 
Yellowstane Agency, where, after several weeks, she was ransomed 
by Mr. Riggs and Dr. Williamson, who paid the Indians $1,000 for her, 
which sum had been raised by Major Flandreau. Mrs. Marble at 
once did everything In her power to effect the rescue of her two sur- 
viving companions. Major Flandreau was also untiring In their behalf. 

CHAPTER XXXV. 

The Legislature of Minnesota appropriated $10,000 to be used by 
the Governor for the rescue of the captives. Large rewards were of- 
fered to friendly Indians and volunteers came forward at once. Major 
Flandreau procured an outfit, and, on the 23rd of May, a party started 
with orders to purchase the captive women at any price. Four com- 
panies of soldiers were to be marched at once from Fort RIdgely, as 
near Ink-pa-du-tah's camp as was prudent, and soon as the captives 
were secured exterminate the perpetrators of the massacre, if possi- 



HISTORY OF IOWA AND COUNTY DIRECTORY. 101 

ble. But as the troops were ready to start, orders came for them to 
join General Johnson's Utah expedition, and Ink-pa-du-pah's band thus 
escaped punishment. While these events were transpiring, the two 
captive women were taken farther into the wilds of Dakota and were 
hopeless of rescue. 

One evening after the two women had gone to their tent. Roaring 
Cloud, a son of the chief, came in and ordered Mrs. Noble to come 
with him to his tepee. She refused to go. He seized her and at- 
tempted to drag her off. She resisted with all of her strength, de- 
termined then and there to end her wretched life, rather than again 
submit to the horrors from which there was no other escape. She 
alone of the helpless captives had often resisted the brutal savages, 
until her strength was exhausted and she was overpowered. Since 
the cruel murder of her friend, Mrs. Thatcher, she had felt life a bur- 
den. That night she nerved herself to welcome death. Wild with 
rage at her unyielding resistance, the young savage dragged her out 
of the tent, seized a club, beat her head unmercifully, leaving her 
mangled form near the door. For half an hour her dying moans 
reached the ears of the terrified girl, Abbie, who was cowering in a 
corner, now alone in the hands of the savages. 

The next morning the Indians cut off the two dark heavy braids 
of hair from the head of the murdered woman, fastened them to a 
stick, and followed Abbie, switching her face with them, thus adding 
to her agony. They reached the James River, where Ashton now 
stands. Here was an Indian village of about two thousand Sioux, and 
Abbie abandoned all hope of rescue. But powerful friends were at 
work, spurred on by the urgent entreaties of Mrs. Marble. Major 
Flaudreau had procured Indian goods of great value to tempt them 
and selected three of the most trusty of the race to proceed with all 
possible haste to overtake Ink-pa-du-tah's band. John Other Day led 
the party and, on the 30th of May, 1857, reached the vicinity of the 
Sioux encampment, hiding the team. Entering the village he and his 
men soon learned that there was but one white woman remaining. 
After three days' negotiations they succeeded in purchasing Miss 
Gardner. They took her to St. Paul, delivered her to Governor Me- 
dary and received $1,200 for their faithful services in rescuing the 
last of the surviving captives. The two women who were rescued 
never recovered from the brutal treatment they received from the In- 
dians while in captivity. While their lives were spared, their suffer- 
ing, bodily and mentally, could only end with death. Abbie never saw 
Mrs. Marble after her release from captivity, but found Mr. Thatcher 
and conveyed to him the last message of his young wife and the full 
particulars of her sad fate. At Hampton she found her sister, Eliza, 
who made her escape from the Springfield massacre. In 1885 Abbie 
Gardner Sharp wrote a full history of the massacre and her captivity. 
The history of Indian wars and barbarities furnishes nothing more 



102 THE DAILY TELEGRAPH-HERALD'S 

cruel, heartless and bloody than the horrors which exterminated the 
first colony planted on the shores of Okoboji and Spirit Lakes. Of 
all the horrors endured by white women in Indian captivity, none have 
surpassed those of Elizabeth Thatcher, Lydia Noble, Abbie Gardner 
and Margaret A. Marble. 

A son of Si-dom-i-na-do-tah, who was murdered with his family by 
Henry Lott, the desperado, saved the lives of one family. John B. 
Skinner, who had aften befriended this boy, who was badly wounded 
at the time his father and family were massacred by Lott and his son. 
The boy recovered and at times found a home at Skinner's. When 
his uncle, Ink-pa-du-tah, planned his raid for a terrible vengeance on 
the whites, he learned that the blow was to fall on the innocent, iso- 
lated colony at the lakes. He warned Skinner of danger, and so im- 
pressed it upon him that Skinner moved back to Liberty and escaped 
the fate which befell his neighbors. Whether Mr. Skinner warned his 
neighbors of the danger is not known. Josh also warned Mr. Carter, 
of Emmet County, of the impending massacre, and spent a part of the 
winter in Kossuth County. The boy Josh was recognized by Mrs. 
Thomas as one of the leaders in the attack upon their house at 
Springfield. He was no doubt engaged in the massacre at the lakes. 

In 1862 Josh was one of the most active in the terrible Minnesota 
massacres, leading a band at Lake Shetek, which exterminated nearly 
the entire settlement. Thus can be traced back to Henry Lott's fear- 
ful crime the primary cause leading to the bloody retribution visited 
upon the innocent, as the attack was led by surviving relatives of Si- 
dom-i-na-do-tah. Forty-one innocent men, women and children were 
the direct victims, while the suffering of the captives, relatives and 
members of the relief expedition make up a record of horror and 
misery never surpassed. 

It can never be known how many of the Indians were killed, but 
the soldiers and friendly Indians, under Major Flandreau and Lieu- 
tenant Murray, killed Roaring Cloud, the murderer of Mrs. Noble, and 
three other members of Ink-pa-du-tah 's band. It is probable that sev- 
eral were killed by Dr. Herriott, Snyder and Mattocks and two or 
three in the battle at the Thomas house. Ink-pa-du-tah's party was 
among the most ferocious of the butchers in the Minnesota massacres 
of 18G2, and it is not unlikely that some of them were among the In- 
dians who were killed, or the thirty-eight who were hung at Mankato. 
Ink-pa-du-tah was last heard of among the Sioux who fled to the far 
West pursued by General Sibley's army in 1863. 

CHAPTER XXXVI. 

On the 27th of April, 1857, Major Williams made a lengthy report 
to Governor Grimes of the relief expedition under his command, from 
which the following extracts are made: 

"Being called upon by the frontier settlers for aid in checking 



HISTORY OF IOWA AND COUNTY DIRECTORY. 103 

the horrible outrages committed upon the citizens living on the Little 
Sioux River at the Spirit Lake settlements, and in Emmet County, by 
the Sioux Indians, by authority you invested in me, I raised, organiz- 
ed, and armed three companies of thirty men each, which were as we 
proceeded increased to thirty-seven men each. By forced marches 
through snowdrifts from fifteen to twenty feet deep, and swollen 
streams, we made our way up to the State line. Never was harder 
service rendered by any body of men than by the one hundred and 
ten volunteers under my command. We had to ford streams breast 
deep every few miles, and often to drag by hand with ropes our 
wagons, horses and oxen through deep ravines drifted even full of 
snow. Wet all day to our waists, we had to lie out on the open 
prairie without tents, wrapped in blankets in the snow. Eighty miles 
out we met the survivors of the massacre at Springfield, nineteen men, 
women and children. We found them in a wretched condition, desti- 
tute of food, three of them wounded. They had fled in the night, 
thinly clad; several of the women without bonnets or shoes wading 
through snow and water waist deep carrying their crying children. 
They had eaten nothing for two days and could hardly have survived 
another night. We built fires in a small grove near by, supplied 
their wants, our surgeons dressed their wounds and sent a party to 
convey them to the Irish settlement, where a blockhouse was being 
erected for defense against the Indians. 

"We pushed on, throwing out thirty scouts in advance to examine 
the groves and streams for signs of Indians, which were often found. 
At the State line we camped in a grove, where I detailed sixty men, 
armed with rifles and revolvers, to march all night in two divisions to 
surprise the Indians before daylight. Our guides reported Indians 
camped at the trading house of a half-breed named Caboo. But we 
found they had fled at the approach of the fifty regulars from Fort 
Ridgely. 

"Finding the troops from Fort Ridgely had not buried the dead, 
I detailed twenty-five men, under Captain Johnson and Lieutenant 
Maxwell, to march to the lakes and perform that sad duty. They 
found and buried thirty-one bodies, including the bones of those 
burned in the Mattocks house. Seven were killed at Springfield. I 
may sum up the total number of casualties to the settlers as follows: 
Killed, 41; missing, 12; badly wounded, 3; prisoners, 4 women. At 
every place the Indians broke up and destroyed the furniture, burned 
houses and killed in all more than one hundred head of cattle. It 
seems to have been their purpose to exterminate the entire settlement 
in that region. Too much praise cannot be bestowed, on the men 
under my command. Fourteen were badly frozen; Captain Johnson 
and Wm. E. Burkholder perished in a terrible snow storm. Several 
men were deranged from their sufferings. We have a host ot desti- 
tute and wounded persons thrown upon us to provide for, both from 



104 THE DAILY TELEGRAPH-HERALD'S 

the Little Sioux River and the upper Des Moines, besides our own 
frozen and disabled men. 

"We have driven all of the Indians out of the North part of the 
State, unless there may be some near the mouth of the Big Sioux." 

In Governor Grimes' message to the Seventh General Assembly 
is a statement of the massacre and the relief expedition under Major 
Williams' command, and he recommends that the State make an ap- 
propriation to compensate the men "who so gallantly and humanely 
imperiled their lives for others," and for the expense of their outfit. 

He further says: 

"I submit to the General Assembly whether some public recogni- 
tion of the noble gallantry and untimely death of Captain Johnson and 
W. E. Burkholder is not alike due to their memory and to the gratitude 
of the State." 

Before Iowa Territory was organized, Bellevue, in Jackson County, 
became infested with men of disreputable character, who were guilty 
of many crimes and gave that locality a bad reputation. 

In 1857 a party of immigrants arrived in Bellevue, claiming to 
have come from Michigan. They were possessed of good teams, 
wagons, household furniture and money. The land had not yet been 
surveyed and the only titles were claims held by the occupants. But 
as these were respected and protected by rigid claim laws, towns were 
laid out on these claims, lots and blocks staked off and recorded, 
which were bought and sold with as much confidence in the claim 
titles as ever existed in later years after Government titles had been 
secured. 

The leader of this Michigan colony was W. W. Brown, a man of 
intelligence and engaging manners. He built a hotel and was elected 
a magistrate. He was liberal and charitable, always ready to assist 
the unfortunate and in a short time became a leading citizen of the 
new town. 

In various enterprises he employed a number of men and it was 
soon discovered that a large amount of counterfeit money was in 
circulation. Upon investigation it was in almost all cases traced to 
some employe of Mr. Brown. Horses were stolen from citizens on 
both sides of the river and some of them were found in the vicinity of 
Bellevue. Many horses were brought into the town by strangers 
and exchanged for other horses which were bought by other strang- 
ers, who claimed to have come from Wisconsin and Northern Illinois. 

It was soon suspected that Bellevue was the headquarters of a 
large gang of counterfeiters and horse thieves, who had confederates 
scattered through portions of Illinois and Wisconsin and extending 
down the Mississippi River into Missouri. The large body of timber 
in Jackson County known as the "Big Woods," made a good place for 
hiding stolen property. There were stations extending through Jones, 
Cedar, Johnson, Mahaska, Scott, Louisa and Lee counties. One of 



HISTORY OF IOWA AND COUNTY DIRECTORY. 105 

the stations was Brown's Hotel, and it was there that a battle was 
fought in 1840 that went far for a time to banish the boldest of the 
gang from Jackson County. William Fox was one of the desperadoes. 
Aaron and John Long, Richard Baxter, Granville Young and Mr. 
Birch, all of whom were afterward concerned in the robbery and 
murder of Colonel Davenport. In January, 1840, many of the Bellevue 
citizens were at a ball celebrating the anniversary of the Battle of 
New Orleans. Several members of the gang of desperadoes were 
enlisted, by James Thompson, to rob the residence of J. C. Mitchell, 
and grossly abused a young lady who was the only person in the 
house. She knew Thompson, and after a desperate resistance, made 
her escape to the ball room and gave the alarm. Mitchell armed him- 
self and started out to find Thompson. They met in the street. 
Thompson fired first and missed. Mitchell sent a bullet through his 
heart before he could fire again and the desperado fell dead. Brown 
and his gang swore vengeance on Mitchell, and, arming themselves 
stood at the head of the stairs awaiting the attack. A number of shots 
were fired, when Brown's party retreated, and going to a saloon near 
by formed a plot to blow up Mitchell's house and destroy him and 
his family. They broke into a store and secured a tin can holding 
fifteen pounds of gun powder. The can was placed in the cellar by 
William Fox, and in casting lots to determine who should apply the 
slow match it fell to Mr. Chicester. Fortunately a gap had been left 
in strewing the powder, and thus the can was not reached by the fire, 
and a fearful tragedy was averted. 

The citizens now became aroused and organized for mutual pro- 
tection and the arrest and prosecution of the members of the gang. 
A consultation was held in Dubuque, at which there were present 
Sheriff Warren, of Jackson County; James Crawford, the prosecuting 
attorney, and Judge Thomas S, Wilson. A warrant was issued, 
charging Brown, Fox, Long and twenty others with theft, robbery, 
passing counterfeit money and other crimes. As soon as it became 
known that warrants were out for them they armed themselves and 
swore that they would resist to the last extremity. 

Captain Warren called to his assistance a posse of about forty, 
men, and marched to Brown's Hotel, where the gang had decided to 
give battle to the sheriff and his party. ' The squad moved in double 
file and when within thirty paces of the hotel Captain Warren gave 
the order "charge," and the men sprang forward, quickly surround- 
ing the house. Brown was seen standing at the head of his men with 
a rifle raised to his shoulder. Warrent demanded instant surrender, 
and as Brown's rifle was lowered it was discharged and his men 
opened flre generally, wounding several citizens, one fatally. The 
sheriff's men returned the fire and Brown fell dead. His gang fought 
desperately for fifteen minutes as the posse forced an entrance and 



106 THE DAILY TELEGRAPH-HERALD'S 

drove them up the stairs where a hand-to-hand struggle with gun bar- 
rels, pitchforks and bowie knives continued. Finding it impossible 
to force the baricade on the stairs, Captain Warren gave the com- 
mand to fire the house. Before the fire reached the second story the 
gang began to escape by jumping from a window to a shed in the 
rear. They captured thirteen and six escaped. The sheriff's posse 
lost four men killed and seven wounded. Three of the gang were 
killed and several wounded. 

Fox, Long and Chichester were among the prisoners. A fierce cry 
arose, "hang them." Ropes were quickly thrown around their necks, 
when they begged and pleaded in the most abject manner for their 
lives. 

The venerable Colonel Cox mounted a box and urged the citi- 
zens to let the law take its course, pledging his word that the fate of 
the prisoners should be determined by a majority of the citizens. 

CHAPTER XXXVII. 

A strong guard was placed over the prisoners while the leading 
citizens retired to determine their fate. A long discussion ensued be- 
tween the advocate of the execution and the more merciful, who fa- 
vored whipping. It was finally decided to take a vote, which resulted 
in a majority in favor of whipping. It now devolved on the 
chairman to pass sentence as to the number of lashes each should 
receive. The chairman then proceeded to give the culprits their quota 
and warn them that they were to leave the State as soon as each 
sentence was executed and, he added, "if you ever return you will be 
promptly hanged." Executioners were appointed to lay on the lash 
and when the ordeal was ended the cowering, groaning wretches were 
placed in skiffs with three days' rations and sent down the river. 
Fox, the smoothest villain of the gang, used his tongue to such effect 
as to get off with the lightest punishment; and after several' days 
of criminal career planned and helped to perpetrate the murder of 
Colonel Davenport. 

The gang also infested Rock Island, Carroll and Ogle counties, 
in Illinois, and their haunts extended across the State into Indiana. 
Their sympathizers in many localities were strong enough to control 
elections and choose officers from members of the gang. In Ogle 
County, Illinois, they ourned the court house and jail, released crim- 
inals, destroyed court records and organized a reign of terror. 

On the Fourth of July, 1854, Colonel Davenport was at home 
alone on Rock Island. He was known to be wealthy and was sup- 
posed to keep large sums of money in his house. Five members of 
the gang were chosen to rob the house. They were secreted on the 
island several days taking observations and on the morning of the 
Fourth saw the members of Colonel Davenport's family cross to Rock 



HISTORY OF IOWA AND COUNTY DIRECTORY. 107 

Island to attend the celegration. They forced an entrance into the 
house and shot the Colonel as he was seated in his chair. Found 
the key to his safe, secured six hundred dollars and the family jew- 
elry and fled into the heavy timber. For many weeks no trace of 
the murderers could be obtained, when Edward Bonney, a fearless 
officer, determined to ferret out the perpetrators of the crime. Know- 
ins? some members of the gang he disguised himself and passed as 
one of them. In that guise he soon learned that Fox, Birch, Long 
and Baxter were the murderers. One by one he ran them down, until 
he had all of them in jail. Long and Young were arrested as accesso- 
ries. Birch turned State's evidence, escaped from jail and was re- 
captured. Baxter was convicted and died in the penitentiary, while 
Young, John and Aaron Long were executed after making a confes- 
sion. For a time the bandetti sought other parts of the country for 
their depredations. 

During the next ten years fifteen murders were committed in 
Jackson and Clinton counties, and in all but one case the murderers 
escaped punishment. Either the lawyers secured acquittal or they es- 
caped from jail. It seemed impossible to punish crime through the 
courts. 

An atrocious murder was committed in 1857, by Alexander Gif- 
ford, who was hired by parties to murder John Ingle. He was arrested 
and lodged in jail. It was generally believed that his attorney would 
secure his acquittal and the citizens, exasperated by the continued 
escape of the guilty, secretly organized a "Vigilance Committee." 
About three weeks after the murder, a hundred men marched into 
Andrew, battered down the door of the jail with sledges, took Gifford 
from his cell, placed a rope around his neck, threw it over the limb 
of a tree, and called upon the prisoner to confess. The trembling 
wretch , doubtless hoping to receive lighter punishment by a full con- 
fession, told the story of the crime. He said that he had been hired 
by Henry Jarret and David McDonald to put Ingle out of the way 
and had received $150 for doing so. The confession sealed his doom. 
Strong men grasped the rope and quickly put an end to his career of 
crime. His confederates escaped, as no evidence could be secured to 
corroborate the confession. 

The citizens of Jackson and adjacent counties now formed an 
oath-bound organization for the purpose of ridding the State of the 
remaining members of the gang, who were stealing horses, robbing 
houses and farms and circulating counterfeit money. In 1854 a cruel 
murder had been committed by a Mr. Barger, in Jackson County, 
whose wife had secured a divorce from him. 

He went one dark night to the house where she was living with 
her children, and, watching until -she came to the door, shot her dead 
with his .rifle. A neighbor saw him returning from the scene of the 



108 THE DAILY TELEGRAPH-HERALD'S 

murder. He was arrested, tried three times, always convicted, but 
through the skill of LefRngwell, the best lawyer in the county, se- 
cured rehearings and new trials on technicalities. Finally he got a 
change of venue to Clinton County, and was removed to the De Witt 
jail to await another trial. The citizens became exasperated at the 
continued thwarting of justice and determined to take the punish- 
ment into their own hands. On the 28th of May, 1857, more than 
three years after the murder, the "Vigilance Committee" to the num- 
ber of fifty assembled at the jail, secured the keys, took the mur- 
derer back to Andrew and hanged him. 

The "Vigilance Committee" sent a statement of their object and 
purpose to the Jackson Sentinel for publication, from which the fol- 
lowing extracts are taken: 

"We, the Vigilance Committee of Jackson County, are determined 
that the criminal laws of the State shall be enforced to the very 
letter. When our legal oflBcers neglect their duty, we will spare no 
pains either of time, life or property to secure the punishment of all 
guilty of horse stealing, counterfeiting or murder; and we will be 
governed by the penal laws of the State so far as it is convenient. 

"We further warn all officers that they must not commence pro- 
ceedings of any kind against those who helped to hang Gifford or 
Barger, as we believe they should have been hung long before they 
were. 

"We will avenge the unjust death of any member of the Com- 
mittee at the cost of life or property. 

"We will further punish with death any person joining this Com- 
mittee whom we find has been or is concerned in horse stealing, 
counterfeiting, robbery or murder, and all spies will share the same 
fate." 

Not less than seven hundred citizens of the counties of Jackson, 
Jones, Clinton, Scott, Cedar and Johnson were members of this or- 
ganization. They were pledged to stand by each other under all cir- 
cumstances and permit no member to be arrested or punished for 
any acts of the Committee. The law was powerless to protect peac- 
able citizens in person or property, and the most atrocious crimes 
generally went unpunished. The members of the gang usually lived 
in sparcely settled regions among the brush and timber lands border- 
ing on the Maquoketa, Wapsiplnicon, Cedar and Iowa rivers and their 
tributaries. 

CHAPTER XXXVIII. 

Each member knew where the log cabins of their confederates 
were, and they would be sheltered and the stolen property secreted 
until it could be disposed of at places distant from where it was 
taken. Thus banded together, with witnesses always ready to prove 
an alibi, there was small chance for conviction. 



HISTORY OF IOWA AND COUNTY DIRECTORY. 109 

Early in the "50's" there was living on Camp Creek, in Polk 
County, a man by the name of J. W. Thomas, who was usually called 
by his neighbors "Comequick." He was dreaded by all. He took long 
trips and often returned with plenty of money and gooa horses. He 
never was known to work and everybody believed he belonged to the 
gang of desperadoes. He frequently changed his residence and no 
one dared to offend him, as he was known to be a reckless and dan- 
gerous man. In 1852 he robbed an old man living on Camp Creek 
of $1,000 that was kept in his cabin. He was arrested by Lewis Tod- 
hunter and Dr. Sellers and lodged in 5ail. But some of his confed- 
erates were on the grand jury and prevented an indictment being 
found against him, and he was released. 

In September, 1856, a young man and his wife stopped at the 
Nine Mile House, near Oskaloosa, and after dinner inquired for a good 
piece of land. They said they had a thousand dollars with which to 
purchase a farm. Old Thomas, who was present, said he lived near 
Des Moines and knew a farm that would suit them. Thomas started 
off with them on horseback to take them to the farm. Nothing more 
was seen of them until about two weeks later when their bodies 
were found, hidden in shocks of corn near the Skunk River, in Powe- 
shiek County. A brother of the murdered woman procured a descrip- 
tion of "Comequick,'* and, after a long search, found him, with the 
stolen wagon and horses, which he had sold. He was arrested and 
lodged in jail, but afterward released on bail. When the time for 
trial came his attorney secured a continuance to the next term. 

When the case was called up next term, his attorney, Crocker, 
secured a change of venue. The principal witness was the brother of 
the murdered woman, who lived in Tllinoip, and had spent all the 
money he could raise in hunting the criminal and trving to bring him 
to justice. The murder was so atrocious that intense excitement pre- 
vailed in that region and more than 2,000 citizens had gathered at 
Montezuma to hear the trial. When Judge IStone granted a change of 
venue the rage of the people was intense. The brother of the mur- 
dered woman mounted a log and said to th'^ crowd of excited men: 

**I was willing the man should have a fair trial. I have followed 
his trail for weeks until I at last discovered one of the stolen horses: 
then after a short time I found where be sold the wagon and other 
horse. Finally T caught the man and brought him here and he was 
released on bail. When the time for trial arrived I came here again to 
testify, and the lawyer got the case continued. Now I have come 
again and they have got a change of venue. I have spent every cent 
T had in the world and can't come again. Gentlemen, that villain up 
there — pointing to the court room — butchered my sister and hid her in 
a com shock, and his lawyer is going to get him cleared next time be- 
cause I have nothing left to pay my expenses here again. Will you 



110 THE DAILY TELEGRAPH-HERALD'S 

let that murderer get cleared when I cannot come to tell the horrid 
story to the jury?" He paused a moment, when a mighty shout went 
up. "No; never!" 

They made a rush for the court room, dragged the struggling 
wretch to the nearest tree, put the rope around his neck and swung 
him high in the air, where he was left until cut down for the coroner's 
inquest. 

In the years 1855, '56, '57 many horses were stolen from the farm- 
ers of Jackson, Jones, Clinton, Scott, Cedar and Johnson counties. 
The settlers at that time possessed but little property, many being in 
debt for their land, paying in most cases from twelve to twenty-five 
per cent interest on their indebtedness. Prices of farm products 
brought little and they were working hard and economizing in every 
possible way to support their families, improve their farms and meet 
their obligations. Good horses were worth from $200 to $300 a team, 
and the loss of a horse or team was severely felt, and often left the 
farmer without means to cultivate his land or save his crops. Many 
arrests were made, but the employment of the best lawyers and the 
testimony of other members of the gang were almost sure to pre- 
vent conviction. The thieves were thus encouraged to continue their 
depredations, and many of the farmers joined the "Vigilance Commit- 
tee" and took the punishment in their own hands. The persons who 
resorted to such remedies became known as "Regulators," and even- 
tually a large majority of the farmers in the section infested by the 
thieves became members of the organization. On several occasions 
the Regulators were misled by malicious persons and innocent men 
suffered the penalty; but on the whole it was productive of good, as it 
rid the country of the organized gang of thieves and murderers. 

CHAPTER XXXIX. 

In 1857 it became apparent that the system of dams projected to 
render the Des Moines River navigable was impracticable. The total 
amount expended was about $800,000, and but three dams completed, 
the work was practically abandoned. 

The New Constitution was adopted, and the building for a State 
House erected by the citizens of Des Moines having been completed, 
the records and furniture were moved from Iowa City, and the State 
Capitol established at Des Moines. The year closed with great 
financial depression throughout the whole country. Nearly all the 
banks suspended specie payments and many of them failed. There 
were no banks of issue in Iowa, and it was impossible to get good 
money in sufficient quantities, to carry on business or purchase farm 
products. In the Territory of Nebraska, there were no restrictions 
to the establishment of banks. Some of the Iowa financiers estab- 
lished banks in that sparsely settled country, to supply Iowa with 



HISTORY OF IOWA AND COUNTY DIRECTORY. Ill 

currency. Thomas H. Benton, a well known citizen, made the first 
venture, in March 1855, by establishing "The Western Fire and Ma- 
rine Insurance Company," which proceeded to issue bank bills and 
put them in circulation in Iowa. Others followed in rapid succession, 
until Iowa had a large amount of worthless paper money. It would 
not purchase Eastern Exchange, pay taxes or buy land. It was, 
however, taken in payment of debts and in trade generally. When 
the Nebraska banks began to fail the financial distress was apparent. 
Business was paralyzed all over the State and country. 

R. A. Smith, of Dickinson County, in speaking of this period, 
says: Real estate became valueless. It was necessary to adopt a 
system of self-denial never known before in Iowa. It was with the 
utmost difficulty that the common necessities of life could be obtain- 
ed. Tea, coffee, salt and all kinds of groceries were out of the reach 
of nearly all. It was not uncommon for families to live on wild 
meats, with only such breadstuffs as could be ground in a coffee 
mill. Muskrat pelts were almost the only resource for raising money 
to pay taxes. The people had to cut up grain socks for clothes. 
Suplemented with deer skins for moccasins in place of shoes and 
stockings." Such were the condition of affairs when the Legislature 
met at Des Moines Jan. 11th, 1858. Gov. Grimes in his message 
said: "Your labors will exercise a potent influence upon the future 
character and prosperity of the State, long after the last of you 
shall cease to be interested in human affairs. All the general laws of 
the State will require some modifications to adopt them to the pro- 
visions of the new Constitution." He also recommended a registry 
law; revision of the revenue law; restoration of township assessor; 
a sound banking system; support of the schools by taxation, etc. 
The canvass of the vote for Governor showed 38,498 votes for R. P. 
Low and 3G,088 for Ben W. Samuels. C. Ben Darwin, William Smith 
and W. T. Barker were appointed commissioners to codify the State 
laws. Code of 1860. 

Although the laws were stringent and penalty severe against 
any person protecting, harboring or aiding a slave to escape from his 
master, still the humane people of Iowa established what was called 
the "Underground Railroad." Stations were established to aid the 
fugitives from Missouri. Beginning at Fabor, near the State line, the 
abolitionists had stations known to trusted friends, extending to 
Des Moines, Grinnell, Iowa City, and Springdale to Davenport. When 
the escaping slave reached a station on this line, the keeper of that 
station would secrete the fugitive, furnish board, clothing, money and 
transportation to the next station. Well equipped canvass wagons 
were used. The driver was a cool, courageous, well armed man, and 
the traveling was usually done under the shelter of night. Hundreds 
of slaves found the way to free dam through this system of stations. 



112 THE DAILY TELEGRAPH-HERALD'S 

In 1859 John Brown drilled his little army, for his raid on Vir- 
ginia, chiefly in Iowa, and several of his best men were from Iowa. 

Of the twenty-six men who volunteered in this "forlorn hope," 
six were from Iowa. It was in Iowa that the army and ammunition 
was collected and secreted. Most half a century has passed since the 
great tragedy at Harpers Ferry, but the predictions made by Victor 
Hugo and several other prominent authors, have been verified. Two 
years after the execution of John Brown and his confederates, one 
hundred thousand men went marching through Virginia singing, 
"John Brown's body lies moulding in the grave. 
But his soul is marching on." 

The Eighth General Assembly received and considered the re- 
port of the commissioners appointed by the previous legislature to 
revise and codify the laws of the State. The work was published as 
the "Revision of 1860." Under the banking provisions of the new 
law, there were twelve branches organized and put in operation, 
before the close of 1859. They were located at Muscatine, Dubuque, 
Keokuk, Mount Pleasant, Davenport, Iowa City, Des Moines, Oska- 
losa, Lyons, Washington, Burlington and Fort Madison. 

This legislature enacted a more liberal banking law, but Gov- 
ernor Kirkwood vetoed it, alleging that it was unwise to abolish the 
branch commissioners, as they were the special guordians of the de- 
positors and bill holders. They examined and reported the condition 
of the bank. 

In 1860 the greatest tornado that ever swept over Iowa was 
formed from a hail storm that was first seen on the prairies ot 
Calhoun and Webster counties on July 3rd. It was subsequently as- 
certained that the storm had gathered in Eastern Nebraska about 1 
o'clock, being then an ordinary thunder storm. About 2 o'clock it 
passed Sioux City, when the rain was very heavy, but no wind. 
From this point the tornado seemed to gather from all sides, and 
increased in violence and velocity, destroying everything in its path 
through Iowa and Illinois, crossing Lake Michigan, north of Chicago. 
The last heard of it was in Ottawa County, Michigan, where it seemed 
to be exhausted. The total number killed was one hundred and 
forty-one; wounded, three hundred and twenty-nine; houses destroy- 
ed, three hundred and twelve; loss, $945,000. Many of the injured 
died, which brought the fatalities up to near two hundred. The 
storm struck Comanche, which was almost destroyed, at 7 o'clock, 
reached Ottawa County, Michigan, about midnight. Part of the time 
it swept through the country at a velocity of three hundred miles 
per hour. In many instances the bark was stripped clean from trees; 
chickens were found sti i' ped of every feather. Sills of houses were 
found driven into tbp t^'. .e of prairies so far that it took two or 
three teams to pull them out. Shingles were driven through the 



HISTORY OF IOWA AND COUNTY DIRECTORY. 113 

sides of houses and barns into the trunks of trees. Spokes torn from 
wagon wheels were driven into the bodies of men and animals with 
fatal results. 

The election of 1860 was: Republican vote, 70,300; Douglas 
Democrats, 55,000; Constitution Union, 1,750; Breckenridge Demo- 
crats, 1,035; total, 128,085; Republican plurality, 15,300. 

Under the head of her great Governor Kirkwood, Iowa engaged 
in the Civil War with great enthusiasm, and before the close of 1861 
she had raised and sent into the service sixteen regiments of infantry, 
four of cavalry and three batteries of light artillery, making in all 
19,105 men. 

Governor Kirkwood refused to run for a third term. Wm. M. 
Stone was elected to succeed him. Up to the close of Governor 
Kirkwood's term, January, 1864, Iowa had organized and put into 
the field, in support of the Union, forty regiments of infantry, nine of 
cavalry and four batteries of artillery. The history of the Iowa regi- 
ments in the Civil War is a very interesting one, and if we could 
make this work voluminous enough to give a short account of them, 
at least, it would be highly interesting, but our purpose in this work 
is to give a short account or compendium of Iowa History, and a few 
of the Indian tribes that lived within the limits of our State. The 
Iowa soldiers were a great credit to the State. 

The Republican convention that met at Des Moines June 14th, 
1865, adopted a resolution favoring an amendment to the Constitution, 
by striking out the word "white" in the article on suffrage. After a 
warm discussion a vote was taken, which stood 513 for and 242 
against the change. In 1866 the Legislature ratified the amendment 
to the Constitution of the United States, forever prohibiting slavery. 
Also granting negro suffrage; also to amend the Constitution, so as 
to disfranchise all citizens who might be guilty of treason, or who 
have absconded for the purpose of avoiding the draft; also prohib- 
iting such persons from holding office. 

The political campaign of 1865 was fought on the issue of Negro 
Suffrage. 

The Republican party favored it and the soldier convention and 
ticket, that the Democrats endorsed, opposed suffrage. The Repub- 
lican loss was heavy compared with the last election, but it won by a 
majority of about 16,500. 

It was in 1865 that the directors of the State Bank of Iowa con- 
cluded to discontinue the bank. 

In 1867 the grasshoppers appeared in great swarms, and con- 
tinued during the year 1868, 1874 and 1876, doing great damage. In 
1868 the Twelfth General Assembly met. The important acts were: 
Providing for the establishment of a State Reform School ; creation of 
the office of County Auditor; Asylum for the Deaf; establishing a 



114 THE DAILY TELEGRAPH-HERALD'S 

system of Circuit Courts, and in favor of the impeachment of Presi- 
dent Johnson. The vote in the United States Senate on the im- 
peachment of President Johnson was thirty-five for and nineteen 
against. All the Democrats in the Senate voted against it, and seven 
of the Republicans, among them being Grimes of Iowa. Had Grimes 
voted with his party, Johnson would have been found guilty. The 
fierce and ungovernable outcry raised against those Republican Sen- 
ators voting "not guilty" exceeded all bounds. The press and people 
were loud in their denunciations, and every one of the Senators so 
voting were driven from public life for voting their honest sentiment. 

In 1868 the vote in Iowa was: Grant, 120,265; Seymour, 74,040. 
For Negro Suffrage, 105,384; against it, 81,119. It was estimated that 
but one-third of the tilable land in the State was under cultivation. 
In 1869 the Republican party carried the election by 40,000 majority. 
In 1870 the population of Iowa was 1,191,720. Davenport was the 
largest city, 20,141; Dubuque, 18,432; Burlington, 15,178; Keokuk, 
12,769; Des Moines, 12,380; value of property, $302,215,418; farm 
products, $114,8"86,441. 

In 1872 an act was passed abolishing the death penalty, and 
Seevers, Knight and Hammond, were appointed to revise the Statutes 
and codify the Code of 1873. 

In 1876 the State election gave the Republican party 50,000 ma- 
jority. The first report of the National election gave Tilden, the 
Democratic candidate, a large majority, but the manipulation of Zac. 
Chandler and others, backed by an ample supply of money, changed 
the aspect materially. It required every electoral vote from Louisiana, 
South Carolina and Florida to elect Hayes, and as these States were 
about the only ones that could be manipulated or changed, the ma- 
chine went to work at them, and moulded the returns to suit their 
purpose. There was a general feeling among Republicans and Dem- 
ocrats that the rturns from these States were a fraud, and Mr. Hayes 
was held responsible. When his first term expired, there was not a 
man of prominence in his own party to even suggest his re-election. 
He was retired to private life, and Chandler, who was one of the 
most active manipulators, lived but a short time to enjoy the fruits 
of his fraud on the American people. Great excitement prevailed, 
and it looked for a time as if civil strife was eminent, but better 
council prevailed. 

In 1877 the canal constructed by the Government around the 
rapids above Keokuk was opened. It was seven and one-half miles 
long, three hundred feet wide, and had three locks; cost, $4,281,000. 

The Republican convention convened at Des Moines June 28, 
1877. John H. Gear was nominated for Governor, and among the 
declarations of more than ordinary interest was the following: 

"We declare it to be the solemn obligation of the legislature and 



HISTORY OF IOWA AND COUNTY DIRECTORY. 115 

executive departments of the Government to put into immediate and 
vigorous exercise all of their constitutional powers for the removal 
of any just cause of discontent on part of any class and for securing to 
every American citizen complete liberty and exast equality in the 
service of all civil, political and public rights. To this end we impera- 
tively demand of Congress and the Chief Executive a courage and 
fidelity to these duties which shall fiot falter until their results are 
placed beyond dispute or recall. 

"The silver dollar having been the legal unit of value from the 
foundation of the Government until 1873, the law under which its 
coinage was suspended should be repealed at the earliest possible day 
and silver made with gold a legal tender for the payment of all debts, 
both public and private. We also believe that the present volume of 
the legal tender currency should be maintained until the wants of 
trade and commerce demand its further contraction. 

"We favor a wisely adjusted tariff for revenue. 

"We are in favor of the rigid enforcement of our present prohi- 
bitory liquor law and any amendment thereto that shall render its 
provisions more effective in the suppression of intemperance." 

The Democrats, Greenbackers and State Temperance party also 
put tickets in the field. The Republicans had 4,200 majority. 

In 1880 the election resulted in the choice of the Republican 
ticket by about 45,000 majority. The vote for President was: Gar- 
field, 182,927; Hancock, 105,745; Weaves, 32,701. 

The barbed wire trust was organized in 1875. It was the first 
great trust we have any record of. It secured all the barbed wire 
patents, machinery and all the manufacturing facilities, then entered 
into the following compact: 

First — Plain wire to be purchased of Washburn, Moen and EI 
wood. 

Second — All factories to pay a royalty to Washburn & Co., on 
every pound of barbed wire sold, 
syndicate. 

Fourth — All dealers to sell to farmers at a price fixed by the syn- 
dicate. 

Fifth — All factories outside the ."trust" to be prosecuted in the 
courts for an infringement of patents and closed." 

It soon put barbed wire up to 10 cents per pound. The extortion 
was too great for the farmers of Iowa to rest under, and an asso- 
ciation was formed, and a factory erected, and after a long struggle 
the syndicate was downed. 

On the 5th day of May, 1881, A. Briggs, the first Governor of the 
State of Iowa, died at Omaha, Nebraska. 

Under the administration of Governor Larrabee a vigorous fight 
was waged against the greed and imposition of the railroads, the 



116 THE DAILY TELEGRAPH-HERALD'S 

Governor leading as the people's champion. James G. Benghill, Frank 
T. Campbell and Spencer Smith were also among the leaders of the 
champions of the people's cause. The Twenty-second General Assem- 
bly, however, passed a law which regulated the railroad trouble. 
This was in 1888. 

The winter of 1898-99 will long be remembered by the fruit 
growers of Iowa. Scarcely an apple tree, plum or other fruit tree 
or shrub was left. Grape vines were all destroyed. Clover, ever- 
greens and some forest trees were also lost. The number of miles 
of railroad in the State January 1st, 1899, was 8,518, assessed at $44,- 
550,129. The total value of personal property in the State was $391,- 
618,017. The Floyd monument erected near Sioux City was dedicated 
May 30th, 1891. 

CHAPTER XL. 

The Sioux Indians on the Minnesota Reservation, soon after the 
beginning of the Civil War, began to make hostile demonstrations 
in the northwestern counties of Iowa. Horses and cattle were stolen, 
and, on the 9th of July, two members of the Frontier Guards, Hobert 
Thomas and Henry Cordna, were killed within three miles of Sioux 
City. Several parties of Sioux Indians were seen in the Little Sioux 
Valley. The settlers became alarmed and companies of "Home 
Guards" were organized in several of the northwestern counties. 
Under the autnority of Judge A. W. Hubbard a military company 
of the Sioux City cavalry, under the command of Captain A. J. Mil- 
lard, was ordered into State service for the protection of the frontier. 

At this time there were about 8,000 Sioux Indians on the reserva- 
tions along the Minnesota River, at a distance of from sixty to one 
hundred miles from the north line of the State. These Indians, 
aware that thousands of the natural defenders of the frontier were 
absent in the armies, entered into a conspiracy to march upon the 
settlers and exterminate them before aid could reach them. So well 
had the plans of the savages been concealed, that no intimation of 
the impending doom had reached frontier settlements. On the 17th 
of August, 1862, the massacre began near the upper agency. On the 
21st, while the men were gathered at a public meeting, on the upper 
Des Moines River, near Jackson, to devise means for common de- 
fense, the Indians suddenly fell upon the settlement, murdering the 
defenseless families, plundering their homes and killing the live 
stock. When the news of the massacres reached the settlements 
at Spirit Lake and Estherville, parties of armed men were hastily 
organized, who marched to the aid of their neighbors. At Jackson 
they received reinforcements and all marched up the river to the 
scene of the massacre. Finding that the Indians had disappeared 
they buried the bodies of fifteen of the victims and returned to their 



HISTORY OF IOWA AND COUNTY DIRECTORY. 117 

homes. The settlers in Northwestern Iowa escaped the fate of their 
Minesota neighbors. When the news of the massacres reached them, 
all the frontier settlements were abandoned except those at Spirit 
Lake and Estherville. At these places the sturdy pioneers erected 
strong stockades, into which their families were gathered, prepara- 
tions being made for a vigorous defense. Scouts were sent out and 
every precaution taken to guard against surprise. Efforts were at 
once made to secure State protection. A detachment of Sioux City 
cavalry was immediately sent to the lakes and the Dickinson County 
court house was fortified. Here the families were gathered under the 
protection of the soldiers, while the men worked on the defense. A 
saw mill was kept running, cutting logs into plank four inches in 
thickness. A trench, three feet deep, was dug around the court 
house, auout thirty feet from its wall, and into this the palisades 
were firmly planted, making a defense against any weapons in pos- 
session of the Indians. Here the settlers remained in security while 
the terrible massacre was desolating Western Minnesota. Thousands 
of the Sioux were on the war path and troops were hurried to the 
frontier. The chiefs had planned to sweep swiftly down the Des 
Moines Valley and the Little Sioux by way of the lakes of Dickinson 
County, thus exterminating all of the settlements in Northwestern 
Iowa above Fort Dodge and Sioux City. They soon met with vigor- 
ous resistance, however; in Kossuth and Palo Alto counties prepara- 
tions were at once made by the settlers to defend their homes. 
The Minnesota authorities were soon thoroughly aroused. 

Minnesota was organized into a Territory in 1849, and the rapid 
emigration to the eastern shore of the Mississippi began encroaching 
upon the fertile lands opposite. Two years later, the Indians were in- 
duced to sign treaties by which they ceded to the United States more 
than thirty million acres, embracing all their lands in Iowa, Dakota, 
and Minesota, except a tract along the Upper Minnesota which was 
reserved for future occupancy and their home. The beginning of 
this tract was just below Fort Ridgely, and it extended one hundred 
and fifty miles to Lake Traverse, with a bredth of ten miles on each 
side of the river. 

In 1852, the Indians accepted an amendment to the treaty, by 
which the reservation named was ceded to our government, the In- 
dians agreeing to locate themselves on such land as the President 
selected. The selection, however, was never made, and the red men 
having occupied the reservation first named, their right to its occu- 
pancy was rcognized, and the lands lying on the north side of the 
river were purchased from them in 1860. They were residing on the 
remainder at the time of the fearful outbreak in the summer of 1862. 

The tribes concerned in this uprising were the M'dewakanton, 
Wahpekuta, Wahpeton, and Sissetons, of the great Sioux or Dakota 



118 THE DAILY TELEGRAPH-HERALD'S 

nation. In accordance with the terms of the treaty, a good deal of 
money and gods were delivered to these tribes annually, and much 
labor performed for their benefit. An agent resided among them, 
and two places were established for the transaction of business. 
One was on the Minnesota River, fourteen miles above Fort Ridgely, 
called the "Lower," or "Redwood Agency," while the other, at the 
mouth of the Yellow Medicine, was termed the "Upper," or "Yellow 
Medicine Agency." 

The Sioux in this section represented about all the grades of bar- 
barism or civilization of which the red men are capable. Some lived 
in rude houses made by themselves, others in brick dwellings put 
up by the government, and still others in tepees of canvas. The dif- 
ferent bands, under their hereditary chiefs, ocupied separate villages, 
excepting several hundred families who adopted the dress and man- 
ners of the white men. Others remained wild Indians, with all their 
characteristics. They made war on the Chippewas, and, when they 
had the chance, killed, scalped and tortured them in the good old 
style of their forefathers. 

Besides them, there were the half-breeds and traders, forming 
quite a factor of the mongrel population. Near the agency were 
churches and schools, warehouses, stores, shops, residences, showing 
thrift and prosperity. 

CHAPTER XLI. 

When asked to give the cause of the Minnesota outbreak, we an- 
swer, "The usual ones." The rapacity of the agents, their deception 
and swindling of the Indians, the cheating by which the Sioux were 
induced to sign the treaties, the wholesale theft of their lands, the 
debauchery of their families by white men, and the abuse to which 
they were subjected by the traders from whom they were obliged 
to purchase goods and supplies. 

To the hereditary hatred of the white man should be added 
another peculiar to the time. The period named will be recognized 
as one of serious reverses to the Union arms. The "Lost Cause" 
was then seemingly on the high road to triumph, and this was told 
to the Indians by the half-breeds and others who knew how to read. 
At the time, too, many believed we were about to be involved in a 
war with England because of the Trent affair. 

The disaffected tribes could place one thousand three hundred 
warriors in the field. The Yonktons, the Yanktonias, and the Teton 
Sioux, who naturally sympathized with them, could marshal four 
thousand more on the warpath. Besides, the Winnebagoes promised 
help, and mysterious messages passed back and forth between the ad- 
joining tribes. The old dream of a restored hunting grounds and 



I 



HISTORY OF IOWA AND COUNTY DIRECTORY. 119 

the expulsion of the white intruders thrilled many a dusky breast, as 
it did during the days of Tecumseh, of Pontiac, and King Philip. 

In June, a number of chiefs and head men of the Sissetons and 
Wahpetons visited the Upper Agency and asked when they were to 
receive the annuities due them, adding that they had been told they 
were to be cheated out of them. The agent assured them they 
would soon arrive, though he could not set the day, nor could he 
be sure that the sum would be a full payment. The visitors went 
away, half satisfied, but, on the 14th of July, they returned to the 
number of five thousand, and encamped about the agency. There 
were too many to be supplied with food, and several cases of death 
from starvation resulted. They repeated the stories that had been 
told them that they were not to receive their money, and it was 
hard to remove their fears. 

Among these Indians were a number of the Yanktonias, living 
near Big Stone Lake. This tribe justly claimed an interest in the 
lands sold by the anuity Indians; but they had received no pay for 
them, except an unauthorized one to a few members of one of Wa- 
nata's band. Wanata himself was half Sisseton and Yanktonias, and 
his band included warriors of both tribes. These were informed that 
nothing was to be paid them in the future. 

They were so infuriated on learing this that they persuaded the 
other Indians to join them, on the 4th of August, in an attack on 
the government warehouse. It was burst into and plundered, with a 
hundred soldiers, having two twelve-pound howitzers, looking on. 
Not only that, but the American flag was cut down, and the sullen 
warriors stood around with cocked rifles, ready to use them on the 
slightest provocation. Matters became quieter after a while, 'and, by 
the assistance of a considerable quantity of provisions, the malcon- 
tents were persuaded to return to their homes. 

The excitement was equally great at the Lower Agency for a 
month before the outbreak. What was called a "Soldiers' Lodge" 
was formed there, the members of which agreed to secure all the 
credit they could at the stores, and then prevent the traders from 
getting their annuities when sent to them. A members who was 
suspected of having revealed the secrets to the whites, was followed 
and hacked to pieces. 

On the 10th of August, a party of twenty Indians from the Lower 
Reservation were hunting in the woods near Forest City, and pro- 
cured a wagon which one of their number had left the previous au- 
tumn with Captain Whitcomb as security for a debt. On Sunday, the 
17th of August, when within a few miles of Acton, one of the Indians 
l)icked up some hens' eggs on the prairie and was about to eat them. 
His companions protested, saying they belonged to a white man, and 
from this trifling matter a violent quarrel resulted. The one cai;ry- 



120 THE DAILY TELEGRAPH-HERALD'S 

ing the eggs finally dashed them to the ground. Coming upon an ox 
a short time later, he shot it dead as vent to his anger. 

The quarrel between the four Rice Creek Indians and the rest 
became so hot that a collision would have taken place had they not 
separated, the larger company declaring they meant to kill a white 
man. 

Soon after, the four heard the reports of guns from the direction 
of the larger party. They concluded they were carrying out their 
threat of killing white people. Two of the Rice Creek Indians insisted 
that they must do the same, or they would be considered cowards, 
but the other two opposed. Still disputing, the four pushed on to 
Acton. 

The first house was found unoccupied, but at the second they got 
into a quarrel with the owner, who drove them out. At the next, 
they halted and were kindly treated. They were smoking in the 
most friendly manner when the neighbor who had quarreled with 
them came in with his wife, and the wrangle was resumed. The re- 
sult was the Indians fired upon the men, killing the three and the 
wife of the neighbor with whom they had first quarreled. The sur- 
viving women, who had met with such a narrow escape, sent a boy 
to Ripley, twelve miles distant, where a meeting was in progress to 
raise volunteers for the war. 

The astounding news was not credited for some time, but finally 
a messenger was despatched to Forest City, where were a number of 
recruits. A dozen rode to Acton, and found the shocking tidings too 
true. The bodies were covered, but not disturbed, until the morrow, 
when an inquest was held. 

During the inquest a number of the Indians, unaware of what 
was going on, approached, and a number of mounted men gave chase. 
The savages escaped, however, though several shots were exchanged. 

A large number of people were present at the inquest, and the ex- 
citement spread, for all saw the imminence of an outbreak. The 
relatives of the murderers knew that they would be punished if 
caught, and after a hot dispute it was decided to commence the mas- 
sacre without delay. Little Crow, hitherto so friendly disposed to- 
ward the whites that he was subjected to suspicion by his own peo- 
ple, and who lived in a fine house at the Lower Agency, built for him 
by the agent, was visited by a turbulent company on the morning of 
the 18th of August before he had risen from bed. 

When the callers stated their object great beads of perspiration 
stood out on the forehead of the chief. He saw the inevitable end 
of any uprising against the whites, but he knew it would be fatal to 
oppose the wishes of these madmen. 

"Trouble with the whites must come sooner or later," he sal4. 



HISTORY OF IOWA AND COUNTY DIRECTORY. 121 

"It may as well be now as any other time. I am with you. Let us 
go to the agency, kill the traders, and take their goods." 

Messengers were sent to the bands of Wabashaw, Waconta, and 
Red Legs, with the news, and the warriors ran to the agency, break- 
ing up into small bands as they entered the village, and all as eager 
as tigers who have scented their prey. It was yet early in the morn- 
ing when they approached Myrick's store, in the upper part of the 
place. James Lynde, a clerk, was standing in the door, looking won- 
deringly at the horde, when one of the Indians raised his gun with 
an ugly exclamation, and shot him dead. He was the first victim of 
the Minnesota outbreak. 

The son of Mr. Myrick, a young man, was upstairs when the gun 
was fired, and crouched behind a dry goods box. The Indians were 
afraid to climb the stairs lest he should shoot them as they came 
up the steps. Some of them proposed to fire the building, hearing 
which, the youth climbed through the scuttle, slid down the lightning 
rod to the roof of the lower building, dropped to the ground, and ran 
toward the bush along the Minnesota River. The Winnebagoes dis- 
charged a lot of arrows after him, but without effect. On the edge 
of the bush he was struck by a rifle ball and fell. The savages ran 
forward and finished him. 

The report of the first gun was accepted as a signal by all the 
Indians for the beginning of the massacre. Joseph Belland and An- 
toine Young were killed at Forbe's store, Brusson at Robert's store, 
and La Batte and his clerk at La Batte's store. Others were also 
slain. 

George Spencer, at Forbe's store, was wounded, but an Indian ac- 
quaintance prevented his death. Clerk Bourat ran upstairs. He 
heard the Indians agree to follow and kill him. He formed a desper- 
ate plan. Down the stairs he bounded, dashed through the astonished 
group, out the door, and ran for life. He gained a good start, when a 
charge of shot brought him down. Another charge entered his leg. 
The Indians came up, stripped off his clothing and shoes, and, heed- 
less of his appeals for mercy, piled a lot of logs over him, so he could 
not get away, and promised to come back shortly and slay him. 
When they were gone, knowing they would fulfill their threat, and 
frantic with the pain from his wounds, he twisted himself free from 
the logs on him, limped off, and finally escaped. 

CHAPTER XLII. 

The Indians were so eager to plunder the stores that many of 
the inhabitants were able to get away unharmed. They hurried down 
to the ferry, where the brave Mauley wrought with might and main 
to carry them to the opposite side, despite the great danger in which 
he placed himself; for the bands of Wabashaw and the other chiefs 



122 THE DAILY TELEGRAPH-HERALD'S 

hurried up and joined in the plundering and killing. This finished, 
they scattered to the surrounding country to continue their dreadful 
work. Mauley, the ferryman, had just completed his task when he 
was killed, disemboweled, his head, hands, and feet cut off and thrust 
into the cavity. 

Among the fugitives was Dr. Humphreys, the physician to the 
Lower Indians. He took with him his wife, two little boys, and his 
girl. They halted at a house two miles from the river, and being 
thirsty from the heat of the day and their unusual exertion, he sent 
one of the little boys down a hill hard by for water. As he dipped 
it up he heard the firing of a gun, and, peeping over the hill, saw the 
Indians at the house. He hid in the bushes and waited until they 
had gone. Then stealing to the house, he found his father with his 
throat cut, while his mother, brother, and sister lay dead, murdered 
by the same miscreants, who burned their bodies in the building. 

Through that fearful day the massacre continued on both sides 
of the river below the fort, to within six miles of New Ulm, and up 
the river to Yellow Medicine. Many were killed at Beaver Creek and 
the Sacred Heart Creek. While tumbling their goods into the waiting 
wagons, they would be appalled by the appearance of a painted band 
of yelling warriors. Knowing it was useless to resist, they would give 
up everything in the hope of appeasing the wrath of the savages. In 
all such cases the victims were slain without mercy. 

Lest the reader should feel some sympathy for the Indians con- 
cerned in the Sioux Massacre, we will give in this place a few inci- 
dents. There can be no doubt of their truth, for Mr. Isaac V. D. 
Heard, who was on the ground, who acted as recorder of the military 
commission that tried the captured Indians, thus hearing all the testi- 
mony and making his own careful investigations, gives these and 
others in his history of that awful outbreak. 

A gentleman living near New Ulm went to the place without any 
suspicion of danger. On his return, he found that the Indians had 
killed two of his children before their mother's eyes. They were on 
the point of slaying her infant, when she snatched it from them and 
ran to her mother's house near by. They followed, firing at her a 
number of times, without success. They killed her mother, her sis- 
ter, and servant girl, but, strange to say, she escaped with her in- 
fant. On the father's return, he found one of his boys, twelve years 
old, still alive. He was cut, bruised, and horribly mangled, but the 
father carried him safely to St. Peter's. 

Another little boy was brought in still alive with a knife thrust 
into one of his eyes. A farmer and his two sons were working in a 
field, when all three were shot down by Indians. They then went to 
the house, and killed two small children in the presence of the 
mother, who lay ill with consumption. She and her daughter, thir- 



HISTORY OF IOWA AND COUNTY DIRECTORY. 123 

teen years old, were dragged through the fields to their camp. There, 
as the mother lay helpless, her innocent daughter was outraged be- 
fore her eyes until the little one died. 

In another place, a woman was tomahawked while baking bread, 
and her infant thrust into the flaming oven. The indignities to which 
weak, defenseless women and children were subjected were too hor- 
rifying to be recorded in print. No imagination can concieve them. 
Let it suffice that no retribution too severe could be visited upon the 
authors of atrocities never surpassed in the history of barbarism. 

The massacre had not continued long when news of it reached 
Fort Ridgely, whence Captain Marsh, with the 5th regiment of Min- 
nesota Volunteers, started for the agency with forty-eight men. He 
rode a mule, and his men were in wagons. A mile from the fort he 
met a party of fugitives, who warned him that he would be killed if 
he attempted to cross the ferry. He was advised to pause on the 
bluff on that side, collect what women and children he could, and 
bring them to the fort. 

"I have plenty of ammunition," replied the brave ofllcer, "and 
enough men to whip all the Indians this side of the Pacific Ocean. 
I'm not only going to the ferry, but shall cross it." 

Five miles from the ferry, Captain Marsh met one of his soldiers 
who had been at home on furlough. It was in this man's house that 
Dr. Humphreys and his family were slain and then burned. He had 
hidden in a corn efild, and stole away after the departure of the In- 
dians. His story did not affect the courage of the ofiicer, who pushed 
on, meeting other fugitives, among whom was the little boy of Dr. 
Humphreys that escaped because of his absence at the spring when 
the savages visited the house. 

Captain Marsh and his soldiers reached the ferry at sunset. See- 
ing him, the Indians came down to the edge and held a conversation 
through the interpreter with the oflBcer. The latter said he meant to 
cross and look into matters. Some of the Indians warned him not to 
do so, but White Dog advised him to come over. While the conversa- 
tion was going on, a good many savages secretly crossed the stream, 
and, with the help of the tall, thick grass, surrounded Captain Marsh 
without his suspecting danger. He sent one or two of his men to the 
right and left to investigate. They convinced him that it was certain 
death to go over. The captain replied that he would for once yield 
his judgment, and ordered his soldiers, who were facing the ferry, 
to turn about. 

The moment it became clear that the men would not cross the 
river. Little Crow gave the signal to fire. Instantly from every side 
was poured such a storm of bullets that almost half the men fell 
dead, while the wounded were tomahawked. It is said that the in- 
terpreter, who was standing at the corner of the ferry house, receiv- 



124 THE DAILY TELEGRAPH-HERALD'S 

ed twenty bullets in his body, besides a number of arrows. The sur- 
vivors, seeing the desperate straits in which they were caught, fired 
once, killing an Indian and wounding another, and then fled with all 
haste. 

The fierce volley slew Captain Marsh's mule, but did not injure 
him, though he stood within a few feet of his riddled interpreter. 
With nine of his men. he succeeded in passing two miles down the 
river, when he found the Indians had cut off his way to the fort. He 
decided to cross the river and led the way, holding his revolver over 
his head with one hand and his sword with the other. He was soon 
beyond his depth, but, as he was an expert swimmer, nothing was 
thought of that until his struggles showed he was drowning. Two of 
his men hurried to his help, but he sank before they could reach him, 
and his body was not found until several days afterward. He must 
have been seized with cramp on entering deep water. His compan- 
ions safely reached the fort, leaving twenty-four behind. 

This massacre did much to inflame the outbreak. The Indians 
had killed a good many; they had a large number of captives, with 
plenty of arms, lead, powder, and plunder. The church Indians, fear- 
ing they would be suspected of want of zeal, plunged into the carnival 
of blood and "out-Heroded Herod" by their atrocities. 

Messengers were sent to the Indians at the Yellow Medicine. 
A dispute followed as to what course to take. Other Day, a civilized 
Indian, strenuously opposed joining in the outbreak, but, being over- 
ruled, he took his wife, a white woman, by the arm, and, gun in 
hand, visited the different houses of the whites to warn them of 
their danger. They hurriedly gathered in the warehouse to the num- 
ber of fifty, determined to fight to the last. 

Other Day and several of his relatives stood outside the build- 
ing all through the night, on the watch for the first evidence of at- 
tack. Frequently they caught sight of dark figures skulking about 
as silently as shadows, peering around the corner in the hope of 
catching the sentinels unawares; but the dusky guards were wide 
awake, seeing which the prowlers slunk off in the gloom. 

Just as it was growing light, the report of a gun was heard 
some distance off and a rush was made for the warehouse. Other 
day led the whites, numbering forty-two, men, women and children, 
across the river, whence they safely made their way to the settle- 
ments. Friendly Indians warned the people six miles above the 
Upper Agency of their danger, and they, also numbering forty-two, 
including the missionaries, Messrs. Riggs and Williamson, got safely 
away. 

New Ulm and Fort Ridgely were overrun with terrified fugitives, 
many suffering from ghastly wounds, and trembling lest the furious 
Indians should swoop down upon and massacre them all. In every 



HISTORY OP IOWA AND COUNTY DIRECTORY. 125 

direction the skies were lit up by the glare of burning homes, and 
the near and far reports of guns, the yells of savages, and the cries 
of the hopeless victims, made the night dreadful beyond description. 

While the Indian runners were speeding across the prairies, bear- 
ing the news to willing ears, the whites sent messengers to the set- 
tlements and after Lieutenant Shehan, who had started a few days 
before to accompany Commissioner Dole on his way to make a treaty 
with the Red Lake Chippewas. The officer was overtaken forty 
miles away, and the news of the massacre was carried to the sur- 
rounding towns. 

At St. Peter's, the night was spent in running bullets and pre- 
paring for the relief of Fort Ridgely and New Ulm. At daylight, the 
bells were rung and the people gathered to decide upon the course 
to be taken. Agent Galbraith and his forty-five men, known as the 
"Renville Rangers," had already set out for the fort, and it was de- 
cided to send a detachment for the relief of New Ulm. 

Hon. Charles E. Flaudreau, Associate Justice of the Supreme 
Court, was elected captain, William B. Dodd, first lieutenant, and Mr. 
Meyer, second lieutenant. Wagons, horses, ammunition, and neces- 
sary utensils and provisions were soon ready, and sixteen men, under 
charge of ex-sheriff Boardman, set out to scout in the direction of 
New Ulm. 

Meanwhile, Little Crow, with one hundred warriors, had appeared 
before the fort, but did not make an attack. Had he done so, noth- 
ing could have saved the post, for the garrison numbered only thirty 
men. The larger part of this band scattered in other directions. 
While the chief and his men were hidden near. Agent Galbraith and 
his rangers entered the fort unmolested, and it was safe for the time. 

Near the middle of the afternoon, a hundred Indians attacked 
New Ulm. The population was about 1,500, mostly Germans, the 
houses being so scattered that it could not be readily defended. 
While the atack was under way, ex-SherifC Boardman and his six- 
teen mounted men dashed into the town on a full gallop. They found 
the people in a wild panic. But for the brilliant work oi the new 
arrivals, who soon drove off the assailants, the place must have 
fallen, and one of the most terrible massacres would have followed. 

But the town was still in imminent danger, for the Indians were 
hourly receiving reinforcements, and the means of defense were of 
the porest character. Fortunately, Judge Flaudreau and one hun- 
dred men arrived that night. Sentinels were at once stationed, and 
every possible precaution taken against attack. None was made, 
and the day was devoted to strengthening the barricades and organ- 
izing the forces for the conflict that soon must come. 

Judge Flaudreau was made commandant, and he organized his 
forces with good judgment. During the day, fifty more men arrived 



126 THE DAILY TELEGRAPH-HERALD'S 

from Mankato, and the same number from Le Sueur. No Indians 
were visible, and the scouts visited the surrounding country, con- 
tinually coming upon the victims of the ferocious red men. 

On the afternoon of Wednesday, Little Crow, being joined by 
those who had been at New Ulm the day before, unexpectedly at- 
tacked Fort Ridgely. His volley, through one of the openings, killed 
three, and eight more were wounded during the fight. On attempt- 
ing to use the cannon, they were found stuffed with rags, the work of 
some half-breeds that had joined the enemy. The conflict lasted 
three hours, when the Indians drew off with several killed and 
wounded. The atack was renewed twice the following day, but it 
was seen the Indians had decreased in number, many of them prefer- 
ring the more congenial work of plundering and murdering through 
the neighborhood. 

Returning to the agency that night. Little Crow found the Upper 
Indians for whom he had sent. He had now nearly 500 warriors, 
and set out in high hopes the next day to attack the fort, taking with 
him a large number of wagons in which to carry the plunder he was 
confident of obtaining. These were left on the reservation side of 
the river, and the Indians crossed over and hid themselves near the 
fort. By and by, a number appeared on the prairie, waving their 
blankets and uttering taunts in the hope of inducing the garrison to 
come out and attack them. The whites were too prudent to be 
drawn into the snare, and answered only with rifle shots. Then 
Little Crow opened the attack, which was kept up without cessa- 
tion for five hours. While it was in progress, the horses and mules 
in the government stables were set free and the building around the 
post burned. The roof of the fort v/as repeatedly pierced by fire 
arrows, but the flames did no harm. A knot of Indians, posted in one 
of the stables, were driven out by Sergeant Jones, who exploded a 
shell among them. The casualties among the defenders were one 
killed and seven wounded, none severely. 

A short time before the first attack, Henry Balland started out 
to get a horse with which to go to the settlements. Before he could 
return, the Indians had surrounded the place, and he hid himself for 
several hours in the bushes. They were all around him, and he ex- 
pected every minute to be discovered. A cold August rain set in. 
At one time fully a hundred Indians were ranged near him, each 
holding his gun under his blanket to keep it dry. 

The storm continued, and by the lightning flashes, when night had 
come, Balland crept down to the river and made his escape. 

CHAPTER XLIII. 

Fort Ridgely having successfully withstood the several attacks, 
the Indians made their way to New Ulm. Several days had passed 



HISTORY OF IOWA AND COUNTY DIRECTORY. 127 

since the fighting there, and this visit was made on Saturday, the 
23rd of August. The smoke of burning buildings in the direction of 
Fort Ridgely indicated to the defenders the approach of their ene- 
mies. 

New Ulm, as we have said, was ill prepared for defense, owing to 
the houses being so widely scattered. Judge Flandreau, believing it 
better to fight the enemy on the prairie, posted his men, numbering 
about two hundred and fifty, in the open country outside the town, 
a half mile away, and still further off in the direction whence he be- 
lieved the atack would come. He thus describes what followed: 

"At nearly 10 o'clock a. m., the body of Indians (numbering alto- 
gether probably five hundred), began to move toward us, first slowly, 
and then with considerable rapidity. Their advance upon the sloping 
prairie in the bright sunlight was a very fine spectacle, and to such 
inexperienced soldiers as we were, intensely exciting. When within 
about one mile and a half of us, the mass began to expand like a fan 
and increase in the velocity of its approach, and continued this move- 
ment until about double rifle shot, when it had covered our entire 
front. 

Then the savages uttered a terrific yell, and came down on us 
like the wind. I was stationed myself at a point in the rear where 
communication could be had with me easily, and waited the first dis- 
charge with great anxiety, as it seemed to me to yield was certain 
destruction, as the enemy would rush into town and drive everything 
before them. The yell unsettled the men a little, and just as the 
rifles began to crack, they fell back along the whole line, and com- 
mitted the error of passing the outer houses without taking posses 
sion of them — a mistake which the Indians immediately took ad- 
vantage of by themselves occupying them in squads of twos and 
threes and up to ten. They poured into us a sharp and rapid fire as 
we fell back, and opened from houses in every direction. Several of 
us rode up the hill, endeavoring to rally the men, and with good ef- 
fect, as they gave three cheers, and sallied out of various houses they 
had retreated to, and checked the advance effectually. The firing from 
both sides then became general, sharp, and rapid; and it got to be a 
regular Indian skirmish, in which every man did his own work after 
his own fashion. 

"The Indians had spread out until they had got into our rear and 
on all sides, having the very decided advantage of the houses on the 
bluff, which commanded the interior of the town, with the exception 
of the wind mill, which was occupied by about twenty of the Le 
Sueur Tigers, who held them at long range. 

The wind was from the lower part of the town, and this fact 
directed the larger part of the enemy to that point, where they 
promptly commenced firing the houses and advancing behind the 



128 THE DAILY TELEGRAPH-HERALD'S 

smoke. The conflagration became general in the lower part of the 
town on both sides of the street, and the bullets flew very thickly 
both from the bluff and up the street. I thought it prudent to dis- 
mount and conduct the defense on foot. Just at this point. Captain 
Dodd, of St. Peter's, and someone else, whose name I do not know, 
charged down the street to ascertain whether some horsemen seen 
in the extreme lower town were not our friends coming in, and were 
met about three blocks down with a heavy volley from behind a 
house, five bullets passing through Captain Dodd's body, and several 
through that of his horse. The horsemen both turned, and the cap- 
tain got sufiiciently near to be received by his friends before he fell. 
He died about five hours after being hit. Too much cannot be said 
of his personal bravery and general desire to perform his duty man- 
fully. Captain Saunders, of the Le Sueur company, was shot through 
his body shortly after and retired, placing his rifle in effective hands, 
and encouraging the men. The fight was going on all around the 
town during the whole forenoon and part of the afternoon, some- 
times with slight advantage to us and again to the Indians; but the 
difficulty which stared us in the face was their gradual but certain 
approach up the main street behind the burning buildings, which 
promised our destruction. 

"We frequently sallied out and took buildings in advance; but 
the risk of being picked off from the bluff was unequal to the ad- 
vantage gained, and the duty was performed with some reluctance 
by the men. In the lower part of the town I had some of the best 
men in the State, both as shots and for coolness and determination. 
It will be sufficient to mention two as types of the class of the best 
fighting men — Asa White and Newell Horton, known to all old set- 
tlers. 

"They did very effective service in checking the advance, both by 
their unerring rifles and the good example their steadiness placed 
before the younger men. We discovered a concentration of Indians 
on the side of the street toward the river and at the rear of the 
buildings, and expected a rush upon the town from that position, the 
result of which I feared more than anything else, as the boys had 
proven unequal to it in the morning; and we were not disappointed, 
for in a few minutes they came on, on ponies and on foot, furiously, 
about sixty in number, charging around the point of a little grove of 
oaks. 

"This was the critical point of the day. But four or five hours 
under fire had brought the boys up to fighting temperature, and they 
stood firmly, and advanced with a cheer, routing the Indians like 
sheep. They received us with a very hot fire, killing Houghton and 
the elderly gentleman whose name I did not know. As they fled in 
a crowd at a very short range, we gave them a volley that was very 



HISTORY OF IOWA AND COUNTY DIRECTORY. 129 

effective and settled the fortunes of the day in our favor, for they 
did not dare to try it over. I think, after once repulsing them in a 
fair fight, we could have successfully resisted them had they returned 
a second time, as the necessary confidence had been gained. White 
men fight under a great disadvantage the first time they engage. 
There is something so fiendish in their yells and terrifying in their 
appearance when in battle, that it takes a good deal of time to over- 
come the sensation that it inspires. There is a snake-like stealth in 
all their movements that excites distrust and uncertainty, and which 
unsteadies the nerves at first. 

"After this repulse the battle raged until dark, without sufficient 
advantage on one side or the other to merit mention in detail, when 
the savages drew off, firing only an occasional shot from under close 
cover. After dark we decreased the extent of our lines of barricades; 
and I deemed it prudent to order all the buildings outside to be 
burned, in order to prevent them from affording protection to the 
savages while they advanced to annoy us. We were compelled to 
consume about forty valuable buildings; but, as it was a military 
necessity, the inhabitants did not demur, but themselves applied the 
torch cheerfully. In a short time we had a fair field before us of 
the open prairie, with the exception of a large brick building which 
we held and had loopholed in all the stories on all sides, and which 
commanded a large portion of our front toward the bluff. We also 
dug a system of rifle pits on that front outside the barricades, about 
four rods apart, which completed our defenses. 

"That night we slept very little, every man being at the barri- 
cades all night, each third man being allowed to sleep at intervals. 
In the morning the attack was renewed, but not with much vigor, 
and subsided about noon." 

Mr. Heard relates the following incidents conected with the at- 
tack at New Ulm: 

While the fight was going on, a heavy firing was kept up from a 
woodpile. The defenders were astonished to see a warrior standing 
upright and in full view. Again and again he was fired upon, but he 
seemed to enjoy some strange protection, for none of the best marks- 
men could bring him down. After the batter, as he still kept his po- 
sition, some of the whites went out to investigate. It was then dis- 
covered that he had been dead from the first, his body being repeat- 
edly pierced by bullets. The others had propped him up for the pur- 
pose of drawing the fire of the whites. 

One of the most desperate of the half-breeds crept up close in 
the high grass, from which he kept up a deadly fire. He held his 
place after the advance was made, when he discharged his gun 
and started off on a run, crouching down as he did so. Several bul- 
lets were sent after him, and one cut the great artery in his shotilder. 



130 THE DAILY TELEGRAPH-HERALD'S 

from which the blood spurted in a stream. He sank down and was 
quickly decapitated and scalped. 

A man was seen walking off with a featherbed over his shoulder. 
He was near by, but, as he moved in the direction of the Indians, 
the spectators remarked the foolish risk he was running:. When he 
had gone a considerable distance, he threw down the bed and uttered 
a triumphant shout. He was one of the hostiles, that had escaped by 
this clever ruse. 

It would require volumes to tell of the individual outrages dur- 
ing the Sioux outbreak. The revolt extended throughout the entire 
frontier of Minnesota and into Iowa and Dakota. During the first 
week, more than seven hundred people were killed and over two 
hundred made captive. As stated in another place, the women, and 
even children of tender years, were subjected to indescribable muti- 
lation at the hands of their captors. Many fmccumbed under the 
awful treatment, and welcomed death for the blessed relief it brought. 

Fortunately, there were several thousand armed men in the 
State, summoned by President Lincoln's recent call for volunteers to 
serve in the Civil War. These were hurried to the frontier, and 
mounted soldiers were called out by the governor to join In punish- 
ing the savages. Governor Ramsey hastened to Mendota on receipt 
of the news of the outbreak, and requested the Hon. H. H. Sibley 
to take command, with the rank of colonel, of an expedition Intended 
to move up the Minnesota Valley. He complied, and started as quick- 
ly as possible with four companies of the Sixth Regiment for St. 
Peter's, where he arrived on the day of the last battle at the fort. 
On Sunday, two hundred men, under the command of W. J. Cullen, 
came in. These, with a hundred more, were placed in charge of Col- 
onel Samuel M'Phail. Other arrivals followed until Sibley's com- 
mand was increased to fourteen hundred men. 

Knowing the character of the foe before him, Colonel Sibley ad- 
vanced cautiously. He met continuous streams of fugitives, while 
Shakopee, Belle Plain, and Henderson were overrun with the terrl- 
efid people, who were in constant terror of attacks by the Indians. 
Detachments were sent to New Ulm, which was known to be sur- 
rounded by the savages and In great danger of capture. These de- 
tachments, after many stirring experiences, returned to St. Peter's, 
where they found that Colonel Sibley had left that morning for Fort 
Ridgely and had ordered them to follow on their return. They 
learned that the people of New Ulm on Monday, August 25, had 
abandoned the place. They numbered two thousand. Including the 
women, children, sick and wounded, with a train of a hundred and 
fifty-three wa 2:0ns. They had gone to Mankato, led to do so by the 
exhaustion of their ammunition, the isolation of the town, and their 
Inability to hold out against a determined attack of the Indians. 



HISTORY OF IOWA AND COUNTY DIRECTORY. 131 

Colonel Sibley reached Fort Ridgely, and all danger of attack 
at that place and New Ulm (where really thhere was nothing to at- 
tack), was ended. On Sunday, August 31, a hundred and fifty men, 
under command of Major Joseph R. Brown, were sent to the Lower 
Agency to bury the dead and learn, if possible, what had become of 
the enemy. 

Many of the victims of Indian atrocity were found to be shot 
with arrows of peculiar construction, worthy the genius of an Ameri- 
can Indian. Along the reed, from the head to the feather tip, ran 
a gutter, cut in the wood and winding irregularly around it. The 
object of this is to prevent the clotting of the blood in a wound in- 
flicted by the missile. If it entered a few inches into a person's 
body, and was of the ordinary pattern, the wound might be closed 
by the clotting of the blood, but this gutter furnishes such a free 
outlet that the flow continues until the victim dies from weakness. 

Some of the citizens who went with Major Brown came back 
the following evening, and told Colonel Sibley that on that morning 
the cavalry and a few of the infantry had crossed the river at the 
agency, buried the dead, and scouted some distance above. They 
could flnd no evidence that any Indians had been there for several 
days. Captain Grant, with the infantry, buried the dead on the Fort 
Ridgely side, including those at Beaver Creek, and going into camp 
on the same side of the river, was joined by Major Brown and his 
command. 

Colonel Sibley was relieved to be informed that no signs of In- 
dians had been discovered by Major Brown, who was an old cam- 
paigner and ought not to be deceived. But on Wednesday morning, 
the sentries heard flring in the direction of the agency. The wind 
was blowing toward the point whence the noise came, but by lying 
on the ground, the anxious listeners plainly caught the rapid dis- 
charge of flrearms. There could be no mistake as to the meaning of 
this. The battle was "on once more," and relief must be dispatched 
at once to their imperiled comrades. 

Colonel M'Phail with flfty horsemen, Major M'Laren with a 
hundred and flve infantry, and Captain Mark Hendricks with a moun- 
tain howitzer, were hurried off to their relief. The anxious listeners 
at the fort still heard the rifle firing, and by and by, resounding 
boom of the howitzer told that the relief party were also fighting. 
Colonel Sibley ordered all the tents to be struck and taken into the 
fort, and just as night was closing in, the entire command set out to 
the help of the two detachments. 

The night grew intensely dark, but the men marched forward for 
thirteen miles. Then the bright flash of the mountain howitzer told 
them they were close upon the second detachment. It was found 
that when within a few miles of where they believed Major Brown 



132 THE DAILY TELEGRAPH-HERALD'S 

to be, they were attacked by Indians. Securing the best position 
attainable, they decided to wait for re-enforcements. The howitzer 
was fired to guide the main body to the spot. 

No further attack was made that night, and at early dawn the 
whole force was in motion. Not far off they came in sight of Birch 
Coolie, and saw through the trees the gleam of tents, but whether 
they belonged to Major Brown or the hostiles could not be determined 
without a closer approach. 

A few minutes later, the Indians appeared in the belt of woods, 
waving their blankets and emitting taunting shouts in the hope of 
drawing the soldiers in pursuit. Failing in this, they sheltered them- 
selves as best they could, and opened a brisk but poorly aimed fire 
on the soldiers, who speedily drove them back. The shells from the 
cannon hastened their flight, and, running down Birch Coolie, they 
crossed the river at the agency. 

The tents discerned through the trees proved to be those of 
Major Brown and his command. They had encamped on the spot 
two nights before, choosing the place because of its accessibility to 
wood and water and under the belief that nothing was to be feared 
from the Indians. A worse place in that respect could not have been 
chosen, and the savages, who were on the watch, assailed them sud- 
denly and with the utmost fierceness. The men made a brave de- 
fense under most unfavorable circumstances, but suffered fearfully. 
When relieved by Colonel Sibley, they had been more tnan thirty 
hours without food or water, twenty-three were killed or dying, and 
forty-five were badly wounded. Out of the ninety horses only one 
was alive, and he was wounded. Among the wounded were Major 
Brown, Captain Anderson, Agent Galbraith, and Captain Redfield. 
William Irvine of West St. Paul had been shot in the head and his 
brains were ooizng over his face, but he lived for several hours. 

On the 7th of November. Colonel Marshall starter for Fort 
Desolation deigned supreme. 

Major Brown was right in his conclusion that the Indians had 
left the Lower Agency several days before. Learning of Sibley's 
march to the relief of Fort Ridgely, they had moved up the Yellow 
Medicine River to place their families out of danger. Ascertaining 
further that New Ulm had been abandoned, a war party was sent 
thither to procure what plunder they could, after which it was in- 
tended to attack Mankato and St. Peter's. The discovery of Major 
Brown's approach created a diversion, which, though resulting in a 
dreadful disaster, undoubtedly saved the towns named, as well as 
New Ulm. 

A curious complication now followed. On Monday, Little Crow's 
party traveled thirty miles and encamped near Acton. The leader 
rode in a wagon, with a half-breed acting as his driver and secre- 



HISTORY OF IOWA AND COUNTY DIRECTORY. 133 

tary. A few of the Indians were mounted on stolen horses, and all 
went well until noon of the next day, when the Indians got into a 
wrangle, the result of which was that Little Crow and thirty-four 
others started for Cedar Mills to get supplies, after which they meant 
to return to Yellow Medicine. They went into camp about a mile 
from Acton, The other party was bent on a raid through the 
country toward St. Cloud, and encamped within a half mile of Little 
Crow's band, without either party suspecting their proximity to each 
other. 1 ^'^^ 

At the same time, a company of seventy-five white men, volun- 
teers, under Captain Strout, were in camp near by in Acton, all three 
being ignorant of each other's location. During the night, several 
scouts came into Acton from Forest City with news that Captain 
Whitcomb had been attacked the morning before near that place, and 
the town was in such danger that they were begged to go at once 
to its defense. 

The start was made early the next morning for Forest City by 
way of Hutchinson. The volunteers passed the camp of the larger 
band of Indians undetected, but one of Little Crow's warriors dis- 
covered them, and the hostiles hastily prepared for battle. Almost 
at the same moment, the larger body of Indians also discovered them, 
and came whooping and yelling at their heels. Thus the whites 
found their enemies in front and rear, but they charged through those 
in front, and continued to Hutchinson. The savages closely followed 
them for several miles, killing three men, wounding fifteen, captur- 
ing nine horses, and several wagons containing arms, ammunition, 
and supplies. 

During this running fight. Little Crow's son, about fifteen years 
old, shot Mr. Edwin Stone, a well known merchant of Minneapolis. 
He was wounded while walking beside a wagon, and was unable to 
climb into it. A second Indian dashed out his brains with a toma- 
hawk. The wadding from the boy's gun set the clothing of the mer- 
chant on fire, so that his death was frightful. 

The volunteers were attacked the next day in the fort at Hutchin- 
son. Most of the town was burned. One of the Indians called out 
in English, daring the soldiers to come out in the open plain and fight 
like men. The troops accepted the invitation, and scattered their 
assailants without receiving any loss. Skirmishing continued until 
night, when the Indians drew off and encamped near Cedar Mills. 
They were then joined by a band of fifty, that had attacked Forest 
City the preceding day, burning a number of buildings and securing 
much plunder. The following morning, the Indians divided and went 
home. Little Crow and his men by way of the Lower Agency, where 
he arrived that night. 

Mr. Heard tells the following: One of the scouts while riding 



134 THE DAILY TELEGRAPH-HERALD'S 

along was startled by his horse jumping aside. Looking for the 
cause, he saw a white man lying in a pile of grass which he had 
pulled up and piled about him for concealment. Several ears of 
green corn partly eaten lay around him. He was a young man, with 
small hands, long, fair hair, but his garments were tattered and torn 
with long journeyings, and the face was haggard and pale. He was 
asleep, with his cheek resting on his hand; so soundly asleep, so in- 
tensely engaged, perhaps, in happy dreams that the trampling of the 
Indian's horse did not arouse him. "What do you here, my friend?" 
called the savage, in a loud voice. The sleeper raised his head and 
gazed with startled apprehension in the painted face before him. Be- 
fore that expression had time to change, the whirling ax dashed out 
the brains which gave it life. Then the murderer dismounting, with 
his knife cut off the head; but even then that startled look did not 
change, for death had frozen it there, and nothing but corruption's 
effacing hand could sweep it away. 

The panic which reigned in Minnesota at this time, resulting 
from the attacks on New Ulm, Fort Ridgely, Birch Coolie, Acton, 
Hutchinson, Forest City and the massacres that had taken place 
within Colonel Sibley's lines, was shown by the fact that people living 
on the outskirts of St. Paul hurriedly moved into the interior of the 
city. General Sibley's family, in Mendota, took refuge one night in 
Fort Snelling. 

CHAPTER XLIV. 

Little Crow, although the most prominent leader in the Sioux 
outbreak, saw the inevitable end from the beginning. His people 
must be conquered, and, though ne had been forced into the fight, 
he only awaited the opportunity to make overtures of peace to the 
military authorities. He opened communication with Colonel Sibley 
at Fort Ridgely, where that oflBcer was detained by lack of ammuni- 
tion and supplies. This was during the first week in September, ana 
while the correspondence was going on, something like a cessation 
of massacre and outrage took place. The Indians had a large number 
of captives, who were in danger of massacre, and the object of Col- 
onel Sibley was first to secure the safety of these and to bring the 
outrages to an end. 

The correspondence developed the fact that the hostiles were 
divided among themselves. They held frequent councils, and the 
debate over the course to be followed became so violent that more 
than once the Indians were on the point of flying at each other. Had 
such a wrangle taken place, every one of the two hundred and more 
captives would have been massacred. 

A considerable minority of the Indians were in favor of the sur- 
render of the prisoners as preliminary to peace, but others were so 



HISTORY OF IOWA AND COUNTY DIRECTORY. 135 

fiercely opposed that they threatened to kill those who took the first 
step looking to that end. With Little Crow were associated a num- 
ber of chiefs who wished to make terms with the authorities. They 
maintained a clandestine correspondence with Colonel Sibley, Wa- 
bashaw and Taopee being the most prominent. It was this couple 
that manged to keep up an "underground" correspondence with Col- 
onel Sibley in the effort to effect their object. They were accused 
in their own camp of doing this, but, of course, denied it, for had 
it been known they would have been instantly killed. 

Colonel Sibley left Fort Ridgely, September 18, to hunt the hos- 
tiles. The route was over a country still smoking hot with the blood 
of the victims of Indian atrocity. The Sioux scouts were continually 
in sight, taunting the whites and scurrying before them as they ad- 
vanced over the prairie, but taking care to keep out of rifle range. 

Sibley camped near Wood Lake on the 22d of September. The 
following morning a number of foraging teams were fired on by the 
Indians. The Third Regiment hurried out and was soon engaged 
with the enemy. They appeared in large numbers on all sides, gath- 
ering in the ravines between the Third Regiment and the camp. Col- 
onel Sibley opened fire, making good use of the howitzer, and an im- 
petuous charge into the gorge drove out the Indians. The fight lasted 
more than an hour, eight hundred being engaged on each side. The 
whites lost four killed and about fifty wounded. Little Crow's plan 
was to ambuscade the soldiers while marching through the ravine, 
but the taunts of the "Friendly Indians," as they were known, caused 
the attack to be made in the open plain. 

This is known as the battle of Wood Lake. Colonel Sibley re- 
mained long enough to bury his dead, and then marched to the Indian 
camp near Lac qui Parle. This was reached on the 26tli of Septem- 
ber, and was found to contain about a hundred tepees. Little Crow 
and two hundred warriors and their families had fled northward after 
the battle of Wood Lake. 

Sibley's camp was within a quarter of a mile of the Indian camp, 
which was commanded by his cannon. He soon rode over with his 
staff and bodyguard and took formal possession. The Indians, many 
of whom had conducted themselves like demons, were profuse in their 
professions of friendship, each insisting that he was a good Indian 
and all the outrages were committed by the other fellows. 

Colonel Sibley's formal demand for the captives was promptly 
obeyed. They numbered two hundred and fifty, who for days had 
undergone the most agonizing suspense conceivable, Tor, beyond 
question, they were repeatedly within a hair's breadth of death. 
Sometimes it looked as if the frirnds of peace would prevail and 
the anguish end by their restoration to their friends, but the fiery- 
warriors, implacable in their hostility, conquered, and the torture of 



136 THE DAILY TELEGRAPH-HERALD'S 

hope deferred continued. Now, however, it was over, and they were 
safe beyond any harm from their painted foes. The ragged, gaunt, 
famished women and children wept with joy, and many an eye among 
the soldiers was moistened by the touching sight. There was only 
one white man, George Spencer, among the restored captives. He 
said that if Colonel Sibley had done as many of his friends had 
urged, attacked the Indians at certain times, every one of the cap- 
tives would have been killed. 

A military commission of inquiry was organized and testimony 
taken to ascertain the guilt of accused parties. Some thirty or forty 
were arrested, and the rest were sent down to the Yellow Medicine 
Agency, under charge of Agent Galbraitb. Indians continually came 
in and surrendered, for all saw the end had come. 

Colonel Crook, by direction of the commander, stealthily sur- 
rounded the second camp at night, disarmed the men, and placed 
them in a log jail erected in the middle of the camp. The same 
thing was done at Yellow Medicine, by bringing all the braves into 
the agency building under the pretense of holding a council. 

CHAPTER XLV. 

Colonel Sibley broke camp on the 23d of October, having been 
joined by Lieutenant Colonel Marshall, with a number of prisoners 
captured upon Wild Goose Nest Lake. The other captives were 
taken in at Yellow Medicine, and the march continued through one 
of the fiercest wind storms ever enucountered in that section. It 
cleared, however, and the sun was shining from a calm sky when 
camp was made in the valley of the Redwood. 

Several weeks were spent at the Lower Agency, during which 
the investigation and trials were continued. Parties sent out still 
found victims of the massacre. Mr. Heard states that, on the 29th, 
a foraging party crossed the river, and eleven miles above discov- 
ered the remains of twelve persons. In one house a skull lay upon 
the bed, and in the same room was stretched a dead hog that had 
probably been feeding on the bodies. Close to the house the party 
were saluted by two howling, half-starved dogs. 

The next day they came upon the remains of thirteen more 
bodies. One skull, evidently that of a powerful man, was fractured 
to bits. Cattle were running around almost as wild as buffalo. An 
ox was writhing on the ground in agony, and frothing at the mouth, 
apparently with hydrophobia. Many of the dogs had gone mad. 
Desolation reigned supreme. 

On the 7th of November, Colonel Marshall started for Fort 
Snelling with the inmates of the Indian camp, numbering about 1,500, 
mostly women and children. While passing New Ulm the inhabi- 
tants, who were engaged in disinterring and reburying their dead. 



HISTORY OF IOWA AND COUNTY DIRECTORY. 137 

attacked the prisoners with the command. The sight of the authors 
of their desolation and woe inspired the men, women, and children 
to madness. Catching up hoes, brickbats, clubs, knives, guns, and 
anything upon which they could lay hands, they assailed the cower 
ing wretches in the wagons. One woman broke the jaw of an Indian, 
and, had they not been restrained, more than one savage would 
have been killed. 

Arriving at Mankato, Camp Lincoln was established, and a num- 
ber of Winnebagos were tried. The military commission, organized 
to try summarily the mulattoes, mixed bloods, and Indians engaged 
in the Sioux raids and massacres, consisted, at first, of Colonel Crook, 
Lieutenant Colonel Marshall, Captains Grant and Bailey, and Lieu- 
tenant Olin. Mr. Isaac V. D. Heard, the historian of the outbreak, 
acter as recorder. Before the trial was concluded. Major Bradley 
was substituted for Lieutenant Colonel Marshall, who was called 
away by other duties. 

The prisoners were arraigned upon written charges specifjdng 
the criminating acts. These charges were signed by Colonel Sibley 
or his adjutant general, and in nearly every case were based upon 
information furnished by Rev. S. R. Riggs, who assembled those 
that had the means of knowing the truth by themselves, and closely 
questioned them. The names of the witnesses were attached to the 
charge. Mr. Riggs's long residence among the Indians, his full knowl- 
edge of their habits and characteristics, and his thorough acquaint- 
ance with the accused made his help invaluable in fixing the guilt 
upon the right parties. 

As an example of the manner in which this famous trial was 
conducted, we give Mr. Heard's account of the proceedings in the 
case of the first person tried. He was Godfrey, a negro. 

"Charge and Specifications Against 0-ta-kle, or Godfrey, a Col- 
ored Man Conected with the Sioux Tribe of Indians. 

"Charge— MURDER. 
"Specification 1. — In this, that the said 0-ta-kle, or Godfrey, a 
colored man, did, at or near New Ulm, Minnesota, on or about the 
19th day of August, 1862, join a war party of the Sioux tribe of In- 
dians against the citizens of the United States, and did with his 
own hand murder seven white men, women, and children (more or 
less), peaceable citizens of the United States. 

"Specification 2. — In this, that the said 0-ta-kle, or Godfrey, a 
colored man, did, at various times and places between the 19th of 
August, 1862, and the 28th day of September, 1862, join and partici- 
pate in the murders and massacre committed by the Sioux Indians 
on the Minnesota frontier. By order of 

"Col. H. H. Sibley, Com. Mil. Expedition. 
"S. H. Fowler, Lt. Col., State Militia, A. A. A. G. 



138 THE DAILY TELEGRAPH-HERALD'S 

"Mary Woodbury, ^ 

"David Faribalt, Sr., | 

"Mary Swan, (. Witnesses. 

"Bernard La Batte, | 

J 

"Godfrey denied the grave accusation, insisting that tie had been 
forced into the fight on the side of the Indians, and had done noth- 
ing which was not justified by the situation and circumstances. 

"Mary Woodbury testified that she saw him two or three days 
after the outbreak at Little Crow's village with a breecn clout on 
and his legs and face painted for a war party, and that he started 
with one for New Ulm; that he appeared very happy and contented 
with the Indians; was whooping around and yelling, and apparently 
as fierce as any of them. When they came back, there was a 
Wahpeton, named Hunka, who told witness that the negro was the 
bravest of all; that he led them into a house and clubbed the in- 
mates with a hatchet; and that she was standing in the prisoner's 
tent door and heard the Indians asking him how many he had killed, 
and he said only seven; and that she saw him once, when he started 
off, have a gun, a knife, and a hatchet. 

"Mary Swan and Mattie Williams testified that when the war 
party took them captive, though the prisoner was not armed, he 
appeared to be as much in favor of the outrages as any of the In- 
dians, and made no intimation to the contrary in a conversation the 
witnesses had with him. 

"La Batte knew nothing about him. 

David Faribault, Sr., a half-breed, testified as to his boasting of 
killing seven with a tomahawk, and some more children; but these, 
he said, didn't amount to anything, and he wouldn't count them. 
Witness saw him at the fort and at New Ulm, fighting and acting 
like the Indians, and he never told him (Faribault) that he was 
forced into the outbreak. 

"Godfrey's looks and honest manner led the court to think that 
possibly he was not as 'black' as painted. His voice was soft, his 
face pleasing, and he created much sympathy for himself. It was 
impossible to find anyone who had actually seen him kill a white 
person. His case puzzled the court, but he was finally found not 
guilty of the first specification, but guilty of the charge and second 
specification, and sentenced to be hanged. Accompanymg the sen- 
tence was a recommendation of a commutation of punishment to 
imprisonment for ten years. This was granted by the President of 
the United States. 

"Godfrey possessed an extraordinary memory and gave great aid 
in the trial of the other prisoners. Most of these virtually admitted 
their guilt, though they tried to extenuate what they had done. 



HISTORY OF IOWA AND COUNTY DIRECTORY. 139 

"The most terrible murderer among the lot was Cut Nose. He 
was the leader in most of the massacres and foremost in outrages. 
At Beaver Creek settlement, a party of settlers hurriedly prepared for 
flight. In the wagon huddled a number of helpless women and chil- 
dren, who gathered their shawls about them and covered their heads 
on the approach of the Indians. Two of these held the horses, while 
Cut Nose leaped into the wagon and tomahawked eleven, most of 
them children. An infant was then snatched from its mother's arms 
and riveted to the fence with a bolt taken from the wagon. When 
the infant had expired the mother was mutilated and killed." 

More than four hundred prisoners were tried, of which three hun- 
dred and three were sentenced to death and eighteen to imprison- 
ment. The records of the testimony and sentences of the Indians 
were sent to President Lincoln, who ordered that thirty-eight should 
be executed on the 26th of February, 1863. 

CHAPTER XLVI. 

The condemned were treated with the utmost consideration. 
They were allowed to select their spiritual advisers, to bid good-bye 
to their families, and every possible indulgence was shown to them. 
Some displayed a stoical indifference to their awful situation, while 
others were affected to tears. 

The following details of the last scenes are from the St. Paul 
Press: 

"Late on Thursday night, in company with Lieutenant Colonel 
Marshall, the reporter visited the building occupied by the doomed 
Indians. They were quartered on the ground floor of the three-story 
stone building erected by the late General Leech. 

"They were all fastened to the floor by chains, two by two. 
Some were sitting up, smoking and conversing, while others were 
reclining, covered with blankets and apparently asleep. The half- 
breeds and one or two others only were dressed in citizens' clothes. 
The rest wore the breech clout, leggings, and blankets, and not a few 
were adorned with paint. The majority of them were young men, 
though several were quite old and gray-headed, ranging perhaps 
toward seventy. One was quite a youth, not over sixteen. They all 
appeared cheerful and contented, and scarcely to reflect on the cer- 
tain doom which awaited them. To the gazers, the recollection of 
how short a time since they had been engaged in the diabolical work 
of murdering indiscriminately both old and young, sparing neither 
sex nor condition, sent a thrill of horror through the veins. Now 
they were perfectly harmless, and looked as innocent as children. 
They smiled at your entrance, and held out their hands to be shaken, 
which yet appeared to be gory with the blood of babes. Oh, Treach- 
ery, thy name is Dakota! 



140 THE DAILY TELEGRAPH-HERALD'S 

"Father Ravoux spent the whole night among the doomed ones, 
talking with them concerning their fate, and endeavoring to impress 
upon them a serious view of the subject. He met with some suc- 
cess, and during the night several were baptized and received the 
communion of the church. 

"At daylight the reporter was there again. That good man, 
Father Ravoux, was still with them, also Rev. Dr. Williamson, and 
whenever either of these worthy men addressed them they were 
listened to with marked attention. The doomed ones wished it to 
he known to their friends, and particularly their wives and children, 
how cheerful and happy they all had died, exhibiting no fear of this 
dread event. To the skeptical, it appeared not as an evidence of 
Christian faith, but a steadfast adherence to their heathen super- 
stitions. 

"They shook hands with the officers who came in among them, 
bidding them good-bye as if they were going on a long and pleasant 
journey. They had added some fresh streaks of vermilllon and ultra- 
marine to their countenances as their fancy suggested, evidently 
intending to fix themselves off as gayly as possible for the coming 
exhibition. They commenced singing their death song, Tazoo lead- 
ing, and nearly all joining. It was wonderfully exciting. 

"At half past seven all persons were excluded from the room 
except those necessary to help prepare the prisoners for their doom. 
Under the superintendence of Major Brown and Captain Redfield 
their irons were knocked off, and one by one they were tied by 
cords, their elbows being pinioned behind and the wrists in front, but 
about six inches apart. This operation occupied until about nine 
o'clock. In the meantime, the scene was much enlivened by their 
songs and conversation, keeping up the most cheerful appearance. 
As they were being pinioned, they went around the room shaking 
hands with the soldiers and reporters, bidding them 'good-bye,' etc. 
White Dog requested not to be tied, and said that he could keep 
his hands down; but, of course, his request could not be complied 
with. He said that Little Crow, Young Six, and Big Eagle's brother 
got them into the war, and now he and others are to die for it. 
After all were properly fastened, they stood up in a row around the 
room, and another exciting death song was sung. They then sat 
down very quietly, and commenced smoking again. Father Ravoux 
came in, and after addressing them a few moments, knelt in prayer, 
reading from a prayer book in the Dakota language, which a portion 
of the coidemned repeated after him. During this ceremony nearly 
all paid the most strict attention, and several were affected even to 
tears. • He then addressed them again, first in Dakota, then in 
French, which was interpreted by Baptiste Campbell, one of the con- 
demned half-breeds. The caps were then put on their heads. These 



HISTORY OF IOWA AND COUNTY DIRECTORY. 141 

were made of white muslin, taken from the Indians when their 
camps were captured, and which had formed part of the spoils they 
had taken from the murdered traders. They were made long, and 
looked like a meal sack, but, being rolled up, only came down to the 
forehead, and allowed their painted faces yet to be seen. 

"They received these evidences of their near approach to death 
with evident dislike. When they had been adjusted on one or two, 
they looked around on the others who had not yet received them 
with an appearance of shame. Chains and cords had not moved 
them — their wear was not considered dishonorable — but this covering 
of the head with a white cap was humiliating. There was no more 
singing and but little conversation now. All sat around the room, 
most of them in a crouched position, awaiting their doom in silence, 
or listening to the remarks of Father Ravoux, who still addressed 
them. Once in a while they brought their small looking glasses be- 
fore their faces to see that their countenances yet preserved the 
proper modicum of paint. The three half-breeds were the most 
affected of all, and their dejection of countenance was truly pitiful 
to behold. 

"At precisely ten o'clock the condemned were marshaled in a 
procession, and, headed by Captain Redfield, marched out into the 
street and directly across through files of soldiers to the scaffold 
which had been erected in front, and were delivered to the oflicer 
of the day, Captain Burt. They went eagerly and cheerfully, even 
crowding and jostling each other to be ahead, just like a lot of 
hungry boarders rushing to dinner in a hotel. The soldiers who were 
on guard in their quarters stacked arms and followed them, and they, 
in turn, were followed by the clergy, reporters, etc. 

"As they commenced the ascent of the scaffold, the death song 
was again started, and when they had all got up, the noise they 
made was truly hideous. It seemed as if pandemonium had broken 
loose. It had a wonderful effect in keeping up their courage. One 
young fellow, who had been given a cigar by one of the reporters 
just before marching from their quarters, was smoking it on the 
stand, puffing away very coolly during the intervals of the hideous 
'Hi-yi-yi, hi-yi-yi,' and even after the cap was drawn over his face 
he managed to get it over his mouth and smoked. Another was 
smoking his pipe. The noose having been promptly adjusted over 
the necks of each by Captain Libby, all was ready for the fatal signal. 
"The scene at this juncture was one of awful interest, A painful 
and breathless suspense held the vast crowd, which had assembled 
from all quarters to witness the execution. 

"Three slow, measured, and distinct beats on the drum by Major 
Brown, who had been announced as signal officer, and the rope was 
cut by Mr. Duly (the same who killed Lean Bear, and whose family 



142 THE DAILY TELEGRAPH-HERALD'S 

were attacked), the scoffald fell, and thirty-seven lifeless bodies were 
left dangling between heaven and earth. One of the ropes was 
broken, and the body of Rattling Runner fell to the ground. The 
neck had probably been broken, as but little signs of life were ob- 
served; but he was immediately hung up again. While the signal beat 
was being given, numbers were seen to clasp the hands of their neigh- 
bors, which, in several instances, continued to be clasped till the 
bodies were cut down. 

"As the platform fell, there was one not loud but prolonged cheer 
from the soldiery and citizens who were spectators, and then all 
were quiet and earnest witnesses of the scene. For so many, there 
was little suffering; the necks of all, or nearly all, were evidently 
dislocated by the fall and the after-struggling was slight. The scaf- 
fold fell at a quarter past ten o'clock, and in twenty minutes the 
bodies had all been examined by Surgeons Le Boutillier, Sheardown, 
Finch, Clark, and others, and life pronounced extinct. 

"The bodies were then cut down, placed in four army wagons, and, 
attended by Company K as a burial party, and under the command 
of Lieutenant Colonel Marshall, were taken to the grave prepared 
for them among the willows on the sand bar nearly in front of the 
town. They were all deposited in one grave thirty feet in length by 
twelve in width, and four feet deep, being laid on the bottom in two 
rows, with their feet together and their heads to the outside. They 
were simply covered with their blankets and the earth thrown over 
them. The other condemned Indians were kept close in their quar- 
ters, where they were chained and not permitted to witness the exe- 
cution." 

CHAPTER XLVII. 

On the 28th day of June, 1877, the Republican State convention 
met at Des Moines and nominated John H. Gear for Governor. 

A resolution expressing confidence in the ability and integrity of 
President Hayes and approving of his southern policy was defeated. 

The Greenback party held its State convention at Des Moines 
uly 12, nominating for Governor, D. P. Stubbs. Its platform re- 
affirmed previous platforms, and also the prohibitory liquor law. 

The Democratic party held its State convention at Marshalltown 
on the 20th of August, and placed in nomination for Governor John 
P. Irish. 

The two declarations were in favor of greenbacks in place of 
National Bank bills, indorsement of the policy of the President in- 
the Southern States, the equal taxation of every species of property 
according to its value and equal protection to labor and capital. 

The State Temperance convention met at Oskaloosa on the 30th 
of August and nominated Elias Jessup for Governor, making no 
other nominations. It passed a large number of resolutions in favor 



HISTORY OF IOWA AND COUNTY DIRECTORY. 143 

of promoting temperance by State and National legislation and in- 
dorsed woman suffrage. 

The election resulted in the choice of the entire Republican 
ticket, by a plurality of about 42,000. 

The annual convention of the Woman's Suffrage Society was 
held in Des Moines on the 24th of October. Among the resolutions 
adopted were the following: 

"Whereas, the ballot is necessary to uphoot many evils which 
afflict society; and, whereas, women are deprived of this potent, 
silent power; therefore. Resolved, That it is not the duty of women 
to contribute to the support of the clergy who oppose their enfran- 
chisement. 

Whereas, Congress has enfranchised the negro, alien and ex- 
rebel; and. Whereas, Women are as intelligent as the aforesaid 
classes; therefore, Resolved, That the citizens of the State unite in 
a petition to Congress for a sixteenth amendment to the Constitution 
of the United States, giving women also the ballot upon equal terms 
with men." 

The annual session of the State Grange was held at Des Moines, 
beginning on the 11th of October, and continuing four days. Among 
the resolutions passed were the following: 

Resolved, That the State Grange favors the repeal of the re- 
sumption act and the remonetization of silver and the repeal of the 
National Bank act, and asks the General Assembly to memorialize 
Congress to shape the financial policy of the country in accordance 
with this resolution. We are in favor of the following changes in our 
laws: To abolish the grand jury, to compel litigants to give security 
for cost, to tax the whole cost of jury to the losing party, to fix by 
law the fee of attorneys appointed by the court to defend criminals, 
to regulate the compensation of shorthand reporters, to abolish the 
office of county superintendent, to compel sheriffs to report their 
fees as other county officers. 

On the 28th of August, 1877, the country in the vicinity of Des 
Moines was visited by one of the heaviest rainfalls ever experienced 
in Iowa. It commenced about 3 o'clock in the morning. The dark- 
ness was intense and the rain came down in torrents. Nine miles 
east of Des Moines the Rock Island railroad crosses Little Four Mile 
Creek, ordinarily a small stream. At the railroad bridge the banks 
are some thirty feet above the bed of the creek. In this vicinity 
there seemed to have been a cloudburst. The entire surface of the 
prairie was covered by the flood. Every ravine was filled with a tor- 
rent. The continuous roar of thunder, blinding flashes of lightning, 
the dense darkness and the rushing water combined to make the 
night hideous. The mail and passenger train from Chicago which 
was due at Des Moines at half past three in the morning was coming 



144 THE DAILY TELEGRAPH-HERALD'S 

at a speed of thirty miles an hour. It consisted of a baggage car, 
a mail car, one of Bamum's advertising cars, a smoker, two pas- 
senger coaches and a sleeper. The engineer, Jack Rakestraw, was a 
veteran in the service familiar with the route, but evidently had no 
thought of danger on this part of the line. Suddenly the headlight 
flashed upon a wild, roaring torrent carrying trees and floodwood 
on its angry current. There was no time for thought. The train was 
on the very brink of the flood and instantly took a leap into the 
chasm. The engineer was crushed beneath the locomotive as it 
struck the opposite shore and turned over, sinking deep into the mud 
and water. Abran Trucks, the fireman, was thrown into the flood 
on the west shore. When he recovered consciousness he saw the 
train crushed and piled in an awful wreck. Dazed and helpless the 
fireman stood for a moment; then realizing that he was alone on the 
west shore and could not cross and help the wounded and drowning, 
or to give the alarm to any of the inhabitants in the vicinity, he 
started in the darkness and through the flooded country for Des 
Moines to procure help. In the meantime the passengers in the 
sleepers had been rudely thrown from their berths by the shock of 
the wreck, and happily found their car standing safely on the track, 
on the very brink of the chasm. Some ran back to Altoona, about two 
miles distant, while others made desperate and heroic efforts to drag 
the crushed and drowning passengers from the wreck. 

Every effort possible was made to extricate groaning and shriek- 
ing women, children and men from where they were held in the vice- 
like grip of broken and twisted iron and timbers of the telescoped 
wrecks of the cars. But it was not until a wrecking train arrived two 
hours after the ruin was wrought that all of the victims were extri- 
cated from the piles of ruins. Seventeen lifeless forms were placed 
on the banks of the creek. Thirty-eight other passengers of the ill- 
fated train were crushed, bruised or mangled in various degrees, 
three of whom died. Many were maimed or crippled for life. The 
bridge had gone down in the flood before the train reached the creek 
and two other railroad bridges between that and Des Moines were 
swept away by the same flood, so that the train was doomed to de- 
struction in any event. 

"^ The amount of public lands granted and certified to the State, 
for various puropses, up to 1878, was more than 8,000,000 acres, or 
nearly one-fourth of the entire area of the State. Of this amount 
4,400,000 acres were granted to aid in building railroads and in im- 
proving the navigation of the Des Moines River. One million five 
hundred and fifty thousand acres had been granted for the support 
of the public schools; 204,000 acres for the State Agricultural Col- 
lege; 1,570,000 acres of swamp land. 



HISTORY OF IOWA AND COUNTY DIRECTORY. 145 

The report of the Auditor of State for the year ending Nov. 1, 

1877, shows some interesting facts: 

The number of cattle assessed wos 1,452,546, valued at $14,898,- 
841; number of swine over six months, 1,645,708, value, $3,899,301. 
The number of horses was 659,385, valued at $20,100,263; mules, 42,- 
877, value, $1,670,154. The loss to farmers of swine from cholera 
this year was reported at 3,500,000, or nearly as much as the total 
value of thise remaining. The number of sheep in the State in 1877 
was but 318,439, showing a decrease in the ten years from 1867 of 
1,197,787, which was claimed to arise largely from the severe losses 
by dogs, rendering sheep raising so hazardous as to be unprofitable. 

In 1881 ther was living on the East side of the Des Moines 
River in Boone County, near the track of the Northwestern railway, 
the widow of Mr. Shelly, who had been killed in a railway wreck. 
Her eldest daughter, Kate, was about fifteen years of age. On the 
night of the 6th of July a terrific storm of wind and rain swept 
over that region. Honey Creek, ordinarily a small stream coming 
from the prairie south and west of the town of Boone, winds its 
way through the forest in a westerly direction, emptying into the Des 
Moines River not far from the railroad bridge which was first built 
across the river near the coal town of Moingona. The banks of the 
river are quite high. The grade of the railroad, down the valley of 
Honey Creek, descends rapidly and not far from the Shelly cabin 
the track crosses the creek. 

On this night the members of the Shelly family were aroused 
from their sleep by the roaring torrent of Honey Creek, which was 
rushing by the cabin with the force and volume of a small river. 
U^on striking a light they saw that it was about time for a freight 
train to pass. Suddenly they heard the rumble of the train and then 
a fearful crash of timbers and a wild cry for help. They realized at 
once that the train had gone down into the flood with the wreck of 
the bridge spanning the creek near the cabin. Lighting a lantern 
Kate started in the direction of the bridge with the fierce storm 
beating in her face. The darkness was so great that she could see 
nothing, but guided by the noise of the roaring torrent she reached 
the bridge. Where the flood was roaring by she soon discovered the 
wreck of the train which had gone down with the bridge, and heard 
the shout of the engineer who was clinging to the limb of a project- 
ing tree which had been partly uprooted by the flood. He was the 
sole survivor and it was impossible for Kate to cross to his aid, 
but he assured her that he was out of danger. Both knew that the 
night express from the west would soon be due and realized the ter- 
rible fate that awaited it, unless warned of the fallen bridge. The 
engineer could not cross the raging flood to go on his mission, and so 
brave Kate Shelly hesitated not a moment but turned her face to- 



146 THE DAILY TELEGRAPH-HERALD'S 

wards the river. The fierce wind and driving rain beat in her face 
and nearly carried her off her feet. The lantern was soon extinguish- 
ed. It was a mile through the dense forest to the river with a long, 
high lailroad bridge to cross before she could reach the Moingona 
I ;egraph office where warning could be sent to the approaching train. 
Hun y lug on with all the strength she could summon, she at last 
reached the railroad brodge, four hundred feet in length and fifty 
feet above the river. The tempest was now at its worst; there was 
no floor on the bridge, the rails resting on the cross ties. It was im- 
possible for the girl to stand at that height against the fierce gale 
that swept over it, and on her hands and knees and with the wild 
gale beating in her face she slowly made her way over the ties until 
the farther shore was reached. Lacerated and exhausted as she 
was, sufficient strength remained to enable her to reach the telegraph 
office, half a mile farther and give the alarm. Almost overcome by 
the unparalleled exertions, she had scarcely strength to rouse the 
agent and tell him of the impending danger before she sank helpless 
and fainting. Instantly a message flashed over the wire carrying 
warning to the rpproaching train which was fortunately reached 
barely in time to avert a greater horror than has ever yet overtaken 
an Iowa railroad. As the train halted at the little station, the last 
before the wrecked bridge, the passengers learning of their narrow 
escape from destruction hastily gathered about the brave little Irish 
girl attempting to express some measure of their gratitude to her 
for saving them from a fate too awful to contemplate. As her heroic 
deed became known through the press, the storj of that fearful night 
adventure was told in every portion of the country and the name of 
Kate Shelly became as widely known as that of any famous woman 
of modern times. The Northwestern railroad made her a small gift 
in acknowledgment of her action. The Iowa Legislature, at the ses- 
sion in 1882, made an appropriate recognition of the self-sacrificing 
efforts of the obscure little heroine, by authorizing the Senator and 
Representative from Boone County, together with the Governor of 
the State, to procure and present to the brave girl a gold medal 
with an inscription commemorating the act, with two hundred dollars 
in money. The Legislature also placed on record a vote of thanks 
for her heroic and humane deed. 

CHAPTER XLVIII. 

A contest had, for many years, been going on between the farm- 
ers of the West and one Greene, who had procured a patent on a 
method of making wells by driving an iron tube into the earth. By 
virtue of this patent he and his associates claimed the right to col- 
lect a royalty of ten dollars from every person in the United States 
who used a well made by driving a tube into the ground. This kind 



HISTORY OF IOWA AND COUNTY DIRECTORY. 147 

of well had been in use in various parts of the country for a gen- 
eration. Encouraged by some of the early decisions of the court, in 
granting the broad claims to the first patentees of barbed wire, the 
Greene combination saw an immense fortune for them if a similar 
decision could be obtained for the drive well patents. With the aid 
of good lawyers such a decision was obtained and the crusade against 
the users of drive wells was inaugurated. Many well owners paid 
the demand rather than be forced into expensive litigation. Others 
took counsel and formed associations similar to the one which in 
Iowa was fighting the barbed wire battles. Then began one of the 
most determined conflicts in the courts known in the history of litiga- 
tion in the State. An association of farmers in Buchanan, Black 
Hawk, Butler and Fayette counties was organized to carry on the 
litigation and meet the expenses. A similar one had been organized 
in New Jersey which was making a vigorous fight. The Iowa farm- 
ers employed Jed Lake, a talented lawyer and vigorous fighter, to 
defend them against the Greene combination. 

In May, 1883, in a case tried in the United States District Court 
of Iowa, before Judges Shiras and Love, the court held that the 
patent of Greene was void on two grounds. First, that Greene had 
slept upon his rights in that he did not apply for a patent until the 
device had for a long time been before the public. Second, that a 
fatal defect in his patent was found in the fact that the reissue em- 
braced an important principle not found in the original application 
for a patent and was consequently void. This was a most sweepign 
decision and left the patent combination no ground to stand upon. 
The well owners over the entire country at once refused to pay 
claims and the Greene combination had but one hope of continuing 
the extortions so long practiced by threats and intimidation. The 
case was taken to the United States Supreme Court in the hope 
that this decision would be reversed or that the farmers would be 
unable to continue the expensive litigation. One hundred and sev- 
enty-five suits had been brought against the farmers in the four 
counties mentioned, and one hundred and twenty of them were 
defended by Lake and Harmon for the Association. The money 
was raised and the cases were ably presented in the Supreme Court. 
In 1887 the final decision was rendered in which the decision of the 
United States District Court was affirmed and the so-called patents 
declared invalid. 

It was estimated thta this decision saved to the farmers of Iowa, 
who were owners of drive wells, not less than $2,000,000; while the 
heavy expense for carrying on the litigation for nine years had been 
borne by one hundred and twenty farmers of moderate means. Too 
much credit cannot be awarded the courageous and public spirited 
citizens who fought this great battle against an extortion of such 



148 THE DAILY TELEGRAPH-HERALD'S 

magnitude in which the farmers of the entire country were deeply 
interested. In Minnesota the Legislature made an appropriation of 
$7,500 to enable the farmers of that State to resist the claim, but in 
Iowa the entire expense fell upon a few private citizens. 

The legal questions involved in the drive well suits were in many 
respects similar to those raised in the barbed wire contests. The 
final triumph of the people in both cases was far reaching, as an ad- 
verse decision would have enabled the combinations to have extorted 
for many years an annual tax upon the farmers of the entire country 
that would have reached high up into the millions and gone to en- 
rich a few eastern capitalists. 

CHAPTER XLIX. 

The last message of Governor Larrabee showed a better financial 
condition for the State than had existed for several years. The 
public debt, which in January, 1886, had amounted to $817,857.35, 
had been reduced to $39,388.33 The assessed value of property of the 
State was now $516,509,409. The Governor strongly recommended the 
abolition of corporal punishment in the public schools as a relic of 
barbarism. The permanent fund of the State University at this 
time was $226,899; and the annual income derived from it the past 
two years, $31,119. The receipts from the Agricultural College from 
the endowment fund for the same period were $94,130. The endow- 
ment fund at this time amounted to $649,306, most of which was in- 
vested in mortgages drawing interest from seven to eight per cent. 
The total agricultural products of the State for 1889 were stated to 
be worth $134,060,725. 

Governor Larrabee reviewed the working of the new railroad 
laws enacted by the last Legislature in which he said: 

"Experience has now demonstrated the wisdom and justice of 
the measure. The commissioners proceeded under the law to prepare 
a schedule of rates for the roads, having in view the general pros- 
perity of the State. The roads have never been so crowded with 
business as at present, nor has the service over been more satisfac- 
tory to the people. It is now admitted that our present local freight 
rates are more equitable than any previously in force in the State 
and it offords me pleasure to say that there is at present but little 
friction between the railroad companies and the people. The gross 
earnings of the railroads of the State for the year ending June 30, 
1889, were $37,469,276, being an increase of $193,689 over the preced- 
ing year. It must be evident to the impartial observer that the legis- 
lation of the Twenty-second General Assembly has had most gratify- 
ing results. 

"Railroads have been called into being by the people to pro- 
mote the common welfare and the State can tolerate neither usurpa- 



HISTORY OP IOWA AND COUNTY DIRECTORY. 149 

tion of power nor conspiracy on the part of its creatures. We are 
building for the future and the importance of keeping intact those 
principles which lie at the foundation of every government of, for 
and by the people cannot be overestimated." 

Governor Larrabee's message clearly reviewed the lengthened 
conflict which had been going on between the railroad managers and 
the people for more than twenty years. Numerous attempts had been 
made during this period to bring the corporations directly under legis- 
lative control but without success. The co-operation of the Governor 
and the Twenty-second General Assembly had at last brought a rem- 
edy for most of the extortions of the railroads which had long op- 
pressed the people. The legislation of that General Assembly, which 
had been strongly urged by the Governor in devising and applying 
the control by law to these corporations, has stood the test of time 
and the courts. It has become the settled policy of the State, has in- 
flicted no wrong upon the railroads and has been of inestimable 
benefit to the people. The evil effects of attempts to influence public 
officials with free passes still remains so strongly intrenched that all 
attempts to eradicate that dangerous form of bribery have failed. 

The Governor made a powerful argument in his retiring message 
for the maintenance and enforcement of the prohibitory laws and 
against the estamlishment of legalized saloons in Iowa by any kind 
of license. He states the following facts in support of his position: 

"While the number of convicts in the country at large rose from 
one in every 3,442 of population in 1850 to one in every 860 in 1880, 
the ratio in Iowa at the present time is only one to every 3,130. The 
jails of many counties are now empty a good portion of the year 
and the number of convicts in our penitentiaries has been reduced 
from 750 in March, 1886, to 604 July 1, 1889. It is the testimony of 
the judges of our courts that criminal expenses have diminished 
in liEe proportion. We have fewer paupers and tramps in our State 
in proportion to its population than ever before. The poorer classes 
have better fare, better clothing, better schooling and better houses. 
. . . . It is safe to say that not one-tenth and probably not one- 
twentieth as much liquor is consumed in the State as was five years 
ago. The standard of temperance has been greatly raised, even in 
those cities where the law has not yet been enforced. The present 
law was enacted in response to a popular demand, as evidenced by a 
majority of nearly 30,000 votes cast in favor of the prohibitory 
amendment. Had the women of lawful age been permitted to vote, 
the majority would probably have been more than 200,000. It is the 
duty of the legislative power to respect the rights of all citizens of 
the commonwealth, of non-voters as well as of voters. If provision 
were made for suspending for gross negligence such officers as are 
charged with the enforcement of the law and ample funds were 



150 THE DAILY TELEGRAPH-HERALD'S 

placed at the command of the Governor to aid prosecutions, the 
saloon would soon be a thing of the past in Iowa." 

In his inaugural address. Governor Boies made a strong plea for 
a license law to be adopted by such localities as preferred it to pro- 
hibition. He believed that the people in the recent election had by 
a considerable majority declared for such a change in the liquor laws 
and that the Legislature was bound to respect this verdict. The 
Governor said: 

"The people have not undertaken to deprive any locality in the 
State where public sentiment upholds it, of our present prohibitory 
law or its equivalent. They have simply declared that each city, 
town or township shall have the right to determine for itself whether 
it will be governed by the prohibitory law or by a carefully guarded 
license law. Those who believe in this decision and feel it their 
duty to respect it cannot rightfully aepart from the letter of that de- 
cision as it was made. . . . The license law which is to supercede 
prohibition must be all that has been promised. We are bound in 
honor to furnish for localities adopting it a most carefully guarded 
license law. . . . The greatest care should be exercised to take 
the traflac out of the hands of immoral and irresponsible parties. Ev- 
ery safeguard should be thrown about those who are in this respect 
legitimate subjects of legal control. A wilful sale to a minor or 
drunkard should be cause for revoking a license. What Iowa needs 
is practical legislation on this subject, legislation that is broad 
enough to meet the views of more than a single class, that is liberal 
enough to command the respect of all her people, that is generous 
enough to invite to her borders every class of respectable persons, 
that is just enough to protect the person and property of every one 
of her citizens and wise enough to exercise a practical control over a 
traflac that today is unrestrained in most of her centers of popula- 
tion." 

All efforts to enact a local option license law in accord with the 
recommendation of Governor Boies failed. 

CHAPTER L. 

On the afternoon of July 6, 1893, on the west side of the Little 
Sioux River, Cherokee County, the people observed a dark cloud 
lying low in the western horizon. When first seen it presented no 
unusual appearance, but as it slowly arose, with varying currents ot 
air frequently shifting sudenly, angry clouds were seen in the south- 
west approaching another swiftly moving cloud from the northwest 
which seemed to be driven by a strong wind. The distant roar of 
thunder and sharp flashes of lightning indicated the gathering of a 
severe storm. Tht two light-colored swiftly moving clouds soon 
came together and a great commotion was observed. Soon the fuu- 



HISTORY OF IOWA AND COUNTY DIRECTORY. 151 

nel shape indicating a tornado descended towards the earth and a 
distant roar was heard. In Rock township, where two women were 
killed, the iron bridge over the Sioux, a 120-foot span, was hurled 
from its piers into the river. As the storm neared the Buena Vista 
County line the cloud lifted for several miles and no damage was 
done, when it again descended to the earth and destruction again 
began. It crossed the county about half a mile south of the town 
of Storm Lake, plowing through the waters of the lake, raising a 
waterspout nearly a hundred feet in height and wrecking a steam- 
boat. The tornado kept nearly parallel with the Illinois Central rail- 
road and far enough south of it to miss the villages along its line 
until Pomeroy, in Calhoun County, was reached. Several miles west 
of the town it is described as presenting an appearance quite similar 
to that observed when first discovered in Cherokee County. A steady 
roar was heard and great masses of white clouds were rushing 
swiftly together from the northwest and southwest. Where they 
seemed to come in violent collision, a dense mass of inky black vapor 
in violent commotion was forming into elongated trunks dropping 
down towards the earth, one of which reached and trailed upon the 
ground, swaying back and forth, while the others bounded up and 
down as they swung along like the trunk of an elephant. The one 
reaching the ground seemed to be sweeping everything in its path — 
trees, fences, buildings and animals were raised into the vortex, then 
hurled with terrific force back to the earth. Cattle and horses 
crouched to the ground in terror and the hogs tried to bury them- 
selves in strawstacks. Within and along the surface of the storm 
cloud there was an incessant play of electricity and fearful jagged 
bolts shot out of the white clouds on either side of the black mass 
from which the tongues depended. As seen from Pomeroy the sky 
was a fearful sight to behold. Clouds of inky blackness filled the 
entire west, rolling and swaying in wild commotion. One cloud came 
from the northwest and united with another moving from the south- 
west and trailing beneath the place of collision was the black, whirl- 
ing column dragging upon the earth, from which came a continuous 
discharge of electricity. 

The heavy and incessant roar of the approaching storm seemed 
to make the earth tremble. Persons just outside of its track de- 
scribed the tornado as it struck the town as a rolling, writhing mass 
of a greenish blackness through which thousands of tongues of 
electric flame were darting. There was one wild crash and all was 
blackness and desolation where but a moment before Pomeroy stood. 
For a few moments every survivor seemed dazed and not a living 
form or a building could be seen in the ruins. The shrieks of the 
wounded and cries for help were heard on every side. Roused to a 
realization of the calamity that had suddenly come upon the town, 



152 THE DAILY TELEGRAPH-HERALD'S 

the survivors hastened to rescue the wounded from the wrecks of 
their homes. For four hours they worked with the energy of despair 
amid rain, hail and gathering darkness, guided by the cries and 
groans of the sufferers imprisoned by falling timbers and crippled 
by ghastly wounds, not ceasing until all were cared for. All through 
the night search among the ruins for the dead went on as assistance 
from the surrounding country and neighboring towns came. 

Dr. D. J. Townsend, one of the physicians who was prominent 
upon attending the wounded, gives a vivid description of the peculiar 
character of the injuries that came under his observation. He says: 

"The wounds were not of a class that were met with in any 
other calamity than a tornado. The tissues were bruised, punctured, 
incised, lacerated, with the addition of having foreign matter of 
every conceivable kind literally ground into the flesh and broken off 
in such a manner that no matter how proficient the surgeon, they 
would escape his notice. Inflammation and pain in a certain region 
did not always justify exploratory incisions, as many were contused 
from one end of the body to the other. The dirt and sand were 
plastered upon and into the skin in such a manner that it was ex- 
tremely difficult to remove them." 

Such was the terrible nature of the injuries that had suddenly 
come upon more than a hundred people. From a population of more 
than a thousand but twenty-one families were left with no dead or 
wounded of their own to care for. The dead in the village numbered 
forty-two the day after the tornado. 

Governor Boies issued an appeal for aid and the people of the 
State responded generously, not only furnishing all the temporary as- 
sistance needed but sufficient to rebuild the homes destroyed and to 
supply furniture, clothing and food. Besides providing a large amount 
of lumber, provisions and clothing, nearly $70,000 in money was con- 
tributed for relief of the sufferers. The total number of deaths from 
the tornado along its entire path of about one hundred miles was 
seventy-one in all, of which there were in Cherokee County twelve, 
in Buena Vista six, in Pocahontas four, in and around Pomeroy in 
Calhoun County, forty-nine. 

On the 11th of July, 1896, there occurred a collision of trains on 
the main line of the Chicago & Northwestern railway near Logan, in 
Harrison County, the most destructive to human life that has ever 
been known within the State. 

From an investigation made by the Railway Commissioners, the 
following facts were gathered: The Society of Union Pacific Pio- 
neers of Nebraska had arranged for a special train to carry the 
members and their families to the number of 1,200 on an excursion 
to Logan. There were sixteen passenger coaches filled with men, 
women and children. When the party was ready to return the train 



HISTORY OF IOWA AND COUNTY DIRECTORY. 153 

was on a side track at Logan about 6:40 p. m., awaiting the regular 
east-bound passenger train to pass that point, as it does not stop at 
Logan. This train came on time and carried a signal that another 
train was following it. Disregarding this danger signal the engineer 
and conductor of the excursion train started out on the main track 
and at a curve at about a quarter of a mile west of Logan collided 
with the east-bound fast mail train running at a speed of thirty-five 
miles an hour. The shock was terrible as the heavy engines struck 
each other and a moment later cries and groans of the mutilated pas- 
sengers arose from the wreck of the crowded cars of the excursion 
train. Men, women and children were crushed and mangled beneath 
the broken and twisted fragments of wood and iron in an awful scene 
of confusion, terror and agony that defies description. Twenty-seven 
persons were killed and thirty-two injured, some of them fatally. 
The citizens of Logan rendered every assistance in their power and 
were untiring in their efforts to relieve the suffering. The Railway 
Commissioners made an investigation of the affair and found the 
facts as here stated. 

At the state election November S, 1904, 

Theodore Roosevelt, the Republican candidate for President, re- 
ceived 307,907 votes; 

Alton B. Parker, the Democratic candidate received 149,141 votes; 

Silas C. Swallow, Prohibition candidate received 11,601 votes; 

Eugene V. Debs, Socialist candidate received 14,837 votes; and 

Thomas E. Watson, the People's candidate received 2,207 votes. 

On the question of biennial elections and redistricting the state 
the vote was in the affirmative. 



CHAPTER LI. 



Parliamentary Rules and Usages. 



The following are the complete rules, in a plain and compact 
form, for conducting a public meeting: 

Quorum. — A quorum is a sufficient number of the members of an 
association to legally transact business. Unless a quorum is present 
no business is in order, except to adjourn. A majority of the mem- 
bers constitutes a natural quorum, but the by-laws of the association 
may prescribe a smaller number. 

The Chairman. — It is the duty of the chairman to open the meet- 
ing at the time fixed upon, by taking the chair, calling the house to 
order, to announce the business before the house in the order in 
which it is to be acted upon; to receive and submit all motions; to 
put to vote all questions which are regularly moved, or which neces- 
sarily arise in the course of proceedings, and to announce the result; 
to restrain every one, when engaged in a debate, within the rules of 
order; to enforce the observance of order and decorum; to appoint 
committees; to authenticate by his signature, when necessary, all 
the acts and proceedings of the house, and generally to declare its 
will. 

He may speak to points of order in preference to others; shall 
decide all questions of order, and if the house is evenly divided he 
may give the casting vote, in doing which he may, if he pleases, give 
his reasons. 

The Clerk. — It is the duty of the clerk or secretary to keep cor- 
rect minutes of the proceedings of the house; to read all papers when 
ordered, and for this purpose he should always rise; to call the roll, 
and state the answer when a vote is taken by yeas and nays; to have 
the custody of all papers and documents, and to authenticate the acts 
and proceedings of the house by his signature. 

Committees. — Standing committees sit permanently; special com- 
mittees perform only some particular duty, when they are discharged. 
The person first named is usually regarded as chairman, but this i& 
only a matter of courtesy; every committee has a right to select its 
own chairman. Custom, however, has practically taken away this 
right, and it is considered bad form to elect any other person than the 
first named as chairman. The mover of a motion to commit, should 
be placed on the committee and first named, except where the matter 
committed concern him personally. In the appointment of the com- 
mittee no person directly opposed to the measure committed should be 



PARLIAMENTARY RULES AND USAGES. 155 

named, and when any person who is thus opposed to same, hears 
himself named of its committee he should ask to be excused. 

The chair appoints all committees. Committees do not adjourn, 
but, when they have concluded their deliberations, should rise and 
report. The report should be presented by the chairman. When the 
report is received the committee is dissolved and cannot act further 
without new power. 

Any committee required or entitled to report upon a subject re- 
ferred to them may make a majority and minority report, while any 
member of such committee dissenting in whole or in part, from either 
the conclusion or the reasoning of both the majority and minority, 
may also present a statement of his reasons for such dissent, which 
should be received in connection with the reports. 

The committee of the whole is an expedient to simplify the 
business of legislative bodies. No record is made of its proceedings. 
The presiding officer puts the question, and, if same is carried, ap- 
points some person as chairman and then vacates the chair. 

Motions. — Propositions made to a deliberative assembly are called 
motions; when the proposition is put to vote it is called the question. 
A motion cannot be entertained or the motion put, until the same has 
been seconded. After this it becomes the property of the house, and 
cannot be withdrawn except by leave. It must be in writing when- 
ever the house or presiding officer requires it, and must be read when 
any person demands it for information. 

An exception to the rule requiring a second to a motion is made 
in cases^ when the proposition is to proceed with or to execute an 
order of the house; as where it is moved to proceed with an order 
of the day, or where a call is made for the enforcement of some order 
relating to the observance of decorum. 

No motion can be made while a speaker has the floor, nor while 
another motion is pending, except it be a question of privilege. 

Amendments. — A motion may be amended by inserting or adding 
words, or by striking out and inserting words. An amendment takes 
precedence of the original question and must be first decided. So, 
too, an amendment to an amendment must be decided before the 
amendment. A motion may be made to amend, after which a mo- 
tion will be to amend the amendment, but this is the full limit of the 
rule by which one motion may be put upon another. A motion to 
amend the second amendment is not in order. 

Questions of privilege cannot be amended, except that a motion 
to postpone can be amended as to time. 

The Question. — The question is first to be put on the aflarmative 
and then on the negative side, the vote in most cases being by oral 
response. If there are doubts as to the voice of the majority, any 
one may call for a division. In all cases where the house is equally 



156 THE DAILY TELEGRAPH-HERALD 

divided the question is lost, unless the presiding officer affirms it by 
a casting vote. 

When a division is had, those in the affirmative on the question 
should first rise and be counted, or, if there still be a doubt, or a 
count be called for, the chairman should appoint two tellers, one from 
each side, to make the count and report the same to the chairman, 
who should then declare the same to the house. 

In small matters of routine business of trifling importance such 
as receiving reports, withdrawing motions, etc., the presiding officer 
may suppose the consent of the house where no objection is express- 
ed, and need not give them the trouble of putting the question for- 
mally. 

A question should always be stated by the chair before it is put, 
after which it is open to debate. Questions may be stated by the 
chair while sitting, but he should always rise to put a question, and 
should use substanitally this form: "As many as are of the opinion 
that (as the question may be) will say aye;" and, after the affirmative 
voice is expressed, "As many as are of a contrary opinion, will say 
no." 

After a question has been put it is not debatable, but after the 
affirmative -has been put any person who has not spoken before to 
the question may rise and speak before the negative is put. 

Division of Question. — Any person may call for the division of 
a question if it comprehend propositions, in substance so distinct, 
that, one being taken away, a substantive proposition shall remain for 
decision. 

When a question is divided, after the question on the first part, 
the second is open to debate and amendment. 

Privileged Questions. — When a question is under debate, no mo- 
tion shall be received, except to adjourn; to lay on the table; for the 
previous question; to postpone to a day certain; to commit; to 
amend; to postpone indefinitely. These motions have precedence in 
the order in which they stand arranged, and are called privileged 
questions. 

A motion to adjourn is always in order and takes precedence 
of all other motions, and an order of the day takes the place of all 
questions except adjournment. 

When a matter has been laid on the table it may be taken up 
at any time afterward and considered, but not at the same meeting 
or session at which it was tabled. Frequently this motion is made 
to finally dispose of the matter, and it always has this effect when no 
motion is made to take it up. The proper motion for proceeding with 
a matter that has been ordered to lie on the table, is, that the 
house do now proceed to consider that matter, although it would be 
proper to move that the matter be taken up for consideration. 



PARLIAMENTARY RULES AND USAGES. 157 

There are several questions which, being incidental to every one, 
will take the place of every one, privileged or not; as, a question of 
order arising out of anj- other question must be decided before that 
question. 

A motion for indefinite postponement is generally resorted to in 
order to suppress a question or prevent its coming to vote. 

Previous Question. — When any question is before the house any 
member may move that the question (called the main question) be 
now put, or, as it is usually termed, may move the previous question. 
If it pass in the affirmative, then the main question is to be put im- 
mediately, and no further debate is in order. 

The previous question being moved and seconded, the question 
from the chair should be, "Shall the main question be now put?" If 
the nays prevail the main question remains as the question before 
the house, in the same stage of proceedings as before the previous 
question was moved. 

Equivalent Questions. — Where questions are perfectly equivalent, 
so that the negative of the one amounts to the affirmative of the 
other, and leaves no other alternative, the decision of the one neces- 
sarily concludes the other. Thus the negative of striking out amounts 
to the affirmative of agreeing, and, therefore, to put a question on 
agreeing after that of striking out, would be to put the same question 
in effect twice over. 

Questions of Order. — It is the duty of the chairman to decide all 
questions of order whenever raised. Upon such questions no debate 
or discussion is in order, but if the decision is not satisfactory any 
one may object to it and appeal to the house. On appeal being taken, 
the question should be, "Shall the decision of the chair stand as the 
judgment of the house?" Whereupon the question may be debated 
and discussed the same as any other question. 

Commitment. — Any measure may be referred to a committee, on 
motion. This motion stands in the same degree with the previous 
question and postponement, and, if first made, takes precedence of 
them. A motion to commit may be amended by the substitution of 
one kind of committee for another, or by enlarging or diminishing 
the number of members of the committee, as originally proposed, or 
by instructions to the committee. 

After a measure has been committed and reported, it should not, 
in an ordinary course, be recommitted, but in cases of importance, 
and for special reasons, it is sometimes recommitted, and usually to 
the same committee. 

Reconsideration. — When a motion or question shall have been de- 
termined, either in the affirmative or negative, it is always in order 
for any one who voted with the majority, or in case the vote was 
equally divided, for one who voted in the negative, to move for a 



158 THE DAILY TELEGRAPH-HERALD ' 

reconsideration thereof. Such motion must be made at the same 
meeting at which the former vote was taken. A motion to reconsider, 
being put and lost, cannot be renewed. 

Undebatable Motions. — A motion to adjourn; to lay on the table, 
and a call for the previous question, must be decided without debate. 
And all incidental questions of order, arising' after a motion is made 
for either of the foregoing questions, must be decided, whether to 
appeal or otherwise, without debate. 

Order in Debate. — When a person means to speak, he is to stand 
up in his place, uncovered, and address himself to the chair who 
calls him by name, that all may take notice who it is that speaks. A 
person who is indisposed may be indulged to speak sitting. 

When a person rises to speak, no question is to be put, but he is 
to be heard undisturbed, unless overruled. 

If two or more rise to speak nearly together, the chair deter- 
mines who was first up and calls him by name, whereupon he pro- 
ceeds, unless he voluntarily sits down and yields the floor to the other. 

No one may speak more than twice to the same question without 
the consent of the house, except merely to explain himself in some 
material part of his speech, or to the manner of the words in ques- 
tion, keeping himself to that only and not going into the merits of it. 

If the chairman rises to speak, the person standing must sit 
down, that the chair may be first heard. 

No one is to speak impertinently, or beside the question, or to 
use indecent language against the proceedings of the house; Nor 
should a person in speaking, mention another then present, by his 
name, but should describe by his seat, or as "the gentleman that 
spoke last," or, "on the other side of the question," etc. 

Any one when called to order by another or by the chair, must 
sit down, and not proceed without leave until the question of order 
shall have been decided by the chair. 

While the presiding officer is addressing the house or putting a 
question, no one should cross the floor or leave the room; nor while 
another is speaking, walk between him and the chair. 

Adjournment. — A motion to adjourn is not susceptible of amend- 
ment. If it is desirable to adjourn to any particular place or time, 
this may be accomplished by a previous resolution to that effect. 

CHAPTER LII. 

WHAT CAUSED OUR PRESIDENTS' DEATHS. 
George Washington. — His death was the result of a severe cold 
which brought on acute laryngitis. His death occurred on Dec. 14, 
1799. He was 68 years of age. In accord with the custom then pre- 
vailing the physicians in attendance held a consultation, which re- 
sulted in the decision that bleeding was the proper remedy. The 



HISTORY OF IOWA AND COUNTY DIRECTORY. 159 

quantity of blood to be drawn was fixed at one quart. The vein was 
opened, but as the blood did not run freely the arm was manipulated 
to get the required amount. This was too much for the great man 
and he exclaimed, "For God's sake let me die in peace." These were 
his last words. He was bled to death by physicians who would not 
injure a single hair of his head for worlds. 

John Adams. — He died from old age. He passed away without 
pain on July 4, 1826, aged 91 years. 

Thomas Jefferson — Died at the age of 83, a few hours before 
Adams, on July 4, 1826. His disease was chronic diarrhoea. 

James Madison. — He, too, died of old age, and peacefully, on 
June 28, 1836. He was 85. 

James Monroe at the time of his death, which occurred in the 
73rd year of his age, on July 4, 1831, it was assigned to no other 
cause than enfeebled health. 

John Quincy Adams. — He was stricken with paralysis on Feb. 
11, 1848, while addressing the speaker of the House of Representa- 
tives, being at the time a member of Congress. He died in the 
rotunda of the Capitol. He was 81 years of age. 

Andrew Jackson. — He died on June 8, 1845, 78 years old. He 
suffered from consumption and finally dropsy, which made its ap- 
pearance about six months before his death. 

Martin Van Buren. — He died on July 24, 1862, from a violent at- 
tack of asthma. He was 80. 

William Henry Harrison. — The result of a cold, caught on the 
day of his inauguration. His death occurred on April 4, 1841, a month 
after. He was 68 years of age. 

John Tyler.— He died on Jan. 17, 1862, at the age of 72. We have 
been unable to ascertain the cause of his death. 

James K. Polk. — In the spring of 1849 he was stricken with a 
slight attack of cholera while on a boat going up the Mississippi 
river. Though temporarily relieved, he had a relapse on his return 
home and died on June 15, 1849, aged 54 years. 

Zachary Taylor. — The second President to die in office, is said 
to have partaken immoderately of ice water and iced milk, and cher- 
ries. The result v>''as an attack of cholera morbus. He was 66 years 
old. 

Millard Fillmore. — He died from a stroke of paralysis on March 
8, 1874, in his 74th year. 

Franklin Pierce. — His death was due to abdominal dropsy, and 
occurred on Oct. 8, 1869, in the 65th year of his life. 

James Buchanan. — His death occurred on June 1, 1868, and was 
caused by rheumatic gout. He was 77 years of age. 

Abraham Lincoln. — He was shot by J. Wilkes Booth at Ford's 



160 THE DAILY TELEGRAPH-HERALD 

Theater, Washington, D. C, on April 14, 1865, and died the following 
day, aged 56. 

Andrew Johnson. — He died from a stroke of paralysis July 31, 
1875, aged 67. 

U. S. Grant. — He died of cancer of the tongue, at Mount Mc- 
Gregor, N. Y., July 23, 1885. 

James A Garfield. — Was shot by Charles J. Giteau on July 2, 1881. 
Died Sept. 19, 1881. 

Chester A. Arthur. — Who succeeded Garfield, died suddenly of ap-. 
poplexy in New York City, Nov. 18, 1886. 

Rutherford B. Hayes. — Died Jan. 17, 1893, the result of a severe 
cold contracted in Cleveland, Ohio. 

William McKinley — Was shot by Leon Czolgosz Sept. 4; died Sept. 
14, 1901. 

WEALTH OF OUR PRESIDENTS. 

Washington left an estate valued at over $800,000; John Adams 
died moderately well off. Laving about $75,000; Jefferson died so 
poor that if Congress had not purchased his library at $20,000, he 
would have been a patiper; Madisoa was frugal, and left about 
$150,000; Monroe died so poor that he was buried at the expense 
of his relatives; John Quincy Adams left about $55,000; Jackson 
died worth about $80,000; Van Buren left some $400,000. It is said 
he did not draw his salary while in office, but at the expiration of 
his term of service drew the whole $100,000; Polk left an estate Valued 
at $150,000; Taylor had saved something from his pay while in the 
army, and died worth $150,000; Tyler married a lady of wealth; Fill- 
more was always frugal, and added to his savings by marrying a 
lady of wealth, and was worth about $200,000; Pierce's estate was 
valued at $50,000; Buchanan left $200,000; Lincoln about $75,000; and 
Johnston $50,000; Grant was wealthy, but lost his fortune in the 
Grant & Ward failure; Hayes was always frugal and added to his 
fortune while President; Garfield was only moderately well off, as 
was also Harrison, while Cleveland's fortune is larger than that of 
any of his predecessors; William MoKinley, moderate. 

HOW DEEP TO PLANT CORN. 

The following is the result of an experiment with Indian Corn. 
That which was planted at the depth of 
% inch, sprout appeared in 8 days 

1 inch, sprout appeared in 8i/^ days 

iy2 inches, sprout appeared in 91/^ days 

2 inches, sprout appeared in 10 days 



HISTORY OP IOWA AND COUNTY DIRECTORY. 161 

2l^ inches, sprout appeared in lli^ days 

3 inches, sprout appeared in 12 days 

31/^ inches, sprout appeared in 13 days 

4 inches, sprout appeared in 13 1/^ days 

The more shallow the seed was covered with earth, the more 
rapidly the sprout made its appearance, and the stronger afterward 
was the stalk. The deeper the seed lay, the longer it remained be- 
fore it came to the surface. 

CHAPTER LIII. 

THE FAMOUS CONNECTICUT BLUE LAWS. 

No quaker or dissenter from the established worship of the 
dominion shall be allowed to give a vote for the election of magis- 
trates or any officer. 

No food or lodging shall be afforded to a quaker, adamite or other 
heretic. 

If any person turns quaker, he shall be banished and not suffered 
to return, but upon pain of death. 

No priest shall abide in the dominion; he shall be banished and 
suffer death on his return. Priests may be seized by any one with- 
out a warrant. 

No man to cross a river but with an authorized ferry man. 

No man shall run on the Sabbath-day or walk in his garden or 
elsewhere, except reverently to and from meeting. 

No one shall travel, cook victuals, make beds, sweep house, cut 
hair or shave, on the Sabbath-day. 

No woman shall kiss her child on the Sabbath or fasting day. 

The Sabbath shall begin at sunset on Saturday, 

To pick an ear of corn growing on a neighbor's garden shall be 
deemed theft. 

A person accused of trespass in the night shall be judged guilty 
unless he clear himself by oath. 

When it appears that an accused has confederates, and he re- 
fuses to discover them, he may be racked. 

No one shall buy or sell lands without permission of the select- 
men. 

A drunkard shall have a master appointed by the selectmen, 
who are to debar him the liberty of buying and selling. 

Whoever publishes a lie to the prejudice of his neighbor shall 
sit in the stocks or be whipped fifteen stripes. 

No minister shall keep a school. 

Men stealers shall suffer death. 

Whoever wears cloths trimmed with gold, silver or bone lace, 
above two shillings a yard, shall be presented by the grand jurors, and 
the selectmen shall tax the offender at £300 estate. • 



162 THE DAILY TELEGRAPH-HERALD 

A debtor in prison, swearing he has no estate shall be let out 
and sold to make satisfaction. 

Whoever sets a fire in the woods, and it burns a house, shall 
suffer death; and persons suspected of this crime shall be imprisoned 
without benefit of bail. 

Whoever brings cards or dice into this dominion shall pay a 
fine of £5. 

No gospel minister shall join people in marriage; the magistrate 
only can join in marriage, as they do it with less scandal to Christ's 
church. 

No one shall read common-prayer, keep Christmas or saint days, 
make minced pies, dance, play cards or any instrument of music, ex- 
cept the drum, trumpet and Jews-harp. 

When parents refuse their children convenient marriages, the 
magistrates shall determine the point. 

The selectmen, on finding children ignorant, may take them away 
from their parents and put them into better hands at the expense 
of their parents. 

A man that strikes his wife shall pay a fine of £10; a woman 
that strikes her husband shall be punished as the court directs. 

A wife shall be deemed good evidence against her husband. 

Married persons must live together or be imprisoned. 

No man shall court a maid, in person or by letter, without first 
obtaining consent of her parents — £5 penalty for the first offense; 
£10 for the second; and for the third, imprisonment during the 
pleasure of the court. 

Every male shall have his hair cut round according to a cap. 



THC SEVEN WONDERS OF THE WORLD. 

1. Olympian Zeus, a famous statue by Phidias. 

2. Diana's Temple, at Ephesus was supported by 127 columns, 
each weighing 150 tons. 

3. The Great Pryamid 12 miles from Cairo. Supposed date of 
erection is 2200 years B. C, covering an area when first built of 13 
acres. It is 543 feet high and 693 feet on the siles. Its base covers 
11 acres. Many of the stones are 30 feet long, 4 broad and 3 thick. 
Its central chamber is a room hewn out of the solid stone, 46 feet long, 
16 wide and 23 high. It contains a scarcophagus, probably of the 
builder. 

4. The Colossus of Rhodes, a brass statue 105 feet in height 
spanned the harbor with its feet, beneath which the tallest ships 
pass. It was made by Chares, who, aided by an army of workmen, 
consumed 12 years in its construction. It remained in position in the 
harbor or Rhodes for sixty-six years, and was thrown down by an 



THE SEVEN WONDERS OF THE WORLD. 163 

earthquake B. C. 224. It lay on the ground 894 years, and was sold to 
a Jew for old metal. He carried away 900 camel loads, or about 
720,000 pounds of bronze. There were over 100 colossal staLues in 
the city of Rhodes, besides the great bronze image that bestrode the 
harbor. 

5. The Mausoleum of Halicarnassus, a magnificent tomb built 354 
years B. C. by Mausoleus' Queen, Artemisia. 

6. The Hanging Gardens of Babylon were terraces on columns. 
The gardens were 400 feet square and over 400 feet high. The ascent 
from terrace to terrace was by flights of marble steps, and on the 
highest was a large reservoir. They were erected for the amuse- 
ment of a Babylonian Queen who had come from a mountainous coun- 
try. The Tower of Babel, at Babylon, was composed of eight square 
towers, one upon the other, the pile being 660 feet high. Babylon 
was a square, 15 miles on each side, the walls 87 feet thick and 370 
feet high. 

7. The Pharos at Alexandria, a light house located on a small 
island in Lower Egypt, built 300 years B. C. 



HOMESTEAD AND HOMESTEADERS. 

Valuable Information for All Who Contemplate Taking Up Govern- 
ment Land. 

1. What is a homestead? It is a farm given to any man or 
woman who lives on it and cultivates it for five years. We say 
"given" for the charges are only about ten cents an acre — that is, 
the cost of surveying and recording, amounting in all for one-fourth 
of a square mile to eighteen dollars at most, and four dollars of this 
sum is not payable for five years. 

2. How large a farm is a homestead? It is a farm of one hun- 
dred and sixty acres, except on tracts one-half of which has been 
granted in aid of railroads or other public improvements. On such 
tracts the homestead is no more than half the usual size, unless the 
homesteader has served at least ninety days as a soldier. In that 
case, his homestead is a quarter section anywhere. 

3. Who may become a homesteader? Any man or any woman — 
that is, any native, of legal age, and any foreigner who has declared 
his intention to become a citizen, which any immigrant may do on 
the very day he lands in America. 

4. How does one become a homesteader? He goes to any United 
States land-office, where he has free access to maps showing all the 
vacant lots in the neighboring regions. He then goes and picks the 
one he likes best, returns to the land office, makes an application, 
acording to the legal forms furnished by the officer there, for that lot 
as his homestead, and leaves those forms for record, pays at most 



164 THE DAILY TELEGRAPH-HERALD -. 

fourteen dollars, and is henceforth monarch of all the surveys on the 
farm of his choice. But the homesteader is not obliged to go in 
person to the government land-ofRce. In most cases he can ascertain 
from local land agents or residents what lanas are vacant, and then 
make his application for the homestead he wishes to occupy, before 
the clerk of the court in the county where it lies, sending with it an 
affidavit, with his reasons for not appearing in person. 

5. How soon must a homesteader begin to occupy his land? At 
any time within six months after his application is put on record, 
and he may journey away from his land at will, if not absent more 
than half a year at once, and provided that he fixes his residence no- 
where else. 

6. Can a homesteader become the full owner of his farm sooner 
than at the end of five years? Yes; after six months' residence, he 
can at any time, purchase his land by paying the government price, 
the maximum of which is two dollars and fifty cents, and the mini- 
mum half that sum, per acre. 

7. What if a homesteader is in debt? His homestead is exempt 
from liabilities for any debt contracted previous to his perfecting his 
claim to that land; and in some States is not liable to attachment for 
any subsequent debt. 

8. How is a full title finally obtained? After the homesteader 
has resided on his land, and tilled it for five years, if at any time 
within two years he proves that fact to the register of the land-ofRce 
where his application was recorded, that officer will obtain for him 
from Washington a full title to his land, charging him only a fee of 
four dollars. 

9. Is not one man as good as another? "Yes," said an Irishman, 
"and a great deal better." But Congress has enacted that every sol- 
dier is equal to two other men. The act was approved by the Presi- 
dent, July 15, 1870. It provides that every person who has served 
loyally ninety days in the national army or navy is entitled, on the 
terms above explained, "to enter and receive a patent for one whole 
quarter section of land" — that is, one hundred and sixty acres — where 
other men can only enter eighty, "of the alternate reserved sections 
along the lines of any one of the railroads wherever public lands have 
been granted by acts of Congress." In order to gain these privileges, 
the soldier must pursue the same routine and pay the fees as if he 
were a civilian. But he gets twice as much land. 

WONDERS OF THE BODY. 

The skin contains more than 2,000,000 openings, which are the 
outlets of an equal number of sweat glands. The human skeleton 
consists of more than 200 distinct bones. An amount of blood equal 
to the whole quantity in the body passes through the heart once 



WONDERS OF THE BODY. 165 

in two minutes. The full capacity of the lungs is about 320 cubic 
inches. About two-thirds of a pint of air is inhaled and exhaled at 
each breath in ordinary respiration. The stomach daily produces 9 
pounds of gastric juice for digestion of food; its capacity is about 
5 pints. There are more than 500 separate muscles in the body, with 
an equal number of nerves and bloodvessels. The weight of the 
heart is from 8 to 12 ounces. It beats 100,000 times in 24 hours. 
Each perspiratory duct is one-fourth of an inch in length, of the whole 
about 9 miles. The average man takes 5^/^ pounds of food and drink 
each day, which amounts to one ton of solid and liquid nourishment 
annually. A man breathes 18 times in a minute, and 3,000 cubic feet, 
or about 375 hogsheads of air every hour of his existence. 

WATER LEVELS. 

Lake Itasca, the headwater of the Mississippi River, is 1,575 feet 
above the level of the sea. 

The height of various cities above the sea level are as follows: 

New York 23 feet. 

Albany 130 feet. 

New Orleans 10 feet. 

St. Louis 450 feet. 

Cincinnati 550 feet. 

Chicago 591 feet. 

Denver 5,267 feet. 

Dubuque 644 feet. 

St. Paul 820 feet. 

Peoria 548 feet. 

Fort Laramie » 896 feet. 

Fort Benton 2,663 feet. 

Salt Lake 4,351 feet. 

Virginia City 6,505 feet. 

Omaha 968feet. 

The headwaters of the Missouri are 6,800 feet above the sea level. 

The headwaters of the Illinois are 596 feet above the sea level. 

The Ohio, at Pittsburg, is 704 feet above the sea level. 

The average fall of the Mississippi River is 42-100 of a foot to the 
mile from St. Paul to the mouth of the Ohio, and 32-100 of a foot to 
the mile below the Ohio. 

At tlie Rock Island Rapids, the fall is 24 feet in 14 miles, and at 
the Des Moines Rapids, 23 feet in 12 miles. 

The average fall of the Missouri River, from Fort Union to its 
junction with the Mississippi, is 95-100 of a foot to the mile. 

The average for the Ohio is 43-100 of a foot to the mile, and of 
the Illinois about the same. , 



166 THE DAILY TELEGRAPH-HERALD 

PUNCTUATION MARKS AND RULES. 

1. The Period (.) denotes the close of a sentence. A period is 
placed after every declarative and imperative sentence. All abbrevia- 
tions are followed by a period, also all numbers in the Roman notation. 

2. The Colon (:) is placed between the chief divisions of a sen- 
tence, when these are but slightly connected, and they are themselves 
divided by some other mark. A colon is used after a sentence which 
anounces a distinct quotation, and is placed between clauses when 
the connection is so slight that any one of them might be a distinct 
sentence. 

3. The Semicolon (;) indicates a longer pause, and also divides 
compound sentences. A succession of clauses depending on one prin- 
cipal expression, should be separated by a semicolon; is also placed 
after an expression, it is separated from that expression by a semi- 
colon, and one is used to divide a sentence into sections, when the 
various parts are not sufficiently independent to require a colon. 

4. The Comma (,) denotes a slight pause, and divides a sentence 
into its component parts. A comma is placed between the particulars 
mentioned in a succession of words all in the same construction, one 
is placed between each pair of words, when each paid is in the same 
construction, also before and one after every parenthetical expression, 
and is used before a quotation closely connected with the preceding 
words. Expressions repeated must be separated by a comma, as must 
also a phrase or clause which explains, in any degree, the meaning of 
any other phrase of clause. All modifying expressions, unless closely 
connected with the rest of the sentence, are separated by a comma. 
A comma must be used in sentences which would otherwise be mis- 
understood, and placed where a word is understood, unless the con- 
nection is close. 

5. The Interrogation Point (?) is placed after every sentence 
which denotes a direct question, and after each successive particular 
of a series of questions related in sense but distinctive in construc- 
tion. 

6. The Exclamation Point (!) denotes wondef or astonishment. 
An exclamation point is placed after every exclamatory sentence, 
clause, phrase or word. Where special emphasis is required several 
exclamation points may be used. An exclamation point, enclosed in 
parentheses, is used to denote peculiar surprise. Most interjections 
take an exclamation point after them. 

7. The Dash ( — ) indicates a sudden change of subject. A sud- 
den turn in a sentence is shown by a dash. An omission of the mid- 
dle numbers in a regular series, or of a word, or part of a word, is 
denoted by a dash, one is usually placed before the answer to a ques- 
tion, when they both belong to the same line, and is often used in- 
stead of the parenthesis marks; it is also commonly used before an 



PUNCTUATION MARKS AND RULES. 167 

expression repeated for special emphasis, and always follows the sen- 
tence which introduces a quotation, when the quotation commences 
a new paragraph. A dash is often used to avoid too many para- 
graphs. 

8. Quotation Marks (" ") indicate a verbatim quotation. Every 
quoted passage is enclosed in quotation marks. Quotations consist- 
ing of more than one paragraph have the first quotation mark at 
the beginning of each paragraph, but the second is used only at the 
end of the last paragraph. When a quoted passage requires special 
attention, the first quotation mark may be used at the commencement 
of each line. When one quotation includes another, the latted has but 
half the first quotation mark before it, and half the second mark after 
it. 

9. The Stars (=•= * *) or N. B. are used to invite special attention. 

1 

10. The Brace ( I) connects several words with one common term. 

J 

11. The Paragraph (P) begins a new subject. 

12. The Section (§) is used to subdivide chapters. 

13. The Asterisk (*), Parallels (j]), Dagger (t), Double Dagger (t) 
and Section (§) are used as marginal reference marks. 

14. The Commercial A ((a) is used in market quotations, and 
signifies "at" or "to." 

15. The I TTj means "pound." 

16. The theses [()] include something not essential to the 
sense. 

17. The Elhpsis ( * * *) ( ) denotes the omission of letters 

or words. 

18. The Index (a fist) points to something of special signiiicance. 

19. Brackets [ ] are chiefly used to denote corrections. 

20. The Hyphen (-) connects the syllables or parts of a word. 

21. The Apostrophe denotes a contraction. 

TRIBUTES PAID TO WOMEN. 

Woman is the masterpiece. — Confucius. 

Women teach us repose, civility, and dignity. — Voltaire. 

Shakespeare has no heroes, he has only heroines — Ruskin. 

All that I am my mother made me. — John Quincy Adams. 

If woman lost Eden, such as she alone can restore it. — Whittier. 

Woman is the most perfect when the most womanly. — Gladstone. 

Woman is last at the cross and earliest at the grave. — E. S. Bar- 
rett. 

A handsome woman is a jewel; a good woman is a treasure. — 
Sanidi. 

There is a woman at the beginning of all great things. — Damar- 
tine. 

• 



168 THE DAILY TELEGRAPH-HERALD 

The sweetest thing in life is the unclouded welcome of a wife, — 
N. P. Willis. 

Women are a new race, re-created since the world received Chris- 
tianity. — Beecher. 

Heaven has nothing more tender than a woman's heart when it 
is the abode of pity. — Luther. 

For where is any author in the world who teaches such beauty 
as a woman's eyes? — Shakespeare. 

Woman is born for love, and it is Impossible to turn her from 
seeking it. — Margaret Fuller Ossoli. 

CHAPTER LIV. 
THE GREATEST BATTLES IN HISTORY. 

The Battle of Salmis, B. C. 480, between Xerxes of Persia and the 
allied Greeks. 

The Battle of Actium, B. C. 31, in which the combined fleets of 
Antony and Cleopatra were defeated by Octavius, and imperialism 
established in the person of Octavius. 

The Battle of Arbela, B. C. 331, in which the Persians, under 
Tarius, were defeated by the Macedonians and Greeks under Alexan- 
der the Great. 

The Battle of Marathon, B. C. 490, in which the Athenians, under 
Miltiades, defeated the Persians, under Datis. 

The Battle of Syracuse, B. C. 413, in which the Athenians were 
defeated by the Syracusans and their allies. 

The Battle of Metaurus, B. C. 207, in which the Carthagenians, 
under Hasdrubal, were defeated by the Romans, under the Consuls, 
Caius, Claudius, Nero and Marcus Livius. 

The Battle of Philippi, B. C. 42, in which Brutus and Cassius were 
defeated by Octavius and Antony. The fate of the republic was de- 
cided. 

The Battle of Blenheim, A. D. 1704, in which the French and 
Bavarians, under Marshal Tallard, were defeated by the English and 
their allies, under Marlborough. 

The Battle of Chalous, A. D. 451, in which the Huns, under Attila, 
called the "Scourge of God," were defeated by the confederate armies 
of Romans and Visigoths. 

Battle of Hastings, A. D. 1066, in which Harold, commanding the 
English army, was defeated by William the Conquerer of Normandy. 

The Battle of Luetzen, A. D. 1632, which decided the religious 
liberties of Germany. Gustavus Adolphus was killed. 

The Battle of Pultowa, A. D. 1709, in which Charles XII. of 
Sweden was defeated by the Russians, under Peter the Great. 

The Battle of Tours, A. D. 732, In which the Saracens were de- 
feated by Charles Martel. Christendom was rescued from Islam. 

On the 21st of October, 1805, the Great Naval Battle of Trafalgar 



HISTORY OP IOWA AND COUNTY DIRECTORY. 169 

was fought. The English defeated the French and destroyed the 
hopes of Napoleon as to a successful invasion of England. 

The Battle of Valmy, A. D. 1792, in which an invading army of 
Prussians, Austrians and Hessians, under the command of the Duke 
of Brunswick, were defeated by the French, under Dumouriez. 

The Battle of Waterloo, A. D. 1815, in which the French, under 
Napoleon, were defeated by the allied armies of Russia, Austria, Prus- 
sia and England, under the Duke of Wellington. 

RISE AND DECLINE OF CATHOLICITY IN THE UNITED STATES. 
—A STRANGE PHENOMENON. 

(From the Telegraph-Herald, May 20, 1904.) 

Something over a year ago the Very Reverend Dr. Slattery of 
Baltimore, Md., delivered a sermon, in which he stated that the Cath- 
olic Church in the United States was losing ground at an alarming 
rate, and in support of his statement he adduced the following figures: 

Catholics in the United States in 1902 10,976,757 

Catholics in the United States in 1890 8,301,367 

Apparent increase in twelve years 2,675,390 

Catholic immigration during the same period 2,705,184 

Loss on the face of the figures 29,794 

This is without taking into account the natural increase from 
births and conversions; also the Catholic immigration from Poland in 
Russia, Canada, England, Scotland and countries not enumerated 
below. The figures were taken from the Catholic Directory, which is 
an official organ of the church, and includes immigrants only from 
Austria, Belgium, France, Italy, Poland, except Poland in Russia, Por- 
tugal, Spain and Ireland, and a moderate estimate for Germany. 

In a subsequent sermon the very reverend gentleman is reported 
to have stated that the loss to the Catholic Church in the United 
States during the last ten years was nearly 2,000,000. This was a 
great surprise to Catholics and caused considerable comment and dis- 
cussion. It was affirmed by advocates of the Parochial schools, that 
the very reverend gentleman had made a mistake in compiling the 
figures, as the thought of a church losing by establishing its own 
schools and teaching its religion in them was a contradiction of com- 
moTi ser.^j quite beyond the ordinary conception. And it seemed 
equally absurd to think that the church which had gained so rapidly 
during the first two generations of the existence of our government 
should now be losing at such a marvelously rapid rate. 

In a recent issue of the "Berlin Grrmania," which is said to be 
the most infiuential Catholic journal in Europe, an article appeared 
in which it was asserted that the Catholic Church in the United States 



170 THE DAILY TELEGRAPH-HERALD 

was losing members at an enormous rate, and. the expense of main- 
taining schools and churches in contrast with the state established 
system of Europe was assigned as the chief cause. 

Inasmuch as this subject has become of more than ordinary in- 
terest, a representative of the Telegraph-Herald undertook an inves- 
tigation of the facts, with the following result: Prior to the adoption 
fo our constitution great prejudice existed against Catholics. Penal 
laws were enacted against them in nearly all the colonies. These pe- 
nal laws were abrogated by the adoption of the constitution, and in 
1790 the admission of Rhode Island and North Carolina put an end to 
anti-Catholic laws and secured to every citizen of the republic free- 
dom of conscience and the right to worship the God of his choice at 
the altar of his election. Shea, the historian, estimates the total num- 
ber of Catholics in the United States at that time at 30,000, and 
Cardinal Gibbons, in a recent article, fixed the number at 32,000. 
In 1787 Rev. John Carroll, afterward first Bishop of Baltimore, esti- 
mated the number to be 25,500. These figures indicate that the 
estimate of Cardinal Gibbons is high enough to cover all claims, 
hence we will adopt it. As the census for 1790 gave us a population 
of 3,926,214, it will be seen that the Catholics numbered less than 1 
in 120. In 1795 the public schools were established by act of the 
Legislature of the State of New York. The other states fell in line 
very rapidly, and for two generations we had practically no other 
schools. In 1880 the Catholic population had reached about 8,000,000. 
This was an increase of 250 fold and the ratio was raised from 1 in 
120 to about 1 in 6, while the general population increased less than 
13 fold. In other words, during those ninety years the population of 
the nation increased from 3,926,214 to 50,155,783, or 1,277 per cent., 
while the Catholics increased, during the same period, from 32,000 to 
8,000,000, or 25,000 per cent. That is taking into account the immigra- 
tion. Deducting the immigration we have an increase in the general 
population of 923 per cent., and in the Catholic population of 9,275 
per cent. 

In 1902 we had a population of about 79,000,000, and the Catholic 
population was nearly 11,000,000, according to the Catholic Directory, 
but the Independent and the Christian Advocate, both of which are 
frpquently quoted, make it more than 1,500,000 less. Taking the for- 
mer as correct we have an increase of 3,000,000 in 22 years, while the 
general population increased 29,000,000. This is 58 per cent, for the 
general and 36 per cent, for the Catholic population and the ratio was 
changed from 1 in 6 to 1 in 7. This includes additions through im- 
migrations. If we deduct the immigrants the percentage of gain for 
the general population over that of 1880 is 38 per cent., while the 
loss to the Catholic population during the same period is 25 per cent, 
and the ratio reduced to 1 in 13. 

In discussing this subject it is frequently alleged that the greater 



HISTORY OF IOWA AND COUNTY DIRECTORY. 171 

portion of the vast increase during the first two generations of the 
exigence of our government was made by immigration, hence in 
order to give those interested an opportunity to figure for themselves, 
we subjoin a table of immigration and population, by decades. During 
the first thirty years no account was kept of immigrants. In fact up 
to 1820 our immigration was very light. It is estimated that it would 
average less than 7.000 per year. 

Immigration table — 

From 1790 to 1820 (Estimated) 210,000 

From 1820 to 1830 151,824 

From 1830 to 1840 599,125 

From 1840 to 1850 1,713,257 

From 1850 to 1860 2,579,280 

From 1860 to 1870 2,278,659 

From 1870 to 1880 2,662,191 

From 1880 to 1890 5,246,613 

From 1890 to 1902 — 12 years 4,753,522 

Table of population — 

1790 3,926,214 

1800 5,808,483 

1810 7,239,881 

1820 9,638,553 

1830 12,866,020 

1840 17,096,453 

1850 23,191,876 

I860 31,443,321 

1870 38,558,371 

1880 50,155,783 

1890 62,622,250 

1900 75,568,866 

1902— About 79,000,000 

From this table it will be seen that the immigration during the 
last 22 years was about the same as the immigration during the first 
90 years. Assuming that half of the immigrants were Catholics, 
which we think is a very conservative estimate, the figures would 
stand thus: 

Catholic population in 1880 8,000,000 

Catholic population in 1790 32,000 

Catholic immigration 1790 to 1S80 5,000,000 

5,032,000 



Net gain from births and conversions in 90 years... 2,968,000 

Catholic population in 1902 nearly 11,000,000 

Catholic population in 1880 8,000,000 



172 THE DAILY TELEGRAPH-HERALD'S 
Catholic immigration 1880 to 1902 5,000,000 



-13.000,000 



Net loss in 22 years 2,000,000 

After deducting immigration, as above stated there is a net loss 
to the Catholic Church of two millions, while the general population 
increased, after deducting ten millions of immigrants 19,000,000. This 
shows a gain of 38 per cent for the general population and a loss to 
the Catholic Church, during the same period, of 25 per cent. 

Now, what is the cause of this great loss? 

Different reasons are ascribed by those acknowledging the fact. 
We urge that the fact be kept in mind that the question 
at fssue between the friends of sectarian and non-sectarian schools is 
one of greatest moment and concerns the welfare not alone of the 
children of today but of the children of the future. 

The public schools are the greatest institution in the Republic 
and essential to its maintenance. Although over a hundred years old 
they are still growing in popularity. In them we find the rich man 
voluntarily working to perpetuate an institution for which he pays his 
money in the form of taxes, to educate the children of his poor neigh- 
bors. In them we find the Jew and the Gentile; the Catholic and the 
Protestant; the Mohammedan and the Confusionist, drinking from the 
same bright bowl of knowledge. In them we find bigotry disarmed 
and tolerance and forebearance encouraged. In them we find the 
youth of all races and peoples growing up as friends, trusting each 
other, not as enemies suspicious of one another. Let us be a homo- 
geneous people and let the American children get their secular edu- 
cation in the public schools and their religious training and education 
at home and in the churches and Sunday schools, where it should be 
taught, and where it was taught for the first two generations of the ex- 
istence of our government. 

In 1867 Bishop Hennessy commenced preaching against the public 
schools. He was the first prelate in the United States to raise his 
voice against them. He was most radical in his denunciations and 
the enforcement of his rules. Catholics who sent their children to the 
public schools were deprived of the sacraments. His whole mind 
seemed to concentraie and center on the subject. He handled it 
without gloves. He denounced them as the "Godless schools, breeders 
of infidelity and hot beds of hell." For some time he encountered a 
great deal of opposition from both clergy and laity, but he was elo- 
quent, earnest, industrious and persevering, and gradually the whole 
Catholic hierarchy of the United States were brought into line, and in 
1880 the Parochial school was generally established and the Catholic 
children have since been segregated and handicapped. Segregated be- 
cause they have been withdrawn from the schools that represent the 
great body politic and handicapped because the schools provided for 



HISTORY OF IOWA AND COUNTY DIRECTORY. 173 

them were inferior from a secular point of view. And this is the rea- 
son why the Catholic Church in the United States is dwindling and 
decimating. As "the mills of the gods grind slowly," history has re- 
corded but tew precedents. 

Perhaps the most remarkable is that of the Israelites, which af- 
fords a cogent criterion. In the year 1706 B. C. Jacob, with his 
friends and relatives, numbering in all 66 souls, moved to Egypt. 
Joseph, his wife and two sons, who were in Egypt, augmented the 
number to 70. This constituted the Israelite or Jewish sect of that 
day. They remained in Egypt about 215 years, and although they 
were, during a considerable part of the time, reduced to the most ab- 
ject slavery they increased rapidly; so much so that Moses led about 
3,000,000 souls through the Red Sea in the year 1491 B. C. The Jews 
were a healthy, vigorous race, the only people on earih who wor- 
shipped the true and living God. They were governed by strict laws. 
They led pure, moral and abstemious lives; and yet they did not in- 
crease. At the time of the crucifixion, 1524 years after the crossing 
of the Red Sea we cannot count 3,000,000 Jews extant. About six 
hundred years after the crossing of the Red Sea Carthage was settled 
and about one hundred years later Rome was settled. Those nations 
grew to be very populous and powerful. They warred against each 
other for over 100 years during which many millions of their men 
perished. Yet Rome became the mistress of the world. 

But the Jew did not increase, and why did he not increase? Sim- 
ply because he segragated himself from the surrounding nations and 
peoples. True, he would trade and talk and walk with them; but he 
would not eat or drink or pray with them. No Jewish child was al- 
lowed to attend school with children of another race or sect. Al- 
though we have no record of it, still reasoning from the fact that hu- 
man nature was the same 3,000 years ago as it is today, we may as- 
sume that a similar school question to that which is now being dis- 
cussed in the United States was up among the Jews. There was a 
party that favored the open door policy and a party, led perhaps by 
the Pharisees, who favored the closed door. Unfortunately for the 
Jew, the latter prevailed and he shut himself off socially and reli- 
giously from all outside his pale. And this is why the race dwindled. 
We believe that in the eternal constitution of things, it is ordained 
that the society, sect or party separating itself from the body politic 
can not increase or even hold its own. Their seclusion precludes 
proselyting, while desertions counterbalance the normal increase from 
Dirths. Every man of ordinary observation, who has passed the meri- 
lian of life, must have observed instances in his own time. Where are 
the Quakers, the Puritans and others that might be recalled? And 
where are the Lutherans and Episcopalians drifting to? How different 
it was with the early Christians. The year 312 opened with the dark- 
est cloud on the horizon that ever settled on Chrisitanity. The tenth 



174 THE DAILY TELEGRAPH-HERALD 

general persecution, ordered by the Emperor Diocletian, and so vig- 
orously seconded by his bloodthirsty and brutish colleagues, Max- 
imian and Gallorious, was in full blast. The earth in Europe, Asia 
and Africa was saturated with Christian blood. It was the darkest 
hour ever witnessed by them. The persecution was so vicious, 
vigorous, brutal and bloody that it seemed impossible for Christianity 
to withstand it, and even the most hopeful felt that it was doomed to 
be swept from the face of the earth. But relief came from a quarter 
whence it was least expected. An internal revolution occurred. Con- 
stantine laid claim to the throne, marched an army to Rome, took the 
city by assault and was proclaimed emperor. He was converted to the 
Christian faith by a miracle and being ardent and enthusiastic, as 
most converts are, was willing to turn the tables and let the pagans 
feel the lash of bloody persecution, such as they had waged against 
the Christians for more than 250 years. But the few Christians who 
survived the sanguinary ordeal prominent among whom was St. Syl- 
vester, who two years later was elected Pope, assembled around him, 
and they said no; that Christianity required no advantage. All it 
needed was equality. Give us equality — elevate us to an even plane, 
and truth will vindicate itself. Hence Constantine's decree issued 
from the City of Milan, in the year 312, simply elevated Catholicity to 
the dignity of paganism. Nothing more. It is called the triumph of 
Christianity because all Rome was converted in a short time. Pagan- 
ism disappeared like a morning dew. But supposing the Christians 
had adopted the closed door policy of the Jew, separating themselves 
socially and religiously from the pagan. What might have been the 
result? 

It is certainly not presumptions to assume that today paganism 
would be dominant in the world. 

In proof of the evil results of separation and segregation of the 
children of our own time were wanting, it is supplied in abundance. 
A detailed statement of the evidences necessarily must be here fore- 
gone, but to the general proposition that the public schools are most 
beneficial in their effects on the pupil, we think those unbiased in 
their judgment will give assent. We see in this city, where the first 
sermon against the public schools was preached thirty-seven years 
ago, evidence of the handicap children who have not attended public 
schools have suffered. 

Dubuque's system of public schools is inferior to none in the coun- 
ty. Politics and sectarianism has been kept out of them, and while 
,;he present Archbishop lends assent to attendance of Catholic chil- 
dren in the local high school — there is no Catholic high school — the 
attendance of Catholic children in the high school is today only 
about 15 per cent., while more than half the children of school age 
in Dubuque are Catholics, and but few of them receive the advantages 
of high school teaching or training. 



HISTORY OF IOWA AND COUNTY DIRECTORY. 175 

By reason of the Parochial school system the Catholic boy is not 
given a fair chance. It should be our most earnest endeavor to gird 
him for the struggle of later years. Deny him opportunity and who 
knows but that one day a walker among the graves shall say with 
Gray, 

"Perhaps in this neglected spot is laid 

Some heart once pregnant with celestial fire; 
Hands that the rod of empire might have swayed, 
Or waked to ecstacy the living lyre. 

"Some village Hamden with undaunted breast. 

The little tyrant of his fields withstood; 
Some mute, inglorious Milton here maj'- rest; 

Some Cromwell, guiltless of his country's blood. 

"But knowledge to their eyes here ample page, 
Rich with the spoils of time, did ne'ed unroll; 

Chill penury repressed their noble rage, 
And froze the genial currents of the Soul." 

If the general population had increased as rapidly as the Catholic 
population in the ninety years preceding 1880, we would have had 
at that date 300 million instead of 50 million of people. And if it had 
decreased in the same proportion as has the Catholic population 
during the twenty-two years succeeding 1880, we would have had less 
than 38 millions in 1902. instead of 79 millions. These figures will 
doubtless surprise and challenge the credulity of many. But mathe- 
matical confirmation is easily obtainable. To designate those periods 
as the periods marking the rise and decline of Catholicity in the 
United States, is to fittingly describe them. 

Surely the time has come for serious reflection on this subject, 
as well as decision and action. It might be well for some of the 
hierarchy to reflect on the advice or injunction of the Great Leo XIII. 
where, in his encyclical letter to the Archbishops and Bishops of the 
United States he says: "All intelligent men are agreed, and we our- 
selves have with pleasure intimated, that America seems destined 
for greater things. Now, it is our wish that the Catholic Church 
should not only share in, but help to bring about this prospective 
greatness. We deem it right and proper that she should, by availing 
herself of the opportunities daily presented to her, keep equal step 
with the Republic in the march of improvements, at the same time 
striving to the utmost, by her virtue and institutions, to aid in the 
rapid growth of the state." 

How does the action of some very learned, honest and sincere 
prelates, in seeking to destroy the public school — the most cherished 
institutions of the Republic, comport v/ith this injunction. It is surely 
not "keeping equal step with the Republic in the march of improve- 
ment." 



176 THE DAILY TELEGRAPH-HERALD'S 

CHAPTER LV. 
MR. BRYAN'S LECTURE ON "THE VALUE OF AN IDEAL.' 



(Delivered at Dubuque, Iowa.) 



The Emjnent Orator Points the Necessity of a Compass to Steer By 

In Life. 



From the Telegraph-Herald, April 28, 1905. 

William Jennings Bryan, twice the Democratic candidate for the 
presidency and now more influential in its councils than any other 
man, appeared at Stout Auditorium, Thursday evening, before an 
audience of great proportions. It was a representative audience, too, 
in that men of every position in life were present and they were, by 
the way eqaully enthusiastic in receiving the great orator. 

Mr. Bryan's appearance on the platform was the signal for an out- 
break of applause and cheering that lasted long and was not checked 
until he was introduced. This ceremony was performed by Louis 
Murphy, editor of the Telegraph-Herald. As he retired, the name 
Bryan coming from his lipe, the applause broke out again as the 
speaker of the evening advanced to the front of the stage. He then 
commenced to speak and was given the closest attention throughout. 
His address on the "Value of an Ideal," was as follows: 

"What is the value of an ideal? Have you ever attempted to esti- 
mate its worth? Have you ever tried to measure its value in dollars 
and cents? If you would know the pecuniary value of an ideal, go 
into the home of some man of great wealth who has an only son; go 
into that home when the son has gone downward in a path of dissipa- 
tion, until the father no longer hopes for his reform, and then ask 
the father what an ideal would have been worth that would have 
made a man out of his son instead of a wreck. He will tell you that 
all the money that he has or could have, he would gladly give for an 
ideal of life that would turn his boy's steps upward instead of down- 
ward. 

"An ideal is above price. It means the difference between success 
and failure — the difference between a noble life and a disgraceful 
career, and it sometimes means the difference between life and death. 
Have you noticed the increasing number of suicides? I speak not 
cf those sad cases in which the reason dethroned leaves the hand no 
guide, but rather of those cases, increasing in number, where the 
person who takes his life, finds nothing worth living for. When I 
read of one of these cases I ask myself whether it is not caused by a 
false ideal of life. If one measures life by what others do for him 
he is apt to be disappointed, for people are not likely to do as much 
for him as he expects. One of the most difficult things in life is to 



HISTORY OF IOWA AND COUNTY DIRECTORY. 177 

maintain the parity between one's opinion of his own merits and the 
opinion that others have of him. If, I repeat, a man measures life by 
what others do for him, he is apt to be disappointed, but if he meas- 
ures life by what he does for others, there is no time for despair. If 
he measures life by its accumulations, these usually fall short of his 
expectations, but if he measures life by the contribution which he 
makes to the sum of human happiness, his only disappointment is in 
not finding time to do all that his heart prompts him to do. Whether 
he spends his time trying to absorb from the world, only to have the 
burden of life grow daily heavier, or spends his time in an effort 
to accomplish something of real value to the race, depends upon his 
ideal. 

A Good Class Motto. 

"The ideal must be far enough above us to keep us looking up 
toward it all the time, and it must be far enough in advance of us to 
keep us struggling toward it to the end of life. It is a very poor ideal 
that one ever fully realizes, and it is a great misfortune for one to 
overtake his ideal, for when he does his progress stops. I was once 
made an honorary member of a class and asked to suggest a class 
motto. 1 suggested 'Evergreen,' and some of the class did not like 
it. They did not like to admit that they ever had been green, not 
to speak of always being green. But it is a good class motto because 
the period of greenness is the period of growth. When we cease to 
be green and are entirely ripe we are ready for decay. I like to think 
of life as a continual progress toward higher and better things — as 
a continual unfolding. There is no better description of a really 
noble life than that given in Holy Writ where the wise man speaks 
of the path of the just as like the shining light that shineth more 
and more unto the perfect day.' 

Had Three Ambitions. 

"The ideal is permanent; it does not change. Therefore it is as 
important that the ideal shall be a worthy one. I speak as a teacher 
to parents, and teachers will endorse what I say, when I declare that 
one of the most important things in dealing with the young is to get 
the person to take firm hold of a high ideal. Give one food and he 
will hunger again; give him clothing and his clothing will wear out, 
but give him a high ideal and that ideal will be with him through 
every waking hour, lifting him to a higher plane in life and giving 
him a broader conception of his relations to his fellows. Plans may 
change; circumstances will change plans. Each one of us can testify 
to this. Even ambitions change, for circumstances will change am- 
bitions. If you will pardon a reference to my own case, I have had 
three ambitions — two so far back that I can scarcely remember them, 
and one so recent that I can hardly forget it. My first ambition was 



178 THE DAILY TELEGRAPH-HERALD'S 

to be a Baptist preacher. When I was a small boy if anybody asked 
me what I intended to be, I always replied, 'A Baptist preacher;' but 
my father took me one evening to see an immersion and upon reach- 
ing home I asked him if it would be necessary to go down into that 
pool of water in order to be a Baptist preacher. He replied that it 
would, and it is a tradition in our family that I never afterwards 
would say that I was going to be a Baptist preacher. 

"My second ambition was to be a farmer and raise pumpkins, 
and there are doubtless a great many people who are glad that I now 
have a chance to realize my second ambition without having my agri- 
cultural pursuits interrupted by official cares. 

"My third ambition was to be a lawyer. When I was a barefoot 
boy I used to go to the court house and sitting upon the steps leading 
up to the bench upon which my father sat, I listened to the trial 
of cases and looked forward to the time when I would be practicing 
at the bar. That ambition guided me through my boyhood days and 
my college days. I studied law, was admitted to the bar, practiced 
for a while in Illinois and then located in Nebraska. In removing 
from Illinois to Nebraska I was influenced solely by professional 
reasons. I need not give you any further assurance that I did not 
move to Nebraska for political reasons than to say that at the time 
of my location in Lincoln, Nebraska was republican, the congressional 
district was republican, the city was republican, the ward was repub- 
lican, and the voting precinct was republican — and to tell the truth 
ibout it, there has not been as much change in that respect as there 
ought to have been considering the intelligence of the people among 
whom I have been living. 

Entered Politics by Accident. 

"I entered politics by accident and remained there by design. I 
was nominated for congress in 1890 because it was not thought possi- 
ble for a democrat to be elected. I was young and new in the state. 
If it had been a democratic district the honor would have gone to 
some one older, of longer residence and more deserving. A repub- 
lican paper said next morning after the convention that a confidence 
game had been played upon a young man from Illinois and that he 
had been offered as a sacrifice upon the party altar because he had 
not been in the state long enough to know the political complexion 
of the district. My location in Nebraska was due to my acquaintance 
with a man whom I learned to know in college and this acquaintance 
became more intimate because of a joke which I played upon him 
when we were students. Tracing it back step by step, I said one 
evening in Baltimore that I was electetd to congress as a result 
of a joke that I played upon a friend in college. The gentleman who 
followed me said that was nothing, that he had known men to go to 



HISTORY OF IOWA AND COUNTY DIRECTORY. 179 

congress as a result of a joke they had played upon an entire com- 
munity. 

The Science of Government. 

"My term in congress brought me into contact with the great 
political and economic problems now demanding solution and I have 
never since that time been willing to withdraw myself from their study 
and discussion, and I offer no apology at this time for being interested 
in the science of government. It is a noble science, and one to which 
the citizen must give his attention. I have no patience with those 
who feel that they are too good to take part in politics. When I find 
a person who thinks that he is too good to take part in politics, then 
I find one who is not quite good enough to deserve the blessings of 
a free government. Parents sometimes warn their sons to keep out 
of politics; mothers sometimes urge their sons to avoid politics lest 
they become contaminated by it. This ought not to be. It used to be 
the boast of the Roman matron that she could rear strong and cour- 
ageous sons for the battlefield. In this age when the victories of 
peace are no less renowned than the victories of war, and in this 
country where every years brings a conflict, it ought to be the boast 
of Anierican mothers that they can rear strong and courageous sons 
who can enter politics without contamination and purify politics rather 
than be corrupted by politics. 

"But while my plans and ambitions have been changed by cir- 
cumstances I trust that my ideals of citizenship have not changed, 
and that I may be permitted to share with you an ideal that will 
place above the holding of any office, however great, the purpose to 
do what I Can to m.ake this country so good that to be a private 
citizen in the United States will be greater than to be a king of any 
other nation. 

Service the Measure of Greatness. 

"The ideal dominates the life, determines the character and fixes 
a man's place among his fellows. I shall mention some instances, that 
have come under my own observation and as I speak of them I am 
sure you will recall instances within your knowledge where the ideal 
has in an open and obvious way controlled the life. I have known 
laboring men who, working for wages, have been able to support 
themselves, acquire a library and become acquainted with the phil- 
osophers, orators and historians of the world, and many of them have 
laid aside enough to gratify their ambition for a college course. 
What enables them to resist temptation and press forward to the con- 
sum.mation of a high purpose? It is their ideal of life. As I have 
gone through the country I have found here and there young men — • 
sometimes the sons of farmers, sometimes the sons of mechanics, 
sometimes the sons of merchants, sometimes the sons of professional 
men — young men who have one characteristic in common, namely. 



180 THE DAILY TELEGRAPH-HERALD'S 

that they have been preparing for service. They have learned that 
service is a measure of greatness, and though they have not always 
known just what line they were to follow, they have been preparing 
themselves for service and they will be ready when the opportunity 
comes. 

"I know a young man who came to this country when he was 
eighteen years af oge; he came to study our institutions and learn 
of our form of government, and now he has returned with a determin- 
ation to be helpful to his people. I watched him for five years, and 
I never knew a man who more patiently or perseveringly pursued a 
high ideal. You might have offered him all the money in the treas- 
ury to have become a citizen of the United States, but it would have 
been no temptation to him. He would have told you that he had 
a higher ideal than to stand guard over a chest of money. His de- 
sire was to be useful to his country, and I have no doubt that he 
will be. 

Hull House and Jane Adams. 

"I was passing through Chicago some months ago and having a 
few hours to spare between trains, went to the Hull House, that 
splendid institution presided over by Jane Adams. I was surpirsed 
to learn the magnitude of its work. I learned that, more than five 
thousand names were enrolled upon the books of the association; that 
mothers left their babes there when they went out to work, that little 
children received kindergarten instruction there, that young women 
found a home there, and young men a place where they could meet 
and commune free from the temptations of life. More than twenty 
young men and women give their entire time to the work of this asso- 
ciation without compensation. Similar institutions will be found in 
nearly all of the larger cities and in many of the smaller ones, and 
in these institutions young men and women, many of them college 
graduates, give a part or all of their time to gratuitous work. Why? 
Because somehow or somewhere they have taken hold of an ideal of 
life that lifts them above the sordid selfishness that surrounds them 
and makes them find a delight in bringing life and light and hope 
into homes that are dark. The same can be said of the thousands 
who labor in the institutions of charity, mercy and benevolence. 

The Ideal of Tolstoi. 

"A few months ago it was my good fortune to spend a day in the 
country home of the peasant philosopher of Russia. You know some- 
thing of the history of Tolstoi, how he was born in the ranks of the 
nobility and how with such a birth he enjoyed every possible social 
distinction. At an early age he became a writer of fiction and his 
books have given him a fixed place among the novelists of the cen- 
tury. 'He sounded all the depths and shoals of honor,' in so far as 



HISTORY OF IOWA AND COUNTY DIRECTORY. 181 

honor could be derived from society or from literature, and yet at the 
age of forty-eight life seemed so vain and empty to him that he 
would fain have terminated his existence. They showed me a ring in 
the ceiling of his house from which he had planned to hang himself. 
And what deterred him? A change came to his ideals. He was born 
again, he became a new creature, and for mc^e than twenty-eight 
years, clad in the garb of a peasant and living the simple life of a 
peasant, he has been preaching unto all the world a philosophy that 
rests upon the doctrine 'Thou shalt love the Lord thy God with all 
thy heart and thy neighbor as thyself.' There is scracely a civilized 
community in all the world where the name of Tolstoi is not known 
and where his influence has not been felt. He has made such an 
impression upon the heart of Russia and the world that while some 
of his books are refused publication in Russia and denied importation 
from abroad, while the people are prohibited from circulating some 
of the things he writes, yet with a million men under arms the 
government does not dare lay its hands upon Tolstoi. 

Another Change of Ideal. 

"Let me add another illustration of a complete change in the 
ideal. In college I became acquainted with a student fourteen years 
my senior, and I learned the story of his life. For some years he was 
a tramp, going from place to place without fixed purpose or habitation. 
One night he went by accident into a place where a revival was in 
progress, and he was not only converted, but he decided to be a min- 
ister. I watched him as he worked his way through college, doing 
chores to earn his board and lodging, working on Saturdays in a store, 
and during the summer months at anything he could find to do. I 
watched him as he worked his way through a theological seminary 
and then I watched him as he preached the gospel until he died, and 
I never knew a man more consecrated to a high purpose. The 
change came in his life as in the twinkling of an eye. Could anything 
be more marvelous? 

The Mystery of Life. 

"Some have rejected the Christian religion because they could 
not understand its mysteries and its miracles. I passed through a 
period of skepticism when I was in college, but I have seen outside of 
the Bible so many things more marvelous than anything recorded in 
Holy Writ that its mysteries no longer disturb me. Is it impossible 
that a multitude could have been fed with a few loaves and fishes? 
Every spring when the sun melts the ice and drives away the snow 
vegetation springs up and not a few thousand but hundreds of mil- 
lions are fed with the products of the soil. And how many of those 
who eat are satisfied they understand the chemistry of the vegetable? 
I plant some kinds of seed myself in the spring-time — lettuce seed, 



182 THE DAILY TELEGRAPH-HERALD'S 

melon seed, various kinds of seed. The earth grows warm beneath 
the rays of the sun; the seeds burst forth and send their little roots 
down into the ground and their tiny leaves up into the air. And 
drawing their sustenance from the same soil and the same atmos- 
phere, these vegetables finally mature and when I go to gather them 
I find that they differ in size, in shape, in flavor, in coloring, in every- 
thing. But I like them and eat them although I do not understand 
the mystery of their growth. Did you ever raise a radish? You put 
a small black seed into the black soil and in a little while you return 
to the garden and find the full grown radish. The top is green, the 
body white and almost transparent and the skin a delicate red or pink. 
What mysterious power reaches out and gathers from the ground the 
particles which give it form and size and flavor? Whose is the invis- 
able brush that transfers to the root, growing in darkness, the hues 
of the summer sunset? If we were to refuse to eat anything until we 
could understand the mystery of its creation we would die of starva- 
tion — but mystery, it seems, never bothers us in the dining room, it is 
only in the church that it causes us to hesitate, 

"The mystery of life itself has never been revealed to us. Six 
thousand years of human history, and j^et who understands the mys- 
tery of his own being? I speak to you from this platform; we have 
our thoughts, we have our hopes, we have our fears, and yet we know 
that in a moment a change may come over any one of us that will 
convert a living breathing human being into a mass of lifeless clay. 
We walk all the way beneath the shadow of death, and yet the splen- 
did civilization which we see about us is the product of men and 
women who do not understand the mystery of their own lives." 

Materialism. 

"I have been reading a book recently on materialism and I have 
been interested in the attempt of the author to drive God out of the 
universe. He searches for Him with a microscope, and because he 
can not find Him with a microscope he declares that He is too small 
to be seen; then he searches for Him with a telescope, and because 
he can r.ot see Him among the stars or beyond, he declares that 
there is no God — that matter and force alone are eternal, and that force 
acting on matter has produced the clod, the grass that grows upon 
the clod, the beast that feeds upon the grass, the man, the climax of 
created things. I have tried to follow his reasoning and have made 
up my mind that it requires more faith to accept the scientific dem- 
onstrations of materialism than to accept any religion of which I have 
known. As I tried to follow his syllogisms I was reminded of the 
reasoning of a man who conceived the idea that a grasshopper heard 
through his legs. But he would not accept it without demonstration, 
so he took a grasshopper, put it on a board and knocked on the board. 
The grasshopper jumped, and this he regarded as evidence that the 



HISTORY OP IOWA AND COUNTY DIRECTORY. 183 

sound traveled along the board till it reached the grasshopper's legs 
and then went through the legs to the center of life. But he was not 
willing to accept it upon affirmative proof alone; he insisted upon 
proving it negatively, so he pulled the legs off the grasshopper and 
put it on the board and rapped again. As the grasshopper did not 
jump, he was convinced that it heard through its legs." 

"I say I was reminded of the grasshopper scientist when I read 
the argument employed to prove that there is no God, no spiritual life. 
There is nothing in materialism to explain the change which takes 
place in a human heart when a man begins to hate the things he 
loved and to love the things he hated — nothing in materialism to ex- 
plain the marvelous transformation that takes place in a human being 
who, before the change, would have sacrificed a world to his own 
advancement, but who after the change, would give his life for a prin- 
ciple and esteem it a privilege to sacrifice for his own convictions. 
In the journey from the cradle to the grave we encounter nothing so 
marvelous as the change in the ideals that works a revolution in the 
life itself." 

Different Meals. 

"It makes a great deal of difference to the individual what his 
ideal is, and it also makes a difference to those about him. If you 
have a man working for you, it makes a great deal of difference to 
you whether he is watching you all the time to see that you give him 
the best possible pay for his work or watching himself a little to see 
that he gives you the best possible work for his pay. And we are all 
working for somebody. Instead of working by the day and receiving 
out pay at night, or instead of working by the month, and receiving 
our pay at the end of the month, we may be in independent business 
and receiving a compensation fixed by competition, but if we are not 
living a life of idleness we must be working for somebody, and it 
makes a great deal of difference to society whether we are simply bent 
upon absorbing as much as possible from the world, or are trying to 
give a dollar's worth of service for a dollar's worth of pay. There 
are some who regard it as a discreditable thing to engage in productive 
labor. There are places where they count with pride the number of 
generations between themselves and honest toil. If I can leave but 
one thought with the young men who honor me by their presence on 
this occasion, let it be this thought — that we must all have food and 
clothing and shelter, and must either earn these things or have them 
given to us, and any self-respecting young man ought to be ashamed 
to sponge upon the world for his living and not render unto the world 
valuable service in return." 

Self-Made Men. 

"Sometimes you meet a man who boasts that he is 'self-made,' that 



1^4 THE DAILY TELEGRAPH-HERALD'S 

he did it all himself, that he owes no man anything. Well, a little of 
the big-head may be excusable. I remember hearing my father say 
once that if a man had the big-head you could whittle it down but 
that if he had the little head there was no hope for him. It is neces- 
sary that a person should have confidence in his ability to do things, 
or he will not undertake them. But when I hear of a man boasting 
of his independence, I feel like cross-examining him. We owe a great 
deal to environment. I was going along by the side of the court 
house in Chicago one wintry day and saw some little boys gambling 
with their pennies in a warm corner by the building. A question arose 
in my mind, namely, why these little fellows were born and reared 
amid an environment that gave no higher ideals of life, while so many 
in Chicago and in the country at large were born amid an environ- 
ment that gave to them higher ideals and larger conceptions of life? 
The scene made an impression upon my memory, and when I hear a 
man boasting that he owes no one anything, I feel like asking him 
whether he has paid back the debt he owes to father and mother, 
teacher and patriarch. Whether he has paid back the debt he owes 
to the patriots who with blood and sacrifice purchased the liberties 
which we now enjoy. We have received so much from the genera- 
tions past and from those about us that instead of boasting of what 
we have done we ought to learn humility and be content if at the end 
of life we can look back over the years and be assured that we have 
given to the world a service equal in value to that which we have re- 
ceived. 

The Speculative Spirit. 

"There is abroad in the land a speculative spirit that is doing 
much harm. Instead of trying to earn a living, young men are bent 
on making a fortune. Not content with the slow accumulations of 
honest toil, they are seeking some short cut to riches, and are not al- 
ways scrupulous about the means employed. The 'get-rich-quick' 
schemes that spring up and swindle the public until they are discov- 
ered and driven out, prey upon the speculative spirit and find all their 
victims among those who are trying to get something for nothing. If 
a lottery were permitted to open up in this town and offered a thou- 
sand dollar prize, and sold chances at a dollar apiece, you would be 
surprised to find how many would send around to the back door and 
purchase a ticket. 

"What we need to-day is an ideal of life that will make people as 
anxious to render full service as they are to draw full pay — an ideal 
that will make them measure life by what they bestow upon their fel- 
lows, not by what they receive. 

Domestic Ideals. 

"Not only must the individual have an ideal, but we must have 
ideals as groups of individuals and in every department of life. We 



HISTORY OF IOWA AND COUNTY DIRECTORY. 185 

have our domestic ideals. Whether a marriage is happy or not de- 
pends not so much upon the size of the house or the amount of the 
income, as upon the ideals with which the parties enter marriage. If 
two people contract marriage like some people trade horses — each one 
trying to get the better of the bargain — it is not certain that the mar- 
riage will be a happy one. In fact, the man who cheats in a horse 
trade has at least one advantage over the man who cheats in matri- 
mony. The man who cheats in a horse trade may console himself 
with the thought that he will never see again the person whom he 
has cheated. Not so fortunate is the man who cheats in marriage. 
He not only sees daily the person whom he has cheated, but he is 
sometimes reminded of it — and it is just as bad if the cheating is done 
by the other side. Americans sometimes have to blush when they 
read of the international marriages so much discussed in the papers. 
I speak not of those cases where love leaps across the ocean and binds 
two hearts — there are such cases and they are worthy of a blessing. 
But I speak rather of those commercial transactions which are by 
courtesy called marriages, where some young woman in this country 
trades a fortune that she never earned to a broken down prince of 
another country for a title that he never earned, and they call it a 
fair exchange. I have sometimes thought that it might be worth 
while to establish papers in the centers of the old world to tell the 
people of our real marriages, so that they would not misunderstand us. 
There is an American ideal of domestic life. When two persons, 
drawn together by the indissoluble ties of love, enter marriage each 
one contributing a full part and both ready to share life's struggles 
and trials as well as its victories and its joys — when these, mutually 
helpful and mutually forbearing, start out to build an American home 
it ought to be the fittest earthly type of heaven. 

Business Ideals. 

"In business it is necessary to have an ideal. It is as impossible 
to build a business without an ideal as it is to build a house without 
a plan. Some think that competition is so sharp now that it is im- 
possible to be strictly honest in business; some think that it is neces- 
sary to recommend a thing, not as it is, but as the customer wants it 
to be. There never was a time when it was more necessary than it 
is to-day that business should be built upon a foundation of absolute 
integrity. 

"In the profession, also, an ideal is necessary. Take the medical 
profession for illustration. It is proper that the physician should col- 
lect money from his patients for he must live, while he helps others 
to live, but the physicians who have written their names high upon 
the scroll of fame have had a higher ideal than the making of money. 
They have had a passion for the study of their profession, they have 
searched diligently for the hidden causes of disease and the remedies 



186 THE DAILY TELEGRAPH-HERALD'S 

therefor and they have found more delight in giving to the world 
some discovery of benefit to the race than they have found in all of 
the money that they have collected from their patients. 

"And the lawyer; has he ideals? Yes. I suppose the ideals of 
lawyers vary as much as the ideals in any other profession. I have 
known lawyers to boast of securing the acquittal of men whom they 
knew to be guilty; I have heard them boast of having secured for 
their clients what they knew their clients did not deserve. I do not 
understand how a lawyer can so boast. He is an officer of the court, 
and as such he is sworn to assist in the administration of justice. 
When he has helped his client to secure all that is justly due to him 
he has done his full duty as a lawyer, and if he goes beyond that he 
goes at his own peril. Show me a lawyer who has spent a lifetime 
trying to obliterate the line between right and wrong and I will show 
you a man whoce character has grown weaker year by year, and whose 
advice is at last of no value to a client, because he will have lost the 
power to discriminate between right and wrong. Show me on the 
other hand a lawyer who has spent a lifetime in the search for truth, 
determined to follow where it leads, and I will show you a man whose 
character has grown stronger year by year and whose advice is of 
constantly increasing value because the power to discern the truth 
grows with the honest search for truth. 

"Then, too a lawyer's influence with the judge depends largely 
upon his reputation for honesty. Of course, a lawyer can fool a judge, 
a few times and lead him into a hole, but after a while the judge learns 
to know the lawyer, and then he can not follow the lawyer's argu- 
ment because he is looking for a hole all the time, which he is trying 
to avoid. I need not remind you that nothnig is so valuable to a 
jury lawyer as a reputation that will make the jurors believe that he 
will not under any circumstances misstate a proposition of law or of 
evidence. And so I might take up each occupation, calling and pro- 
fession, and show that the ideal controls the life, determines the char- 
acter and establishes a man's place among his fellov/s. 

Ideals in Politics.. 

"But let me speak of the ideals of a larger group. What of our 
political ideals? The party as well as the individual must have its 
ideals, and we are far enough from election to admit that there is room 
in all parties for the raising of the party ideal. How can a person 
most aid his party? Let us suppose that one is passionately devoted 
to his party and anxious to render it the maximum service; how can 
he render this service? By raising the ideal of his party. If a young 
man asks me how he can make a fortune in a day I cannot tell him. 
If he asks haw he can become rich in a year, I know not what to 
answer him, but I can tell him that if he will locate in any community 
and for twenty-five years live an honest life, an industrious life, a 



HISTORY OP IOWA AND COUNTY DIRECTORY. 187 

useful life, he will make friends and fasten them to him with hooks 
of steel; he will make his impress upon the community and the chances 
are many to onej that before the quarter of a century has elapsed his 
fellows will call upon him to act for them and to represent them in 
important matters. 

"And so if you ask me how we can win an election this year, I 
do not know. If you ask me how we can insure a victory three years 
from now, I cannot tell, but I do know that the party which has the 
highest ideals and that strives most earnestly to realize its ideals will 
ultimately dominate this country and make its impress upon the hist- 
ory of the nation. As it is more important that the young man shall 
know how to build character and win a permanent success than that 
he shall know how to become rich in a day, so it is more important 
that we shall know how to contribute to the permanent influence of a 
party than it is that we be able to win a temporary victory or dis- 
tribute the spoils of office after asuccessful campaign. 

Corrupt Politics. 

"The country is suffering to-day from a demoralization of its ideals. 
Instead of measuring people by the manhood or womanhood they man- 
ifest we are too prone to measure them by the amount of money they 
possess, and this demoralization has naturally and necessarily extend- 
ed to politics. Instead of asking 'Is it right?' we are tempted to ask, 
'Will it pay?' and 'Will it win?' As a result the public 'conscience 
is becoming seared and the public service debauched. We find cor- 
ruption in elections and corruption in office. Men sell their votes, 
councilmen sell their influence, while state legislators and federal rep- 
resentatives turn the government from its legitimate channels and 
make it a private asset in business. It is said that in some precincts 
in Delaware a majority of the voters have been paid for their votes. 
Governor Garvin of Rhode Island calls attention to the corruption in 
that state; there is corruption in Connecticut, in New Jersey, and in 
Pennsylvania. I learned of an instance in New York where a farmer 
with a quarter-section of land demanded a dollar and a half for his 
vote, and I learned of another instance in West Virginia, where a 
man came in fourteen miles from the country the day before election 
to notify the committee that he would not vote the next day unless he 
received a dollar. In some places I found that democrats were imita- 
ting republican methods. They excused it by saying that they were 
fighting the devil with fire. This is no excuse. It is poor policy to 
fight the devil with fire. He knows more about fire than you do and 
does not have to pay so much for fuel. I was assured that the demo- 
crats only bought votes when they found some democrat who was 
being tempted more than he could bear, and that they only used 
money to fortify the virtue of the democrat for fear he might yield to 
temptation and become vicious. 



188 THE DAILY TELEGRAPH-HERALD'S 

"How are we to stop this corruption? Not by going into the 
market and bidding against our opponents, but by placing against 
money something stronger than money. And what is stronger than 
money? A conscience is stronger than money. A conscience that 
will enable a man to stand by a stake and smile when the flames con- 
sume him is stronger than money, and we must appeal to the con- 
science — not to a democratic conscience or to a republican conscience, 
but to an American conscience and to a Christian conscience, and 
place this awakened conscience against the onflowing tide of corrup- 
tion in the United States. 

Must Have Parties. 

"We must have parties in this country. Jefferson said that there 
were naturally two parties in every country — a democratic party and 
an aristocratic party (and he did not use the word 'democratic' in a 
partisan sense, for at that time the party which we now call demo- 
cratic was called the republican party.) Jefferson said that a demo- 
cratic party would naturally draw to itself those who do not believe 
in or trust the people. Jefferson was right. Go into any country in 
Europe, and you will find a party of some name that is trying to in- 
crease the participation to the people in the government, and you 
will also find a party of some name which is obstructing every step 
toward popular government. We have the same difference in this 
country, but the democratic spirit is broader here than any party. 
Wherever the question has been clearly presented and on the one side 
there was an attempt to carry the government nearer to the people 
and on the other an effort to carry the government further from the 
people, popular government has always won. Let me illustrate. The 
Australian ballot is intended ta protect the citizen in his right to vote, 
and thus give effect to the real wishes of the people, and when this 
reform was proposed it swept the country without regard to the party 
in power in the various states. Take the demand for the election of 
senators by the people, upon what does it rest? Upon the belief that 
the people have the right to and the capacity for self-government. 
The sentiment in favor of this reform has grown until a resolution 
proposing a constitutional amendment has passed the lower house of 
congress four times — twice when the house was democratic and twice 
when it was republican. This reform is sure to come, because the 
people believe in self-government, and they will in time insist upon 
making the givernment conform to their belief. 

"The initiative and referendum involve the same principles. The 
initiative describes the process by which the people compel the sub- 
mission of a question upon which they desire to vote, and the refer- 
endum describes the process by which they act upon a question sub- 
mitted. In each new charter the power of the people is increased. 
Limitations are placed upon legislative power and new questions are 



HISTORY OF IOWA AND COUNTY DIRECTORY. 189 

submitted to popular vote. It is nov/ necessary almost everywhere 
to submit to the people of a city the question of issuing bonds. The 
movement in favor of submitting franchises also is an irresistible one, 
and the time will come when it will be impossible for councilmen to 
sell franchises in return for money paid to themselves. 

"Switzerland is probably ^he most democratic country in the 
world. There the initiative and referendum are emploj^ed by both the 
federal government and by the local sub-divisions, and the govern- 
ment is completely responsive to the will of the people. In order to 
formulate a party ideal, we must have a theory of government as a 
basis, and in this country the fundamental principle of government 
is that the people have a right to have what they want in legislation. 
t made this statement in a lecture in Michigan and one of the audi- 
ence took issue with me. He said that I ought to amend the state- 
ment and say that the people have a right to have what they want, 
provided they want what is right. I asked him who would decide the 
question of right. And he had to admit that at last the decision lay 
with the people. Constitutions place limitations upon ler^islatures and 
upon the people themselves, but the constitutions aro made by the 
people and can be changed by the people. The only escape from the 
rule of the majority is the rule of the minority, and if a majority make 
mistakes, would not a minority also? But mistakes made by a major- 
ity will be corrected when they are discovered, while mistakes made 
by a minority in power may not be corrected if the mistake is pecu- 
niarily advantageous to those in power. The revolutions that have 
from time to time shaken the world have been caused largely by the 
refusal of the minority to correct mistakes beneficial to those who 
make the mistakes but injurious to the people at large. Bearing in 
mind the right of the people to deliberately fix the means by which 
they will express themselves, and their right to place limitations upon 
themselves, so that they can not act hastily or under sudden impulse, 
I repeat that the people have a right to have what they want in legis- 
lation. If they want a high tariff they have a right to it; if they want 
a low tariff, they have a right to it. Thay have a right to make tariff 
laws and to repeal them. They have a right to the gold standard if 
they want it; and they have a right to the double standard if they 
desire that; or, if they prefer, they can demonetize both gold and 
silver and substitute some other kind of money. If gold and silver 
furnish too much money, they can strike down one; if the remaining 
metal still furnishes too much, they can strike that down and sub- 
stitute something scarcer. Ever since the discovery of radium, of 
which it is said there are but two pounds in the world, I have been 
fearful that an attempt would be made to make it the standard money 
of the country. But if the people decide to demonetize both gold and 
silver and substitute radium I will still insist that they have the right 
to do it. And then if they decide to give Morgan one pound and 



190 THE DAILY TELEGRAPH-HERALD'S 

Rockefeller the other, I shall still stand with the people and watch 
Rockefeller and Morgan while they use the money. 

"The people have a right to have trusts if they want them. They 
have a right to have one trust, a hundred trusts, or a thousand, and 
they also have a right to kill every private monopoly. 

No Excuse for Fraud. 

"If the people have a right to have what they want, then the 
duty of the party is plain. It is to present to the people a code of 
principles and policies to be acted upon by them. Who can defend 
the practice of deception upon the voters? Who can justify the win- 
ning of a victory by false pretence? Who can excuse a fraud upon 
the people? No one can defend a party ideal that does not require 
honesty in party contests. The policy of the party must be determ- 
ined by the voters of the party, and he must have a low conception 
of political ethics who would seek by stealth to give to the minority 
of the party the authority that belongs to the majority. And so he 
must have a low conception of political ethics who would seek to 
secure for a minority of the people the authority that belongs to a 
majority. I want my party to write an honest platform, dealing can- 
didly with the questions at issue; I want it to nominate a ticket com- 
posed of men who conscientiously believe in the principles of the 
party as enunciated, and then I want the party to announce to the 
country. These are our principles; these are our candidates. Elect 
them and they will carry out the principles for which they stand; they 
will not under any circumstances betray the trust committed to their 
keeping.' This is the ideal that the democratic party ought to have, 
and it is an ideal high enough for every party. 

"There is this difference between the ideal and other things of 
value, namely, that an ideal cannot be patented or copyrighted. We 
often see things that we cannot hope to possess, but there is no ideal 
however high that cannot be ours if we desire it. The highest ideal 
of human life that this world has ever known was that furnished by 
the life of the man of Gallilee. But it was an ideal within the com- 
prehension of the fishermen of his day, and the Bible says of Him that 
the common people heard Him gladly. So with a high party ideal. 
It can be comprehended by all the members of the party, and it can 
be adopted by every party. If we can fight out political battles upon 
this plane, there is no humiliation about defeat. I have passed 
through two presidential campaigns, and many have rejoiced over my 
defeats, but if events prove that my defeats have been good for this 
country, I shall rejoice over them myself more than any opponent has 
rejoiced. And when I say this I am not unselfish, for it is better for 
me that my political opponents should bring good to my country than 
that I should by any mistake of mine bring evil. Senator Hill of 
Georgia once said: 



HISTORY OF IOWA AND COUNTY DIRECTORY. 191 

" 'Who saves his country saves himself and all things saved do 
bless him; who lets his country die, lets all things die, dies himself 
ignobly and all things dying curse him." 

"This is my country. I want a good government while I live; I 
want to leave a good government as a priceless legacy to my children, 
and if my political opponents can devise for my country, my children 
and myself a better government than I can devise, they are not my 
enemies, but my friends. 

Nation Must Have An Ideal. 

"Not only must the party have an ideal, but the nation must also 
have its ideal, and it is the ideal of this nation that has made it 
known throughout the world. You will find people in foreign lands 
who do not know our population or the number of acres under our 
flag. You will find people who do not know how many cattle we raise 
or how much corn or cotton we export, but you will not find people any- 
where who have not some conception of the nation's ideal. This ideal 
has been a light shining out unto all the world and its rays have 
illumined the shores of every land. We have boasted of this ideal in 
the past, and it must not be lowered now. We followed this ideal in 
dealing with Cuba. It was my good fortune to be in Cuba on the day 
when the formal transfer took place, and I never was more proud of 
my nation in my life than I was on the 20th day of May, 1902, when 
this great republic rose superior to a great temptation, recognized the 
inalienable rights of the people of Cuba and secured to them the fruits 
of a victory for which they had struggled and sacrificed for more than 
a generation. We hauled down the flag, it is true, and in its place 
they raised the flag of the Cuban republic, but when we lowered the 
flag we raised it higher than it ever had been before, and when we 
brought it away we left it enshrined in the hearts of a grateful people. 

Let Flag Stand for Justice. 

"Is it the desire of any simply to make our flag feared? Let us 
rather make it loved by every human being. Instead of having people 
bow before it, let us have them turn their faces toward it and thank 
God that there is one flag that stands for human rights and for the 
doctrine of self-government everywhere. There are some who say 
that we must now have the largest navy in the world in order to ter- 
rorize other nations and make them respect us. But if we make our 
navy the largest in the world, other nations will increase their navies 
because we have increased ours, and then we will have to increase 
ours again, because they have increased theirs, and they will have 
to increase theirs again because we have increased ours — and there is 
no limit to this rivalry, but the limit of the power of the people to bear 
the burdens of taxation. There is a better, a safer and a less expen- 
sive plan. Instead of trying to make our navy the largest in the woj-ld, 
let us try to make our government the best government on earth. In- 



192 THE DAILY TELBGRAPH-HERALD'« 

stead of trying to make our flag float everywhere, let us make it stand 
for justice wherever it floats — for justice between man and man, for 
justice between nation and nation, and for humanity always. And 
then the people of the world will learn to know and to revere that 
flag, because it will be their protection as well as ours. And then if 
any king raises his hand against our flag the oppressed people of his 
own land will rise up and say to him, 'Hands off. That flag stands 
for our rights as well as the rights of the American people.' It is 
possible to make our flag represent such an ideal. We shall not ful- 
fill our great mission, we shall not live up to our highest duty unless 
we present to the world the highest ideals in individual life, in dom- 
estic life, in business life, in professional life, in politcal life — and 
the highest national ideal that the world has ever known." 

CHAPTER LVL 
COMMODORE PERRY'S LANDING IN JAPAN. 

Story of Commodore Perry's Landing in Japan, over a half century 
ago, and his success in securing a treaty with that isolated country, 
v/hich opened it to trade with the United States and with the world. 
This was the beginning of Japan's civilization; and as her recent war 
with Russia, places her in the foremost rank of civilized nations, the 
history leading up to the treaty, at this time will, no doubt, be inter- 
esting. 

The day appointed for the reception of a reply from Yedo 
(Tuesday, July 12, 1853) had now arrived. Accordingly, at about 
half past nine o'clock in the morning, three boats were seen to 
approach the steamer Susquehanna from the shores of Uraga. These 
were different from the usual government craft, and seemed, un- 
like the others, to be built after an European model; the rowers 
sat to their oars, and moved them as our boatmen do, though 
somewhat awkwardly, instead of standing and sculling at the sides, 
in accordance with the usual Japanese practice. The construc- 
tion of the boats was evidently very strong, and their models fair. 
Their masts, sails, and rigging were of the ordinary Japanese fash- 
ion. The crews were numerous, there being thirty in the largest 
boat, and thirteen in each of the others, and their great swarthy 
frames were clothed in the usual uniform of loose blue dresses 
slashed with white stripes. 

The boat in advance was distinguished, in addition to the gov- 
ernment mark of a horizontal black stripe, across her broad sail, 
by the black and white flag, which indicated the presence of some 
officers of distinction, and such in fact were now on board of her. 
As she approached nearer to the ship, the governor, Kayama Yez- 
aiman, in his rich silken robes, was recognized, seated on mats 



HISTORY OF IOWA AND COUNTY DIRECTORY. 193 

spread in the centre of the deck of the vessel, and surrounded by 
his interpreters and suite. 

The advance boat nov/ came alongside, leaving the other two 
floating at some distance from the Susquehanna. His highness, 
Kayama Yezaiman, with his two interpreters, Hori Tatznoske, the 
principal, and Fatcisko Trkushumo, his second, were admitted at 
once on board, and, having been received with due formality, were 
ushered into the presence of Captains Buchanan and Adams, who 
were prepared to communicate with them. 

The Commodore had, previously to the arrival of the governor, 
written the following letter to the Emperor: — 

United States Steam Frigate Susquehanna, 
Uraga, July 12, 1853. 

The Commander-in-chief of the United States naval forces in 
these seas, being invested with full powers to negotiate treaties, is 
desirous of conferring with one of the highest officers of the Empire 
of Japan, in view of making arrangements for the presentation of 
the original of his letter of credence, as also the original of a letter 
with which he is charged, addressed to his Imperial Majesty by 
the President ot the United States. 

It is hoped that an early day will be appointed for the proposed 
interview. 

To his Imperial Majesty the Emperor of Japan. 

The governor's first statement was to the effect that there had 
been a misapprehension as to the delivery of the translations of 
the papers before the originals had been received. Although the 
Commodore was certain that there had been no such misunderstand- 
ing, nevertheless he, on the second interview in the course of the 
afternoon, consented, after much discussion, to deliver the trans- 
lations and originals, as also a letter from himself to the Emperor, 
at the same time, provided the letter should appoint a suitable 
officer to receive them directly from the hands of the Commodore, 
who repeated that he would consent to present them to no other 
than a Japanese dignitary of the highest rank. The governor then 
said that a building would be erected on shore for the reception 
of the Commodore and his suite, and that a high official personage, 
specially appointed by the Emperor, would be in attendance to re- 
ceive the letters. He, however, added that no answer would be 
given in the bay of Yedo, but that it would be transmitted to Nag- 
asaki, through the Dutch or Chinese superintendents. This being 
reported to the Commodore, he wrote the following memorandum 
and directed it to be translated into Dutch, and fully explained to 
the governor: — 

"The Commander-in-chief will not go to Nagasaki, and willTe- 
ceive no communication through the Dutch or Chinese. 



194 THE DAILY TELEGRAPH-HERALD'S 

"He has a letter from the President of the United States to 
deliver to the Emperor of Japan, or to his secretary of foreign affairs, 
and he will deliver the original to none other; if this friendly letter 
of the President to the Emperor is not received and duly replied 
to, he will consider his country insulted, and will not hold himself 
accountable for the consequences. 

"He expects a reply of some sort in a few days, and he will 
receive such reply nowhere but in this neighborhood." (Bay of 
Uraga.) 

When this was communicated to the governor, he took his de- 
parture, probably to consult some higher authority, as doubtless 
there was more than one high officer of the court at Uraga, se- 
cretly directing the negotiations. The interview had lasted three 
hours, and it was fully one o'clock before the governor left the 
ship. All passed in the most quiet way without any interruption 
to the usual courtesies of friendly negotiation. The shore showed 
every indication of tranquillity, and no movement was observed 
on the part of the fortresses or the many government boats along 
the shore. 

The governor, in accordance with his promise on leaving in 
the morning, returned in the afternoon, accompanied, as usual, 
by his interpreters and suite. He came off, however, in one of 
the ordinary Japanese boats, and not, as earlier in the day, in the 
vessel built after the European model. Captains Buchanan and 
Adams were in readiness to receive the party, and resumed the 
renewed conference with the same form and ceremony as before; 
the Commodore still preserving his seclusion and communicating 
with the Japnese only through others. The conversation is here 
given verbatin as reported. 

CONVERSATION. 

Present Captains Buchanan and Adams, Lieutenant Contee, 
Flag Lieutenant, and Yezaiman, governor of Uraga, and interpret- 
ers. 

Yezaiman. As it will take a great deal of time to send up 
the copies of the letters first, and the originals afterwards, I pro- 
pose that the originals and the copies be delivered together, when 
the high officer comes. The governor and the high officer will 
do their best to entertain the Admiral and give him a suitable 
reception. 

Capt. Buchanan. That is not the object of the Commodore: 
he wishes these communications to go because there is among 
them a letter to the Emperor from himself, which he desires to 
send to Yedo with the copies. The reply to the President's letter 



HISTORY OF IOWA AND COUNTY DIRECTORY. 195 

is not of so much consequence just now. We want a reply to 
the Commodore's letter which is in the package. 

Yesaiman. If you send the original letter, we will reply to it as 
soon as possible. We aro here for the purpose of receiving the 
letter from the President to the Emperor, but now you speak of 
a letter from the Admiral to the Emperor. 

Capt. B. The letter from the Admiral is in the package con- 
taining the copies of the President's letter. It states he has in 
his possession the original letter of the President, and is empow- 
ered by the President to deliver it in person to the Emperor, or 
to a high officer of equal rank with himself, appointed by the 
Emperor. 

Yezaiman. We are very sorry that you separate the two; it 
would be better to send the originals at once with the copies. 

Capt. B. That is impossible. The letter of the Admiral states 
that he has the original letter of the President, and is empowered 
to deliver it, either in person or to an officer of his own rank; 
when the emperor is aware of the fact that the Admiral has the 
letter, then he will appoint an officer of the same rank to receive 
the original, and the Admiral will return at some future day to 
receive the answer. 

Yezaiman. Can you not contrive to manage it in such a way 
that the original letter may be sent with the copies? 

Capt. B. It cannot be done. 

Yezaiman. When the ships first came, it was not mentioned 
that the copies must be sent first, and not the original letters; 
and now you mention it. 

Capt. B. During the first visit you made here, you were shown 
the original letters, and also the copies, and the same statement 
was then made by us as now. — (After a pause Captain B. resumed.) 
— Will the high officer who will come here be accredited by the 
Emperor to receive the letters from the Admiral? 

Yezaiman. He has the authorization of the Emperor. 

Capt. B. Will he have any proof to show that he is thus 
authorized? 

Yezaiman. Yes, he can prove it. 
..Capt. B. One of the letters is from the President, informing 
the Emperor of Japan that Commodore Perry is sent as a high 
officer appointed by himself, and Commodore Perry will expect simi- 
lar credentials on the part of the officer to speak with him. 

Yezaiman. He will receive the letter, but cannot enter into 
any negotiations. 

Capt. B. What is the rank and official title of the officer who 
is appointed? — (While the interpreter is writing the title of the 



196 THE DAILY TELEGRAPH-HERALD'S 

officer in question, in Chinese cFiaracters, Captains Buchanan and 
Adams retire to consult with the Commodore.) 

Lieutenant Contee. When will the high officers be ready to re- 
ceive the letter? 

Interpreter. To-morrcivv^ or the day after. 

Lieut. C. Where is the house? 

Interpreter. On the shore. 

Lieut. C. Can you point it out from here? 

Interpreter. It cannot be seen. 

Lieut. C. (repeating his last question). Can you point it out 
from here? 

Interpreter. It is on the other side of the hills; you can see it 
from another position. 

Lieut. C. What was the name of the officer who came on board 
on the day of our arrival? 

Interpreter. Nagazhima Saberoske. 

Captain Buchanan. Captain Adams and I have just had a 
conversation with Admiral.* He says that, since you appear to 
have wholly misunderstood the matter about the letter, if you can 
show proof that an officer of the proper rank is appointed to re- 
ceive them, he will waive the matter in dispute, and deliver the 
original at the same time with the copies. But he requires strict 
evidence that the officer who shall meet him shall be of the neces- 
sary rank, and that he has been specially appointed for the purpose 
by the Emperor. 

Yezaiman. Nagasaki is the proper place to receive letters 
from foreign nations, oud. because Uraga is not an appropriate 
place, the officer will not be allowed to converse, but only to re- 
ceive the letters- 

Capt. B. He is only desired to receive the letters. Will he 
come on board, or will the letters be delivered on shore? 

Yezaiman. He will not come on board, but will receive them 
on shore. 

Capt. B. Before the letters are delivered, the credentials of 
the officer must be translated into Dutch, signed with the proper 
signatures, and sent on board to the Admiral. 

Yezaiman. He will be credited to receive the letter, but can- 
not speak. 

Yezaiman. He will Lave a document properly signed. 

(Captain Buchanan now directed IVIr. Portman to >A^rite in Dutch 
the declaration he had made, and to give it to the interpreter. Tbe 
following is the English version: "There has been a great deal 

* "It is proper to remark that the title of Admiral was necessarily usee 
at these interviews, to designate your rank, as we found Yezaiman's in 
terpreters were familiar with it and were entirely unacquainted with that of 
Commodore."— Extract from Captain Adams' official report to Commodore 
Perry. 



HISTORY OF IOWA AND COUNTY DIRECTORY. 197 

of misunderstanding about receiving the original letter and the 
translated copies, whethor to be received together or separately. 
The Admiral now is willing to meet with a high officer of Yedo, 
holdng rank in Japan corresponding to the rank of Admiral in the 
United States. This otiacer shall be accredited, namely, posses 
a writing properly signed by the Emperor, authorizing him to receive 
the said letters. Of this writing or letter of credence shall be made 
a copy, translated into Dutch, and the same copy be transmitted 
to the Admiral before the interview takes place. 

"At this interview there shall be no discussions whatever; no 
more than an exchange ci civilities and compliments. 

"The Admiral does not insist upon receiving an answer to the 
original letter of the President immediately, but will come back 
for that purpose after some months.") 

Yesaiman. The high officer will not be allowed to speak on 
the matter; only to make and return compliments. 

Capt. B. That is all that is necessary. 

Yesaiman. The high officer will be here the day after to-mor- 
row, to receive the letter on shore. 

Capt. B. At what hour? 

Yezaiman. At eight o'clock in the morning. As soon as we see 
the flag hoisted, we will come on board the ship. 

Capt. B. Will the high officer bring the copy of the letter 
empowering him to act, properly certified? 

Yezaiman. He will bring it. 

Interpreter. The governor is very grateful for his kind recep- 
tion on board. 

Capt. B. We are very glad to see him. Where is the place of 
reception? 

Interpreter. I can point out the place, but the house cannot 
be seen. 

Yezaiman. Will the Admiral await the Emperor's answer to 
the President's letter? 

Capt. B. No: the Admiral will not now wait for it. 

Yezaiman. When will he come for a reply? 

Capt. B. He will return in a few months to receive the Em- 
peror's reply. 

Yezaiman. I would desire a statement in writing to that effect. 
(There being no satisfactory answer to this, Yezaiman continued.) 
The high officer who receives the letter of the President will give 
a receipt for it, as an assurance that it has been received.' 

Capt. B. Can you noi appoint a place nearer the ship? The 
distance is very great for the men to pull in a boat. The Admiral 
will be satisfied to meet the high officer in a tent, or in one of the 
forts nearer the ships. The interview will not be long. • 



198 THE DAILY TELEGRAPH-HERALD'S 

Interpreter. The house is not far off; it is less than a Japanese 
miif . 

Capt. B. Can you not arrange to have it nearer the ships? 

interpreter. The governor says he will endeavor to arrange it. 

Capt. B. Can you lei us know to-morrow morning? 

Interpreter. Yes. 

The conference here ended. 

Kayama Yezaiman and his companion seemed to be in the high- 
est good humor, and readily availed themselves of the proffered 
courtesies of the officers of the Susquehanna, which were accepted 
and responded to in a manner indicating the most polished good 
breeding. In receiving the hospitalities of their hosts, it may be 
remarked that they partook freely, and seemed to relish partic- 
ularly the whisky and brandy which formed part of the entertain- 
ment. The governor especially appeared to appreciate the foreign 
liquors, particularly when mixed with sugar, and smacked his lips 
with great gusto, as he drained his glass to its last sweetened dregs. 
His interpreters, in the growing freedom of convival enjoyment, made 
merry over his highness' bacchanalian proclivity, and, laughingly ex- 
pressing their alarm lest Yezaiman should take a drop too much, 
remarked, "His face is already growing red." 

Though always perserving a certain gentlemanly aplomp and 
that self-cultivated manner which bespeaks high breeding, these 
Japanese dignitaries were disposed to be quite social, and shared 
freely and gayly in conversation. Nor did their knowledge and gen- 
eral information fall short of their elegance of manners and amia- 
bility of disposition. They were not only well-bred, but not ill- 
educated, as they were proficient in the Dutch, Chinese, and Jap- 
anese languages, and not unacquainted with the general principles 
of science and of the facts of the geography of the world. When 
a terrestial globe was placed before them, and their attention was 
called to the delineation on it of the United States, they immediate- 
ly placed their fingers on Washington and New York, as if perfect- 
ly familiar with the fact that one was the capital, and the other 
the commercial metropolis of our country. They also, with equal 
promptitude, pointed out England, Prance, Denmark, and other king- 
doms of Europe. Their inquiries in reference to the United States 
showed them to be entirely ignorant of the facts connected with 
the material progress of our country; thus, when they asked if 
roads were not cut through our mountains, they referring (as 
was supposed) to tunnels on our railroads. And this supposition 
was confirmed on the interpreter's asking, as they examined the 
ship's engine, whether it was not a similar machine, although smal- 
ler, which was used for travelling on the American roads. They 
also inquired whether the canal across the isthmus was yet finished. 



HISTORY OF IOWA AND COUNTY DIRECTORY. 199 

alliiding probably to the Panama railroad which was then in pro- 
cess of construction. They knew, at any rate, that labor was being 
performed to connect the two oceans, and called it by the name of 
something they had seen, a canal. 

After refreshments and conversation in the cabin, Yezaiman and 
his interpreters were invited to inspect the ship, an offer which 
they accepted with great politeness, and as they came upon deck, 
notwithstanding there were crowds of officers and men around who 
could scarce repress the manifestation of their curiosity, the Jap- 
anese never for a moment lost their self-possession, but showed the 
utmost composure and quiet dignity of manner. They evinced an 
intelligent interest in all the various arrangements of the vessel, 
observed the big gun and rightly styled it a "Paixhan," exhibited 
none of that surprise which would naturally be expected from those 
who were beholding for the first time the wonderful art and me- 
chanism of a perfect steamship. The engine evidently was an object 
of great interest to them, but the interest showed that they were 
not entirely unacquainted with its principles. Much of this cool but 
not unobservant composure may have been afCected, in accordance 
with a studied policy, but yet there can be no doubt that, however 
backward the Japanese themselves may be in practical science, the 
best educated among them are tolerably well informed of its progress 
among more civilized or riither cultivated nations. 

On leaving the cabin, the Japanese dignitaries had left their 
swords behind, two of v/hich are always worn by those of certain 
rank in the empire. This gave an opportunity for inspection, on 
the part of the curious, ( f these badges of authority, which seemed 
to be, in accordance with their purpose, more suited for show than 
service. The blades, however, were apparently of good steel and 
temper, and highly polished, although their shape as well as that 
of their hilts, without a guard, was awkwardly constructed for 
use. The mountings were of pure gold, and the scabbards of shark's 
skin, remarkably well manufactured. The visit of the governor was 
prolanged into the evening, and it v/as seven o'clock before he took 
his departure, when he and his interpreters left the ship with their 
usual graceful courtesies, bowing at every step, and smiling in an 
amiable yet dignified manner. They were evidently favorably im- 
pressed with their reception and all they had seen. The studied polite- 
ness which marked their intercourse with out officers was evidently 
not assumed for the occasion, for it is so habitual with them that 
in their ordinary relatious with each other they preserve the same 
stately courtesy; and it was observed that no sooner had Yezaiman 
and his interpreters entered their boat alongside the Susquehanna 
than they commenced saluting each other as formally as if they had 
met for the first time and were passing through the ceremonials of 



200 THE DAILY TELEGRAPH-HERALD'S 

a personal introduction. V\ hile these scenes were in transaction on 
board, the boats of the squadron sent out by Commodore were kept 
busy all day sounding and observing, as on previous occasions. 

The next day was Wednesday (July 13), and the visit of the 
governor was naturally expected at an early hour, in fulfilment of 
his promise. There was, however, no indication through the morn- 
ing of his coming, and eviTything remained in a state of tranquil 
expectation. There seemed to be some little movement on the 
part of the authorities, as far as could be gathered from an observa- 
tion of the neighboring land. From the opposite shores numerous 
vessels, loader with soldiers, crossed to the Uraga side, and a large 
junk with the usual government flag and insignia put into the harbor. 
The brisk trade of the bay was carried on as usual, and Japanese 
boats, both large and small, were moving up and down in constant 
circulation. The various towns and villages grouped about the bay 
were thus interchanging their elements of life, and, stimulated into 
commercial activity by the throb from the busy heart of the great 
city, poured into Yedo their overflowing abundance. There were 
no less than sixty-seven junks counted as passing up the bay dur- 
ing the single day. 

The weather continued warm, with the thermometer indicat- 
ing as high a point as S7 degrees, but the heat was tempered by an 
agreeable sea breeze. The view of the shores was much obscured 
at times by the haze which is said to be so prevalent on the Japan- 
ese coast; but in the experience of the squadron the weather hith- 
erto had been remarkably clear, and this day was the foggiest that 
had been seen since the ships arrived in the bay. Nothing could 
be seen of the great landmark, — the lofty peak of Fusi, — which, by 
the way, was generally more plainly visible toward the evening 
than during the day, and was often observed beautifully distinct at 
sunset, when its summits would glow with a rich halo of crimson 
light. 

The expected visit of the governor occurred at last, at about 
four o'clock in the afternoon. His highness Kayama Yezaiman, ac- 
companied, as usual, by his first and second interpreters, presented 
himself, with a thousand apologies for not having come earlier, as 
the high officer from Yedo had but just arrived. The apologies 
having been made, the governor exhibited the original order of the 
Emperor, addressed to the functionary who had been appointed to 
receive the Commodore. The Emperor's letter was short, and was 
certified by a large seal attached to it. This imperial epistle, which 
was wrapped in velvet, and enclosed in a box made of sandal-wood, 
was treated by the governor with such reverence that he would 
allow no one to touch it. A copy of it in Dutch, and a certificate ver- 
ifying the authenticity of the document, and of the Emperor's seal 



HISTORY OF IOWA AND COUNTY DIRECTORY. 201 

attached thereto, given under the hand of Kayama Yezaiman, the 
governor, were also presented. The translations were as follaws: — 

Translation of letter of credence given by the Emperor of Japan to 
his highness, Toda, Prince of Idzu. 

I send you to Uraga to receive the letter of the President of the 
United States to me, which letter has recently been brought to 
Uraga by the Admiral, upon receiving which you will proceed to 
Yedo, and take the same to me. 

(Here is Emperor's seal.) 

Sixth month in 1853. 

Translation of Certificate of Kayama Yezaiman, Governor of Uraga, 
verifying the authenticity of the Emperor's letter and seal. 

You can rest assured that the high officer who has been ac- 
credited by the Emperor of Japan himself, and who consequently 
comes here to Uraga from Yedo for the purpose of receiving the 
original and translated letters, is of very high rank, equal to that of 
the Lord Admiral. I do assure that. 

KAYAMA YEZAIMAN. 

The governor, in the course of the conference, took care to 
state that the person appointed by the Emperor had no authority 
to enter into discussions with the Commodore, but was merely 
empowered to receive tho papers and convey them to his sovereign. 
He also stated that he had made injuiry as to the practncability 
of changing the place of meeting, and said that, as a suitable 
building had already been erected, it would be inconvenient to 
change. The Commodore was prepared for this reply, and, as he 
could not know whether any threachery was intended or not, he had 
determined to provide, as far as he could, against every contingency, 
and had therefore ordered the surveying party to examine the little 
bay at the head of which the building had been erected for his re- 
ception. The officers sent upon this service promptly performed the 
duty, and reported that the ships could be brought within gunshot 
of the place, where great numbers of the people had been observed 
employed in the completion of the building, in transporting furniture, 
and in otherwise preparing for the occasion. 

The governor offered to accompany a boat to the place appointed 
for the reception, but this was declined, and he was informed that, 
as it did not befit the dignity of the Commodore to proceed a long 
distance in a small boat, the squadron would be removed to a position 
nearer the building designed for the reception. It was then agreed 
that the Commodore and his party should leave the ships between 
eight and nine o'clock the next day, (Thursday), although the Jap- 



202 THE DAILY TELEGRAPH-HERALD'S 

anese seemed particularly anxious that the interview should take 
place at an earlier hour, assigned as a reason that the heat of the 
day might thus be avoided. 

The question was now asked as to how many officers would ac- 
company the Commodore oii the occasion, to which they received 
the answer that he would be followed by a large retinue, since it 
was the custom of the United States, when an oflGlcer of high rank 
bears a communication from the President to the sovereign of an- 
other country, for him to go with such an attendance as will be 
respectful to the power to v/hich he is sent. Accordingly, the gov- 
ernor was informed that all the officers who could be spared from 
the squadron would accompany the Commodore, as the greater num- 
ber would imply the greater compliment. 

In the course of the conference the Japanese dignitaries showed 
their great regard for ceremony by adverting to various minute 
points of etiquette in reference to the approaching reception. They 
announced that all the Japanese officers would be clothed in full 
official costume, and not in the dresses worn on ordinary occasions. 
They seemed to be considerably troubled because they would not 
be able to seat their visitors, on the morrow, in the same kind of 
arm-chair as that then occupied by themselves in the cabin, and 
apologized for not having any such. They were less anxious on the 
score of the wines and brandies, and begged that they might be 
excused for not offering the same as they had been regaled with, 
since the country did not possess them. They were told to dismiss 
their solicitude on these points; that, as the practice of hospitality, 
and manners and customs necessarily differed in different countries, 
it was not reasonable to expect to find American habits prevailing 
in Japan; and that the Commodore would be satisfied to be seated in 
the same manner as the dignitary appointed to meet him, while the 
other American officers would content themselves with such seats as 
were provided for their equals in rank among the Japanese. 

They then made some inquiries in regard to the minute details 
of the approaching ceremony, as to whether the Commodore would 
present the President's letter directly from his own hand into that 
of the Japanese commissioner, whose name and title, by the way, 
were now announced as Toda-Idzu-no-Kami. First Counsellor of the 
Empire. 

It was asked whether the Commodore would immediately re- 
turn to his ship after delivering the letter, and also when he would 
come back to Japan to receive an answer. The Chinese interpreter, 
Mr. Williams, showed them a map or plan of Yedo, which they said 
must have been drawn some seventy years ago, as the capital had 
changed much since the plan was made, having greatly increased 
in size, and much improved. They, however, recognized on the plan 



HISTORY OF IOWA AND COUNTY DIRECTORY. 20a 

various conspicuous places, and pointed them out very readily, as 
if politely willing to gratify the natural curiosity of their company. 

The whole conference had lasted about two hours and a half, 
and when the Japanese functionaries rose to depart it was already 
evening. They left the ship with the usual polite courtesies, bow- 
ing, as usual, at every step; and the chief interpreter Hori Tatz- 
noske, who had evidently a great aptitude for the acquisition of 
foreign languages, mustered English enough to say very distinctly as 
he departed, "Want to go home." 

The Commodore, in preparation for the coming event of the 
next morning, summoned his captains, from the several vessels of 
the squadron, on board the flag-ship. Orders were then given that 
the vessels should be removed, early in the morning, to an anchorage 
in line, covering the whole bay, in front of the place of reception, 
as the Commodore was resolved to be prepared against any possible 
treachery or duplicity on the part of the people with whom he had 
to deal, and as the object of the Japanese in the selection oi 
this place of meeting was not very apparent to his mind. It was 
also ordered that all the officers who could possibly leave the ships 
should appear in full uniform, and accompany the Commodore to 
the reception, in order that he might present as imposing a retinue 
as practicable. The surveying boats had been kept busy during the 
day, completing their observations, and were allowed to proceed with 
their work without any molestation from the native authorities. 

The Japanese seemed no less busy in active preparation for the 
morning's ceremony than the Americans.* Various government ves- 
sels sailed down the bay, and a large fleet of small boats arrived on 
the Uraga shore from the opposite coast, evidently preparatory to 
the approaching occasion. A constant sound of hammers, intermin- 
gled with the noisy voices of Japanese laborers, arising as was sup- 
posed from the quarter where the building was in progress, disturbed 
the quiet of the night and was prolonged into the morning watches. 
All was busy preparation for the coming day. 

Thursday (July 14) opened with a sun that was somewhat ob- 
scured at early dawn, but which soon came out brightly and dispell- 
ed the fogs and clouds which overhung the land and seemed to 
give an inauspicious aspect to the occasion. As the atmosphere 
cleared and the shores were disclosed to view, the steady labors 
of the Japanese during cho night were revealed in the showy effect 
on the Uraga shore. Ornamental screens of cloth had been so ar- 
ranged as to give a more distinct prominence, as well as the ap- 
pearance of greater size to the bastions and forts; and two tents 
had been spread among the trees. The screens were stretched tight- 
ly in the usual way upon posts of wood, and each interval between 
the posts was thus distinctly marked, and had, in the distance, ' the 



204 THE DAILY TELEGRAPH-HERALD'S 

appearance of panelling. Upon these seeming panels were emblaz- 
oned the imperial arms, alternating with the device of a scarlet 
flower bearing large heart-shaped leaves. Flags and streamers, upon 
which were various designs represented in gray colors, hung from 
the several angles of the screens, while behind them thronged crowds 
of soldiers, arrayed in a costume which had not been before observed, 
and which was supposed to belong to high occasions only. The main 
portion of the dress was a species of frock of a dark color, with short 
skirts, the waists of which were gathered in with a sash, and which 
was without sleeves, the arms of the wearers being bare. 

All on board the ships were alert from the earliest hour, mak- 
ing the necessary preparations. Steam was got up and the anchors 
were weighed that the ships might be moved to a position where 
their guns could command the place of reception. The sailing ves- 
sels, however, because of a calm, were unable to get into position. 
The officers, seamen, and marines who were to accompany the Com- 
modore were selected, and as large a number of them mustered as 
could possible be spared from the whole squadron. All, of course, 
were eager to bear a part in the ceremonies of the day, but all 
could not possibly go, as a sufiicient number must be left to do ships' 
duty. Many of the officers and men were selected by lot, and when 
the full complement, which amounted to nearly three hundred, was 
filled up, each one busied himself in getting his person ready for 
the occasion. The officers, as had been ordered, were in full official 
dress, while the sailors and marines were in their naval and military 
uniforms of blue and white. 

Before eight bells in the morning watch had struck, the Sus- 
quehanna and Mississippi moved slowly down the bay. Simultane- 
ously with this movement of our ships, six Japanese boats were ob- 
served to sail in the same direction, but more within the land. The 
government striped flag (distinguished two of them, showing the 
presence of some high officials, while the others carried red banners, 
and were supposed to have on board a retinue of guard of soldiers. 
On doubling the headland, which separated the former anchorage 
from the bay below, the preparations of the Japanese on the shore 
came suddenly into view. The land bordering the head of the bay 
was gay with a long stretch of painted screens of cloth, upon which 
was emblaboned the arms of the Emperor. Nine tall standards stood 
in the centre of an immense number of banners of divers lively 
colors, which were arranged on either side, until the whole formed a 
crescent of variously tinted flags, which fluttered brightly in the 
rays of the morning sun. From the tall standards were suspended 
broad pennons of rich scarlet which swept the ground with their 
flowing length. On the beach in front of this display were ranged 
regiments of soldiers, who stood in fixed order, evidently arrayed 



HISTORY OF IOWA AND COUNTY DIRECTORY. 205 

to give an appearance of martial force, that the Americans might be 
duly impressed with the military power of the Japanese. 

As the beholder faced the bay, he saw on the left of the village 
of Gori-Hama a straggling group of peak-roofed houses, built be- 
tween the beach and the base of the high ground which ran in 
green acclivities behind, and ascended from height to height to 
the distant mountains. A luxuriant valley or gorge, walled in with 
richly wooded hills, opened at the head of the bay, and breaking 
the uniformity of the curve of the shore, gave a beautiful variety 
to the landscape. On the right some hundred Japanese boats, or 
more, were arranged in parallel lines along the margin of the shore, 
with a red flag flying at the stern of each. The whole effect, though 
not startling, was novel and cheerful, and everything combined to 
give a pleasing aspect to the picture. The day was bright, with a 
clear sunlight which seemed to give fresh vitality alike to the ver- 
dant hillsides and the gay banners and the glittering soldiery. Back 
from the beach, opposite the centre of the curved shore of the bay, 
the building, just constructed for the reception, rose in three pyra- 
midal-shaped roofs, high above the surrounding houses. It was 
covered in front by striped cloth, which was extended in screens to 
either side. It had a new, fresh look, indicative of its recent erection, 
and with its peaked summits was not unlike, in the distance, a 
group of very large ricks of grain. 

Two boats approached as the steamers neared the opening of 
the bay, and when the anchors were dropped they came alongside 
the Susquehanna. Kayama Yezaiman, with his two interpreters, 
came on board, followed immediately by Nagazima Saboroske and an 
officer in attendance, who had come in the second boat. They were 
duly received at the gangway and conducted to seats on the quarter 
deck. All were dressed in full official costume, somewhat different 
from their ordinary garments. Their gowns, though of the usual 
shape, were much more elaborately adorned. The material was of 
very rich silk brocade of gay colors, turned up with yellow velvet, 
and the whole dress was highly embroidered with gold lace in 
various figures, among which was conspicuously displayed on the 
back, sleeves, and breast the arms of the wearer. Saboroske, the sub- 
governor of Uraga, wore a pair of very broad but very short trous- 
ers, which, when his legs (which was not often the case) stood still 
and together, looked very much like a slit petticoat, while below 
his nether limbs were partly naked and partlj covered by black wool- 
len socks. Saboroske, in spite of his elaborate toilette and his finery, 
all bedizened with gold thread, gloss^' silk, and gay colors, did not 
produce a very impressive effect, hui by his comical appearance pro- 
voked mirth rather than admiration. He had, in fact, very much the 
appearance of an unusually brilliant knave of trumps. 



206 THE DAILY TELEGRAPH-HERALD'S 

A signal was now hoisted from the Susquehanna as a sumnaons 
for the boats from the ether ships, and in the course of half an 
hour they had all pulled alongside with their various officers, sailors, 
and marines, detailed for the day's ceremonies. The launches and 
cutters numbered no less than fifteen, and presented quite an im- 
posing array; and with all on board them, in proper uniform, a pic- 
turesque effect was not wanting. Captain Buchanan, having taken 
his place in his barge, led the way, flanked on either side by two 
Japanese boats containing the governor and vice-governor of Uraga 
with their respective suites; and these dignitaries acted as masters 
of ceremony and pointed out the course to the American flotilla. 
The rest of the ships' boats followed after in order, with the cut- 
ters containing the two bands of the steamers, who enlivened the 
occasion with their cheerful music. 

The boats skimmed briskly over the smooth waters; for such 
was the skill and consequent rapidity of the Japanese scullers that 
our sturdy oarsmen were put to their mettle to keep up with their 
guides. When the boats had reached half-way to the shore, the 
thirteen guns of the Susquehanna began to boom away and re- 
echo among the hills. This announced the departure of the Com- 
modore, who, stepping inco his barge, was rowed off to the land. 

The guides in the Japanese boats pointed to the landing place 
toward the centre of the curved shore, where a temporary wharf 
had been built out from the beach by means of bags of sand and 
straw. The advance boat soon touched the spot, and Captain 
Buchanan, who commanded the party, sprang ashore, being the first 
of the Americans who landed in the Kingdom of Japan. He was 
immediately followed by Major Zeilin, of the marines. The rest of 
the boats now pulled in and disembarked their respective loads. 
The marines (one hundred) marched up the warf and formed into 
line on either side, facing the sea; then came the hundred sailors, 
who were also ranged in rank and file as they advanced, while the 
two bands brought up the rear. The whole number of Americans, 
including sailors, marines, musicians, and officers, amounted to near- 
ly three hundred; no very formidable array, but still quite enough 
for a peaceful occasion, and composed of very vigorous, able-bodied 
men, who contrasted strongly with the smaller and more effeminate- 
looking Japanese. These latter had mustered in great force, the 
amount of which the governor of Uraga stated to be five thousand; 
but, seemingly, they far outnumbered that. Their line extended 
around the whole circuit of the beach, from the further extremity 
of the village to the abrupt acclivity of the hill which bounded the 
bay on the northern side; while an immense number of the soldiers 
thronged in, behind and under cover of the cloth screens which 
stretched along rear. The loose order of this Japanese army did 



HISTORY OF IOWA AND COUNTY DIRECTORY. 207 

not betoken any very great degree of discipline. The soldiers were 
tolerably well armed and equipped. Their uniform was very much 
like the ordinary Japanese dress. Their arms were swords, spears, 
and match-locks. Those in front were all infantry, archers and 
lancers; but large bodies of cavalry were seen behind, somewhat in 
the distance, as if held in reserve. The horses of these seemed of a 
fine breed, hardly, of good bottom, and brisk in action; and these 
troopers, with their rich caparisons, presented at least a showy 
cavalcade. Along the base of the rising ground which ascended be- 
hind the village, and entirely in the rear of the soldiers, was a large 
number of the inhabitants, among whom there was quite an as- 
semblage of women, who gazed with intense curosity, through the 
openings in the line of the military, upon the stranger visitors from 
another hemishpere. 

On the arrival of the Commodore his suite of officers formed 
a double line along the landing place, and, as he passed up be- 
tween, they fell into order behind him. The procession was then 
formed and took up its march toward the house of reception, the 
route to which was pointed out by Kayama Yezaiman and hiis inter- 
preter, who preceded the party. The marines led the way, and, 
the soldiers followed, the Commodore was duly escorted up the 
beach. The United States flag and the broad pennant were borne 
by two athletic seamen, who had been selected from the crews of 
the squadron on account of their stalwart proportions. Two boys, 
dressed for the ceremony, preceded the Commodore, bearing in an 
envelope of scarlet cloth the boxes which contained his credentials 
and the President's letter. These documents, of folio size, were beau- 
tifully written on vellum, and not folded, but bound in blue silk vel- 
vet. Each seal, attached by cords of interwoven gold and silk with 
pendant gold tassels, was encased in a circular box six inches in 
diameter and three in depth, wrought of pure gold. Each of the 
documents, together with its seal, was placed in a box of rosewood 
about a foot long, with lock, hinges, and mountings, all of gold. 
On either side of the Commodore marched a tall, well-formed negro, 
who, armed to the teeth, acted as his personal guard. These blacks, 
selected for the occasion, were two of the best-looking fellows of their 
color that the squadron could furnish. All this, of course, was but 
for effect. 

The procession was obliged to make a somewhat circular move- 
ment to reach the entrance of the house of reception. This gave 
a good opportunity for the display of the escort. The building, 
which was but a short distance from the landing, was soon reached. 
In front of the entrance were two small brass cannon, which were 
old and apparently of European manufacture; on either side were 
grouped a rather straggling company of Japanese guards, whose 



208 THE DAILY TELEGRAPH-HERALD'S 

costume was different from that of the other soldiers. Those on 
the right were dressed in tunics, gathered in at the waist with 
broad sashes, and in full trousers of a gray color, the capacious 
width of which was drawn in at the knees, while their heads were 
bound with a white cloth in the form of a turban. They were armed 
with muskets upon which bayonets and fint-locks were observed. The 
guards on the left were dressed in a rather dingy, brown-colored 
uniform turned up with yellow, and carried old-fashioned match- 
locks. 

The Commodore, having been escorted to the door of the house 
of reception, entered with his suite. The building showed marks 
of hasty erection, and ths timbers and boards of pine wood were 
numbered, as if they had been fashioned previously and brought 
to the spot all ready to be put together. The first portion of the 
structure entered was a kind of tent, principally constructed of 
painted canvass, upon which in various places the imperial arms 
was painted. Its area enclosed a space of nearly forty feet square. 
Beyond this entrance hall was an inner apartment to which a 
carpeted path led. The ftoor of the outer room was generally cov- 
ered with white cloth, but through its centre passed a slip of red- 
colored carpet, which showed the direction to the interior chamber. 
This latter was entirely carpeter with red cloth, and was the state 
apartment of the building where the reception was to take place. . 
Its floor was somewhat raised, like a dais, above the general level, 
and handsomely adorned for the occasion. Violet-colored hangings 
of silk and fine cotton, with the imperial coat-of-arms embroidered 
in white, hung from the walls which enclosed the inner room, on 
three sides, while the front was left open to the antechamber or outer 
room. 

As the Commodore and his suite ascended to the reception room, 
the two dignitaries who were seated on the left arose and bowed, 
and the Commodore and suite were conducted to the arm-chairs 
■vhich had been provided for them on the right. The interpreters 
announced the names and titles of the high Japanese functionaries 
as Toda-ldzu-no-kami, Todu, prince of Idzu, and Ido-lwamilnolkami, 
Ido, prince of Iwami. They were both men of advanced years, the 
former apparently about fifty, and the latter some ten or fifteen 
years older. Prince Toda was the better-looking man of the two, and 
the intellectual expression of his large forehead and amiable look of 
his regular features contrasted very favorably with the more wrin- 
kled and contracted and less intelligent face of his associate, the 
Prince of Iwami. They were both very richly dressed, their gar- 
ments being heavily silk brocade interwoven with elaborately 
wrought figures in gold and silver. 

From the beginning, the two princes had assumed an air of 



HISTORY OP IOWA AND COUNTY DIRECTORY. 209 

statuesque formality which, they preserved during the whole in- 
terview, as they never spoke a word, and rose from their seats 
only at the entrance and exit of the Commodore, when they made 
a grave and formal bow. Yezaiman and his interpreters acted as 
masters of ceremony during the occasion. On entering, they took 
their positions at the upper end of the room, kneeling down beside 
a large lacquered box of scarlet color, supported by feet, guilt or of 
brass. 

For some time after the Commodore and his suite had taken 
their seats there was a pause of some minutes, not a word being 
uttered on either side. Tatznoske, the principal interpreter, was 
the first to break silence, which he did by asking Mr. Portman, 
the Dutch interpreter, whether the letters were ready for delivery, 
and stating that the Prince Toda was prepared to receive them; 
and that the scarlet box at the upper end of the room was pre- 
pared as the receptacle for them. The Commodore, upon this being 
communicated to him, beckoned to the boys who stood in the lower 
hall to advance, when they immediately obeyed his summons and 
came forward, bearing the handsome boxes which contained the 
President's letter and other documents. The two stalwart negroes 
followed immediately in the rear of the boys, and, marching up to 
the scarlet receptacle, received the boxes from the hands of the 
bearers, opened them, took out the letters, and, displaying the writ- 
ing and seals, laid them upon the lid of the Japnese box — all in 
perfect silence. The President's letter, the Commodore's letter of 
credence, and two commuuications from the Commodore to the Em- 
peror are here given. A third letter from him has already been 
presented on a previous page. All these, however, accompanied the 
letter from the President and were delivered at the same time with it. 

Millard Fillmore, President of the United States of America, to His 
Imperial Majesty, the Emperor of Japan. 

Great and Good Friend". I send you this public letter by Com- 
modore Matthem C. Perry, an olhcer of the highest rank in the navy 
of the United States, and commander of the squadron now visiting 
your imperial majesty's dominions. 

I have directed Commodore Perry to assure your imperial majes- 
ty that I entertain the kindest feelings toward your majesty's person 
and government, and that I have no other object in sending him to 
Japan but to propose to your imperial majesty that the United States 
and Japan should live in friendship and have commercial intercourse 
with each other. 

The Constitution and laws of the United States forbid all interfer- 
ence with the religious or political concerns of other nations. I have 
particularly charged Commodore Perry to abstain from evefy act 



210 THE DAILY TELEGRAPH-HERALD'S 

which could possibly disturb the tranquillity of your imperial majes- 
ty's dominions. 

The United States of America reach from ocean to ocean, and our 
Territory of Oregon and State of California lie directly opposite to the 
dominions of your imperial majesty. Our steamships can go from 
California to Japan in eighteen days. 

Our great State of California produces about sixty millions of 
dollars in gold every year, besides silver, quicksilver, precious stones, 
and many other valuable articles, Japan is also a rich and fertile 
country, and produces many \ery valuable articles. Your imperial 
majesty's subjects are skilled in many of the arts. I am desirous that 
our two countries should trade with each other, for the benefit both of 
Japan and the United States. 

We know that the ancient laws of your imperial majesty's govern- 
ment do not allow of foreign trade, except with the Chinese and the 
Dutch; but, as the state of the world changes and new governments 
are formed, it seems to be wise, from time to time, to make new laws. 
There was a time when the ancient laws of your imperial majesty's 
government were first made. 

Amout the same time America, which is sometimes called the 
New World, was first discovered and settled by the Europeans. For 
a long time there were but a few people, and they were poor. They 
have now become quite numerous; their commerce is very extensive; 
and they think that if your imperial majesty were so far to change 
the ancient laws as to allow a free trade between the two countries 
it would be extremely beneficial to both. 

If your imperial majesty is not satisfied that it would be safe alto- 
gether to abrogate the ancient laws which forbid foreign trade, they 
might be suspended for five or ten years, so as to try the experiment, 
[f it does not prove as beneficial as was hoped, the ancient laws can 
be restored. The United States often limit their treaties with foreign 
States to a few years, and then renew thm or not, as they please. 

I have directed Commodore Perry to mention another thing to 
your imperial majesty. Many of our ships pass every year from Cali- 
fornia to China; and great numbers of our people pursue the whale 
fishery near the shores of Japan, It sometimes happens, in stormy 
weather, that one of our ships is wrecked on your imperial majesty's 
shores. In all such cases we ask, and expect our unfortunate people 
should be treated with kindness, and that their property should be 
protected till we can send a vessel and bring them away. We are 
very much in earnest in this. 

Commodore Perry is also directed by me to represent to your im- 
perial majesty that we understand there is a great abundance of coal 
and provisions in the Empire of Japan. Our steamships, in crossing 
the great ocean, burn a great deal of coal, and it is not convenient to 
bring it all the way from America. We wish that our steamships and 



HISTORY OF IOWA AND COUNTY DIRECTORY. 211 

other vessels should be allowed to stop in Japan and supply them- 
selves with coal, provisions, and water. They will pay for them in 
money, or anything else your imperial majesty's subjects may prefer; 
and we request your imperial majesty to appoint a convenient port, in 
the southern part of the Empire, where our vessels may stop for this 
purpose. We are very desirous of this. 

These are the only objects for which I have sent Commodore 
Perry, with a powerful squadron, to pay a visit to your imperial ma- 
jesty's renowned city of Yedo: friendship, commerce, a supply of coal 
and provisions, and protection for our shipwrecked people. 

We have directed Commodore Perry to beg your imperial ma- 
jesty's acceptance of a few presents. They are of no great value in 
themselves; but some of them may serve as specimens of the articles 
manufactured in the United States, and they are intended as tokens 
of our sincere and respectful friendship. 

May the Almighty have your imperial majesty in His great and 
holy keeping! 

In witness whereof, I have caused the great seal of the United 
States to be hereunto affixed, and have subscribed the same with my 
name, at the City of Washington, in America, the seat of my govern- 
ment, on the thirteenth day of the month of November, in the year 
one thousand eight hundred and fifty- two. 

[Seal attached.] Your good friend, 

MILLARD FILLMORE. 
By the President: 

EDWARD EVERETT, 
Secretary of State. 



Commodore Perry to the Emperor. 

United States Steam Frigate Susquehanna, 
Off the Coast of Japan, July 7, 1853. 

The undersigned, commander-in-chief of all the naval forces of the 
United States of America stationed in the East India, China, and 
Japan seas, has been sent by his government to this country, on a 
friendly mission, with ample powers to negotiate with the government 
of Japan touching certain matters which have been fully set forth in 
the letter of the President of the United States, copies of which, to- 
gether with copies of the letter of credence of the undersigned, in the 
English, Dutch, and Chinese languages, are herewith transmitted. 

The original of the President's letter, and of the letter of credence, 
prepared in a manner suited to the exalted station of your imperial 
majesty, will be presented by the undersigned in person, when it may 
please your majesty to appoint a day for his reception. 

The undersigned has been commanded to state that the President 



212 THE DAILY TELEGRAPH-HERALD'S 

entertains the most friendly feelings toward Japan, but has been sur- 
prised and grieved to learn that when any of the people of the United 
States go, of their accord, or are thrown by the perils of the sea, within 
the domains of your imperial majesty, they are treated as if they were 
your worst enemies. 

The undersigned refers to the cases of the American ships Morri- 
son, Lagoda, and Lawrence. 

With the Americans, as indeed with all Christian people, it is 
considered a sacred duty to receive with kindness, and to succor and 
protect all, of whatever nation, who may be cast upon their shores, 
and such has been the course of the Americans with respect to all 
Japanese subjects who have fallen under their protection. 

The government of the United States desires to obtain from that 
of Japan some positive assurance that persons who may hereafter be 
shipwrecked on the coast of Japan, or driven by stress of weather 
into her ports, shall be treated with humanity. 

The undersigned is commanded to explain to the Japanese that 
the United States are connected with no government in Europe, and 
that their laws do not interfere with the religion of their own citizens, 
much less with that of other nations. 

That they inhabit a great country which lies directly between Ja- 
pan and Europe, and which was discovered by the nations of Europe 
about the same time that Japan herself was first visited by Europeans; 
that the portion of the American continent lying nearest to Europe 
was first settled by emigrants from that part of the world; that its 
population has rapidly spread through the counrty, until it has reached 
the shores of the Pacific Ocean; that we have now large cities, from 
which, with the aid of steam vessels, we can reach Japan in eighteen 
or twenty days; that our commerce with all this region of the globe is 
rapidly increasing, and the Japan seas will soon be covered with our 
vessels. 

Therefore, as the United States and Japan are becoming every 
day nearer and nearer to each other, the President desires to live in 
peace andf riendship with your imperial majesty, but no frindship can 
long exist unless Japan ceases to act toward Americans as if they 
were her enemies. 

However wise this policy may originally have been, it is unwise 
and impracticable now that the intercourse between the two countries 
is so much more easy and rapid than it formerly was. 

The undersigned holds out all these arguments in the hope that 
the Japanese government will see the necessity of averting unfriendly 
collision between the two nations, by responding favorably to the 
propositions of amity, which are now made in all sincerity. 

Many of the large ships-of-war destined to visit Japan have not 
yet arrived in these seas, though they are hourly expected; and the 
undersigned, as an evidence of his friendly intentions, has brought 



HISTORY OF IOWA AND COUNTY DIRECTORY. 213 

but four of the smaller ones, designing, should it become necessary, 
to return to Yedo in the ensuing spring with a much larger force. 

But it is expected that the givernment of your imperial majesty 
will render such return unnecessary by acceding at once to the very 
reasonable and pacific overtures contained in the President's letter, 
and which will be further explained by the undersigned on the first 
fitting occasion. 

With the most profound respect for your imperial majesty, and 
entertaining a sincere hope that you may long live to enjoy health 
and happiness, the undersigned subscribes himself, 

M. C. PERRY, 

Commander-in-Chief of the United States Naval Forces 
in the East India, China, and Japan Seas. 
To His Imperial Majesty, 

the Emperor of Japan. 



Commodore Perry to the Emperor. 

United States Steam Frigate Susquehanna, 
Uraga, Yedo Bay, July 14, 1853. 

It having been represented to the undersigned that the proposi- 
tions submitted through him to the government of Japan are of so 
much importance, and involve so many momentous questions, that 
much time will be required to deliberate and decide upon their sev- 
eral bearings: 

The undersigned, in consideration thereof, declares himself will- 
ing to await a reply to these propositions until his return to Yedo 
Bay in the ensuing spring, when he confidently hopes that all matters 
will be amicably arranged, and to the satisfaction of the two nations. 

With profound respect, 

M. C. PERRY, 

Commander-in-Chief of the United States Naval Forces 
in the East India, China, and Japan Seas. 
To His Imperial Majesty, 

the Emperor of Japan. 



Letter of Credence to Commodore Perry. 

Millard Fillmore, President of the United States of America, to His 

Imperial Majesty the Emperor of Japan: 

Reposing special trust and confidence in the integrity, prudence 
and ability of Matthew C. Perry, a captain in the navy of the United 



214 THE DAILY TELEGRAPH-HERALD'S 

States, I have invested him with full power, for and in the name of the. 
said United States, to meet and confer with any person or persons 
furnished with like powers on the part of your imperial majesty, and 
with him or them to negotiate, conclude, and sign a convention or con- 
ventions, treaty or treaties, of and concerning the friendship, com- 
merce, and navigation of the two countries; and all matters and 
subjects connected therewith which may be interesting to the two 
nations, submitting the same to the President of he United States 
for his final ratification, by and with the advice and consent of the 
Senate of the United States. 

In testimony whereof, I have caused the seal of the United States 
to be hereunto affixed. 

Given under my hand, at the City of Washington, the thirteenth 
day of November, in the year one thousand eight hundred and fifty- 
two, and of the independence of the United States of America the 
seventy-seventh. 

MILLARD FILLMORE. 

By the President: 

EWDARD EVERETT, 
Secretary of State. 

[Seal attached.] 

Accompanying the letters were translations of the same into the 
Chinese and Dutch languages. After the documents had been laid 
upon the lid of the imperial box, made as their receptacle, Mr. Port- 
man, Dutch interpreter, by the Commodore's direction, indicated to 
Tatznoske, the Japanese interpreter, the characters of the various 
documents, upon which Tatznoske and Kayama Yezaiman, still kneel- 
ing, both bowed their heads. The latter, now rising, approached the 
Prince of Iwami, and, prostrating himself on his knees before him, 
received from his hands a roll of papers, with which he crossed over 
to the Commodore, and, again falling upon his knees, delivered it to 
him. The Dutch interpreter now asked "what those papers were," to 
which it was answered, "They are the imperial receipt." The trans- 
lation of it is as follows: 

Translation of Receipt Given by tlie Princes of Idzu and Iwami to 
Commodore Perry. 

The letter of the President of the United States of North America, 
and copy, are hereby received and delivered to the Emperor. Many 
times it has been communicated that business relating to foreign 
countries cannot be transacted here in Uraga, but in Nagasaki. Now 
it has been observed that the Admiral, in his quality of ambassador of 
the President, would be insulted by it; the justice of this has been 
acknowledged; consequently, the above-mentioned letter is hereby 
received, in opposition to the Japanese law. 

Because the place is not designed to treat of anything from for- 



HISTORY OF IOWA AND COUNTY DIRECTORY. 215 

eigners, so neither can conference nor entertainment take place. The 
letter being received, you will leave here. 

[Here follow fac-similes of signatures in Japanese.] 
The Ninth of the Sixth Month. 

The above is a literal translation from the Dutch, in which lan- 
guage the conferences were held, and into whoch the receipt of the 
chief counsellors, the princes of Idzu and Iwami, was, doubtless, 
badly translated from the Japanese by their interpreter. 

The following would probably be the correct translation: — 

"The letter of the President of the United States of North 
America, and copy, are hereby received, and will be delivered to the 
Emperor. 

"It has been many times intimated that business relating to for- 
eign countries cannot be transacted here in Uraga, but at Nagasaki; 
nevertheless, as it has been observed that the Admiral, in his quality 
of ambassador of the President, would feel himself insulted by a re- 
fusal to receive the letter at this place, the justice of which has been 
acknowledged, the above-mentioned letter is hereby received, in op- 
position to the Japanese law. 

"As this is not a place wherein to negotiate with foreigners, so 
neither can conferences nor entertainments be held. Therefore, as 
the letter has been received, you can depart." 

After a silence of some few minutes the Commodore dircted his 
interpreters to inform the Japanese that he would leave, with the 
squadron, for Lew Chew and Canton in two or three days, and to 
offer to the government his services, if it wished to send any des- 
patches to those places. The Commodore also stated that it was his 
intention to return to Japan in the approaching spring, perhaps in 
April or May. ^Taznoske then asked the Dutch interpreter to repeat 
what he had said about the Commodore's leaving and returning, 
which he did, using the same words as before. Then the question 
was asked "whether the Commodore would return with all four ves- 
sels." "All of them," asnwered the Commodore, "and probably more, 
as these are only a portion of the squadron." Allusion had been made 
to the revolution in China, and the interpreter asked its cause, without 
however, translating to the Japanese princes, to which the Commo- 
dore dictated the reply that "it was on account of the government." 

Yezaiman and Tatznoske now bowed, and, rising from their knees, 
drew the fastenings around the scarlet box, and, informing the Com- 
modore's interpreter that there was nothing more to be done, passed 
out of the apartment, bowing to those on either side as they went. 
The Commodore now rose to take leave, and, as he departed, the two 
princes, still preserving absolute silence, also arose and stood until 
the strangers had passed from their presence. 

The Commodore and his suite were detained a short time at -the 



216 THE DAILY TELEGRAPH-HERALD'S 

entrance of the building waiting for their barge, whereupon Yezaiman 
and his interpreter returned, and asked some of the party what they 
were waiting for, to which they received the reply, "For the Commo- 
dore's boat." Nothing further was said. The whole interview had 
not occupied more than from twenty to thirty minutes, and had been 
conducted with the greatest formality, though with the most perfect 
courtesy in every respect. 

The procession re-formed as before, and the Commodore was 
escorted to his barge, and, embarking, was rowed off toward his ship 
followed by the other American and the two Japanese boats which 
contained the governor of Uraga and his attendants, the bands mean- 
while playing our national airs with great spirit as the boats pulled 
off to the ships. While there was some little delay in embarking all 
the party, in consekuence of the smallness of the landing place, which 
was now flanked by some sixty or seventy Japanese government 
boats, the soldiers took occasion to crowd in from various parts of the 
shore, either to satisfy their curiosity or to show a more formidable 
front; and it must be confessed that, had such been the disposition of 
the Japanese, there would have been no difficulty, with their large 
force, in completely hemming in the Americans. 

The opening of Japan to commercial relations with the world was 
effected by the United States; and the- agent of our government in this 
epoch-making work was Commodore Matthew Calbraith Perry, a chap- 
ter of whose official report is herewith published. 

Matthew Calbraith Perry was a younger brother of Oliver Hazard 
Perry, the hero of the battle of Lake Erie. He was born in Newport, 
R. I. (where a statue of him stands in Touro Park, close to the Old 
Mill), April 10, 1794. He entered the navy as midshipman in 1809, 
serving under his brother and then under Commodore John Rodgers, 
and taking part in various naval engagements during the War of 1812, 
being made a lieutenant in 1813. In 1819 he convoyed the first 
colony of negroes from this country to Africa; and he selected the 
site of the future Monrovia. Throughout his life he was a diligent 
student of sanitation, and influential in important reforms. For sev- 
eral years he was engaged in protecting American commerce from 
pirates in the West Indies and the Mediterranean. In 1829 he took 
John Randolph as envoy to the czar in the first American man-of-war 
to enter Russian waters; and he was offered high rank in the Russian 
navy by Nicholas, but declined. After farther naval exploits, he began 
in 1833 ten years of shore duty as master commandant at the Brook- 
lyn navy yard; and the important results in navel science earned for 
him the title of "a chief educator of the United States navy." He 
organized the Brooklyn Naval Lyceum, helped found the Naval Maga- 
zine, tabulated the action of the tides, organized the first steam ser- 
vice, and commanded the first steam war vessel of our navy. He 
studied the problems of ordnance and armor with most important re- 



HISTORY OF IOWA AND COUNTY DIRECTORY. 217 

suits, introducing constructive changes of great moment in our navy. 
He did much to reform the light-house service. He commanded the 
squadron sent to Africa in 1843 to enforce the Webster-Ashburton 
treaty; and in the Mexican War he had command of the fleet which 
co-operated with General Scott, successfully bombarding Vera Cruz. 
But his chief title to fame lies in his remarkably wise and eflacient 
organization and command of the expedition to Japan, after many vain 
attempts by our own people and European governments to establish 
trade and general relations with that hermit nation. He succeeded 
in delivering the President's letter on July 14, 1853, and in signing 
a treatry on March 31, 1854; and this brilliant achievement marked 
the beginning of the wonderful new life of Japan. On his return he 
wrote the report of the expedition, accompanied by many scientific 
papers by other writers, with a preface and notes by Francis L. 
Hawks; and this monumental work in three great volumes, with many 
illustrations, was published by the government. Commodore Perry 
died in New York, March 4, 1858. In 1903, the fiftieth anniversary 
of Perry's landing in Japan, ^ monument in honor of him and of the 
event was erected and dedicated at the place of the landing by the 
Japanese government and people. There is an admirable popular bio- 
graphy of Perry by Rev. William Elliot GriflBs; and this reviews in 
one of its early chapters the various efforts of Europeans to secure 
foothold in Japan and the particular conditions at the time of Commo- 
dore Perry's historic enterprise which resulted in a success so brilliant 
and so fruitful in results to Japan, to the United States, and to the 
world. 

The passage given in the present story is chapter xiii. of the ofli- 
cial report of Perry's expedition. The valuable introduction to the 
report contains various thorough studies of the history, character, and 
conditions of the Japanese people, and especially of the past relations 
of the empire with the western civilized nations. The chapters which 
follow record the proposal of the mission to Japan to the United States 
government by Commodore Perry, the careful preparations, the de- 
parture from Norfolk, the incidents of the voyage, the delay in 
Chinese waters, the arrival on the Japanese coast, the surprise of the 
people, and the delicate and intricate negotiations with the local gov- 
ernor, leading to the taking of Commodore Perry's message to Yedo 
and arrangements for his reception on shore by high officials repre- 
senting the Emperor. Of that reception the chapter here printed is 
the record. Commodore Perry immediately after it returned with his 
squadron to Chinese waters, where he remained until the next Febru- 
ary (1854), when, returning to Japan, he was cordially received, made 
an exhibition to the Japanese of the telegraph and railroad, of agri- 
cultural implements and other instruments of western progress, 
which were greatly admired, and succeeded in making the desired 
treaty, which was soon followed by similar treaties between Japan 



218 THE DAILY TELEGRAPH-HERALD'S 

and other nations. The text of the treaty, with Commodore Perry's 
own comments upon its character and significance, is given in chapter 
XX. of the report. His final words are: 

"Japan has been opened to the nations of the west, and it is not 
ti be believed that, having once effected an entrance, the enlightened 
powers that have made treaties with her will go backward, and by any 
indiscretion lose what, after so many unavailing efforts for centuries, 
has at last been happily attained. It belongs to these nations to show 
Japan that her interests will be promoted by communication with 
them; and as prejudice gradually vanishes, we may hope to see the 
future negotiation of commercial treaties more and more liberal, for 
the benefit not of ourselves only, but of all the maritime powers of 
Europe, for the advancement of Japan, and for the upward progress 
of our common humanity. It would be a reproach to Christendom 
now to force Japan to relapse into her cheerless and unprogressive 
state of unnatural isolation. She is the youngest sister in the circle 
of commercial nations; let those who are older kindly take her by 
the hand, and aid her tottering steps ujitil she has reached a vigor 
that will enable her to walk firmly in her own strength." 

CHAPTER LVII. 
EXPLORERS. 

Christopher Columbus landed on one of the Bahama Islands, 
October 12, 1492. John Cabot, in the service of Henry VII. of England, 
made the mainland of America, June 24, 1497. Sebastian Cabot ex- 
plored the coast from Nova Scotia to Cape Hatteras, 1498. Colum- 
bus first landed on the mainland of America, August 1, 1498. Denis, 
of Hanfleur, explored the Gulf of St. Lawrence, 1506. Waldseemuller, 
a German professor of geography, proposed "America" for the name 
of the new world, in 1507. Vasco Nunez de Balboa planted the first 
European settlement on the Isthmus of Darien in 1510. Juan Ponce 
de Leon found and named Florida, Easter Sunday, 1512. Francisco 
F. De Cordova reached Mexico in 1517. Baron de Lery attempted a 
settlement on Sable Island in 1518. Fernando Cortez, with eleven 
vessels and 600 men, landed at Vera Cruz, Mexico, in 1519. Magellan 
found and named Magellan Strait in 1520. Cortez entered the city 
of Mexico in 1521. John Verrazano, employed by Francis I., of France, 
explored the east coast from Carolina to Newfoundland in 1524. 
Cabeza de Vaca found a mouth of the Mississippi in 1528. Jacques 
Cartier went up the St. Lawrence to Hochelaga (Montreal), returned 
to Stadacona (Quebec), in 1535, and, in the spring, returned to France. 
De Sota landed at Tampa Bay, Florida, in 1539. De Sota discovered 
the Mississippi in 1541. De Sota dying of a fever, his followers sank 
his body in the Mississippi in 1542. Jean Ribaut of Dieppe, built a 
fort, Charlesfort, near Hilton Head, and, putting thirty men in it. 



HISTORY OF IOWA AND COUNTY DIRECTORY. 219 

returned to France in 1562. Rene de Laudonniere brought a colony 
of Huguenots to Florida, and built Fort Caroline, at the mouth of the 
St. John's in 1564. Jean Ribaut brought succors to the half-starved 
occupants of Fort Caroline, August 29, 1565. Pedro Menendez founded 
St. Augustine, Florida, September 5, 1565. Menendez surprised Fort 
Caroline, Ribaut being absent, and butchered 142 people September 
20, 1565. Dominique de Gourges took Fort Caroline and wreaked full 
vengeance upon the Spaniards in 1568. Sir Francis Drake sailed up 
the west coast to Oregon, in 1578. Sir Humphrey Gilbert took posses- 
sion of Newfoundland in 1583. Sir Richard Grenville, sent by Sir 
Walter Raleigh, landed settlers on Roanoke Island in 1585. Birth of 
Virginia Dare, on Roanoke Island, the first white child born in 
America August 18, 1587. The marquis de La Roche landed forty 
convicts on Sable Island in 1598. Bartholomew Gosnold entered 
Massachusetts Bay in 1602. De Monts established a French colony at 
Port Royal (Annapolis, N. S.), in 1605. James I., of England, gave 
North Virginia the territory between 41 and 45 degrees, to the Ply- 
mouth Company; and South Virginia, the territory between 34 and 
38 degrees to the London Company, April 10, 1606. 

1607. The "Susan-Constant," Captain Christopher Newport, the 
"God Speed," Captain Bartholomew Gosnold, and the "Discovery," 
Captain Jno. Ratcliffe, landed 105 colonists on St. James River, Va., 
May 13, who founded Jamestown; they built a church, a log one, 
"covered with rafts, sedge, and dirt," Mr. Hunt being the clergyman. 
In July an epidemic killed half of them. Geo. Popham landed 100 
settlers at the mouth of the Kennebec, August 21, St. George. Cap- 
tain Smith fell into the hands of Powhatan; Pocahontas saved his life. 

1608. Smith returned to Jamestown January 8. Pocahontas 
brought food to settlers at Jamestown. Settlers of St. George, Popham 
having died, returned to England. .Jamestown destroyed by fire. 
Champlain founded Quebec. Capt. Smith explored the Chesapeake. 
Master John Laydon and mistress Forrest married at Jamestown, first 
English marriage in America. 

1609. London Company got a new charter, May 23, enlarging 
the Virginia colony. Thos Gates and Sir Geo. Somers, with nine ships 
for Virginia, encountered a great storm August 3. Champlain dis- 
covered Lake Champlain July 30. Henry Hudson ascended the Hud- 
son and reached the site of Albany September 19, calling the district 
New Netherland. Capt. Smith returned to England. 

1610. The "starving time" at Jamestown. Gates, Somers and 
Newport, who had been wrecked on the "Sea Vulture," arrived at 
•Jamestown June 2. Lord Delaware opportunely arrived with succor 
for the settlers, who were on the point of leaving Jamestown. In 
Virginia Lord Delaware fixed the hours of labor from six to ten A. M., 
and from two to four P. M. 



220 THE DAILY TELEGRAPH-HERALD'S 

1611. Lord Delaware, seized with ague, left Jamestown for Eng- 
land. Sir Thos. Dale brought 300 immigrants to Jamestown; so far 
the land had been worked in common, now a few acres were assigned 
to every man. Sir Thos. Dale founded a new "city," "City of Henri- 
cus." 

1612. The London Company got a new charter, the third one, 
which added Bermuda to Virginia. Capt. Samuel Argall took Poca- 
hontas prisoner, intending to hold her as an hostage for Powhatan's 
good behavior. Capt. John Smith drew a map of Virginia. John 
Rolfe tried the culture of tobacco in Virginia. 

1613. Sir Thos. Dale instructed Pocahontas in Christianity; she 
was baptized "Rebecca," and in April she was married to John Rolfe, 
in the church at Jamestown, by Rev. Alex. Whitaker, "Apostle of Vir- 
ginia." Capt. Argall took Port Royal, and conquered Acadia. Adrian 
Block's ship having been burnt, he and his crew built huts on Bowling 
Green, and began to build the "Restless," the first vessel built at 
New York. 

1614. The Dutch established a trading post on Manhattan Is- 
land, New Amsterdam. Adrian Block explored the Connecticut River 
to Hartford. Capt. John Smith explored the shore northeast of the 
Hudson, and called the country New England. 

- 1615. Sir Thos. Dale induced the London Company to grant 50 
acres of land to every settler in Virginia. Champlain crossed Lake 
Ontario, with Hurons, and assisted in an assault on an Onondaga 
town. 

1616. John Rolfe and his wife "Lady Rebecca," went to England. 
Gov. Yeardley, successor of Dale, began the regular cultivation of 
tobacco in Virginia. 

1617. Pocahontas died in England, March 21. Argall succeeded 
Yeardley as governor of Virginia. The Dutch settled at Bergan, N. J. 
The Dutch erected a fortified trading house at Norman's Kill, two 
miles below Albany, N. Y. 

1619. Sir Geo. Yeardley again came to Virginia as governor- 
general, and July 30, he called together two representatives from each 
of the 11 plantations in Virginia, forming the first legislative body in 
the United States. Now a settler in Virginia could get 100 acres of 
choice land for $63.00. In August a Dutch ship sold 20 negroes in 
Jamestown, beginning negro slavery in the United States. Virginia 
sent 20,000 pounds of tobacco to England. 

1620. Sir Ed. Sandys sent 1,261 settlers to Jamestown, including 
90 young women, "pure and uncorrupt;" they were sold to planters 
for wives, the price of a wife being from 120 lbs. to 150 lbs. of tobac- 
co. "Council established at Plymouth, in Devon, for the planting, 
ruling, ordering, and governing of New England, in America," Nov. 
3. The "Mayflower," carrying the Pilgrim Fathers, entered Cape Cod 



HISTORY OF IOWA AND COUNTY DIRECTORY. 221 

Bay, November 21. They landed on Plymouth Rock, December 21, 
John Carver, governor. Birth of Peregrine White, December 21, first 
Englishman born in New England. 

1621. Samoset, a Wampanoag chief, greeted the Pilgrim Fathers 
with "Welcome, Englishmen," March 26. Massasoit made a treaty 
with Governor Carver April 1. Master Ed. Winslow married Mistress 
Susanna White, widow, at Plymouth, May 12, first English marriage 
in New England. Dutch West India Co. incorporated June 8. Governor 
Carver died, Wm. Bradford being his successor. Sir Francis Wyatt 
came to Virginia as Governor, and brought a written charter, giving 
Virginia free government; it was the first in America. 

1622. The people of Plymouth built a little fort, which was also 
their first church. Opechancanough, successor of Powhatan, murdered 
347 Virginia settlers March 22. Sir Fernando Gorges and Capt. John 
Mason obtained a grant of land from the Merrimac to the Kennebec 
August 20, which they called Laconia. Canonicus, chief of the Nar- 
ragansetts, sent a bundle of arrows to the Plymouth colony; Gov. 
Bradford returned a parcel of powder and ball. 

1623. The West India Company sent their first ship, the "Unity," 
laden with immigrants, to New Netherland. The "New Netherland" 
brought 30 families to Manhattan Island, Cornelius Jacobsen May be- 
ing the first director. The Dutch built Fort Orange (Albany). Rev. 
Wm. Blaxton settled at Trimountaine (Boston.) 

1624. The London Company forfeited its charter, and Virginia 
became a royal province. First neat cattle and swine brought to 
New England. The Burgesses of Virginia declared that the governor 
shall not tax the colony "otherway than by the authority of the gen- 
eral assembly." Ed. Sharpless, clerk of the Virginia council, was put 
in the pillory and had his ears cropped for disobeying the assembly. 
Plymouth colony freighted a 180 tons ship with cured fish. 

1625. The English made a permanent settlement at Pemaquid, 
Maine. Charles I. was proclaimed king of England March 27. The 
first white child born in New Netherland, was Sarah Rapelje, June 7. 
Wm. Verhulst, director of New Netherland. 

1626. Peter Minuit director-general of New Netherland; he pur- 
chased Manhattan Island of the Indians for $24.00, and built Fort 
Amsterdam. The colonists of Virginia "established a bead factory 
as a mint for the coinage of a current medium of commerce with the 
Indians." The "Arms of Amsterdam" left Manhattan September 23, 
for Holland, laden with 7,246 beaver skins, 675 otter skins, 48 minx, 
and 36 wild cat. 

1628. Jonas Michaelius organized the first Reformed Dutch 
Church in New Amsterdam, and erected the first building (church). 
John Endicott began a colony at Salem, Mass. Charles I. tried to con- 
tract for the whole tobacco crop in Virginia. Mr. Skelton was chosen 



222 THE DAILY TELEGRAPH-HERALD'S 

pastor, and Mr. Higgonson teacher, for a church at Massachusetts 
Bay, July 20. Virginia exported 500,000 lbs. of tobacco. The Ply- 
mouth colony gave 20 acres of land to every one in each family. 

1629. Mr. Ralph Smith was installed first regular pastor at Ply- 
mouth. The Salem colony obtained a charter from the king, March 
14, and incorporatioji as "The Governor and Company of the Massa- 
chusetts Bay in New England." Champlain surrendered Canada to 
David Kirke. Mason got from Gorges full ownership of the district 
between the Merrimac and the Piscataqua, Nov. 17, calling it New 
Hampshire. 

1630. Thos. Tindall, of Virginia, was sent to the pillory for two 
hours for "giving my Lord Baltimore the lie and threatening to knock 
him down." Earl of Warwick obtained Connecticut. John Winthrop 
arrived at Salem, Mass., June 12. Kiliaen Van Rensselaer purchased 
a tract of land near Albany, N. Y., August 13. John Winthrop settled 
Trimountain. Trimountain named Boston September 27. First 
General Court met at Boston October 19. 

1631. The Earl of Warwick transferred Connecticut to Lord Say- 
an d-Seal, Lord Brooke, and others, March 29. Roger Williams came 
to New England. Portsmouth, N. H., settled. Winthrop built the 
"Blessing of the Bay," on Mystic River. The "New Netherland," a 
ship of 800 tons, built at Manhattan. John Endicott of Salem, fined 
40 shillings for "assault and battery." 

1632. A ship laden with corn from Virginia sailed into Boston. 
Charles I. gave a charter of Maryland to Cecil Calvert (Lord Balti- 
more), June 20. First meeting house built in Boston. By the treaty 
of St. Germain-en-Laye, France recovered Canada. John Eliot, "the 
Apostle of the Indians of North America," settled at Roxbury, Mass. 

1633. The Dutch built a fort at Hartford, Conn. Wouter Van 
Twiller governor of New Netherland. John Cotton came to Boston. 
Rev. Everardus Bogardus and Adam Roelandsen, the first clergyman 
and the first schoolmaster in New York, came to New Amsterdam. 
The "William," a London ship, began to trade on the Hudson, but 
the Dutch drove her to sea. Captain Holmes, in defiance of the 
Dutch, built a trading house at Windsor. 

1634. Leonard Calvert brought settlers to Maryland, and founded 
St. Mary. Father White turned an Indian's wigwam into the first 
English Catholic church in America. Calvert drove Wm. Clayborne 
from Kent Island. Benj. Sym founded a free school in Virginia. In 
Boston, Sam Cole opened the first public house, and John Cogan open- 
ed the first shop; Thursday was market day in Boston. 

1635. First legislative assembly of Maryland met at St. Mary 
March 8. Boston Latin school founded, with Philemon Purmount 
as master. Richard Mather came to New England. The Virginians 
deposed their governor, Sir John Harvey, April -28, A Dutch vessel 



HISTORY OP iOWA AND COUNTY DIRECTORY. 223 

from the West Indies arrived at Marblehead, Mass. Sixty men, wo- 
iiKE and children, from the Puritan settlements, settled at Windsor, 
Hartford, and Weathersfield, Conn. 

1636. Roger Williams, banished from Massachusetts, went to 
Nsirragansett Bay and began the settlement of Providence. First coiirt 
in Connecticut held at Hartford April 26. First American ship went 
to West Indies. Rev. Thos. Hooker, with 100 men, women and chil- 
dien, after a toilsome journey to "the West," reached the Connecticut 
River. General court of Massachusetts, October 28, agreed to give 
$2,000 towards a college. The Pequods began a war with the Connecti- 
c.it settlers. 

1637. Wm. Kieft made director of New Netherland. Captain J. 
Mason, of Connecticut, nearly destroyed the Pequods. The first Synod 
in America met at Newtowne, Mass., August 30. 

1638. Peter minuit established a colony of Swedes and Finns on 
Delaware Bay. Orloff S. Van Cortland arrived at New Amsterdam 
March 28. Rev. Jno. Davenport, Mr. Prudden, and Theoph. and Sam. 
Eaton, with 300 settlers, began New Haven. Newtowne, Mass. be- 
came Cambridge. Rev. Jno. Harvard left half his property and all his 
books to the College at Cambridge, which became "Harvard." Ne- 
groes brought to New England for slaves. 

1639. The settlers of Windsor, Hartford, and Weathersfield, 
framed the Hartford Constitution, January 14, written by Rev. John 
Hooker, the first written constitution in America, made "by the people 
for the people." Roger Williams founded the first Baptist church in 
America at Providence. Printing press set up at Cambridge, Mass., 
an almanac being the first book printed in America. Thomas Belcher 
took up a tract of land on the site of Brooklyn, N. Y. The court of 
Massachusetts named Richard Fairbanks, of Boston, postman. 

1640. Indians ravaged Staten Island. Wm. Kieft built at Staten 
Island the first brewery in the United States. John Haynes first 
governor of Connecticut. Haverhill, Mass., settled. In Massachusetts 
musket balls at a farthing each were made a legal tender to amount 
of one shilling. 

1641. "A fine stone tavern" was built at New Amsterdam. New 
Hampshire united to Massachusetts. The people of New Amsterdam, 
dissatisfied with Kieft's rule, chose "twelve select men" to act for 
them, August 29, the first representative assembly on Manhattan 
Island. John Endicott made governor of Massachusetts. 

1642. A band of Iroquois captured Isaac Jogues and two young 
Frenchmen on Lake St. Peter, and brought them prisoners up to Rich- 
elieu, Lake Champlain, into Lake George, — now first seen by white 
men, which Jogues afterwards called Lac St. Sacrement, — and across 
the wilderness to the Mohawk towns. The Bostonians sent a supply 
of "pastors" to Virginia. Sir Wm. Berkeley made governor of Vir- 



224 THE DAILY TELEGRAPH-HERALD'S 

ginia. Three ships were built at Boston, one at Dorchester, and one 
at Salem. 

1643. Colonies of Massachusetts, Connecticut, Plymouth and 
New Haven, confederated and became the United Colonies of New 
England, May 29. John Winthrop, Jr., began an iron-works at Brain- 
tree, Mass. Kieft massacred the Hackensacks. Mrs. Hutchinson 
murdered by Indians. The Virginia assembly decreed that only Epis- 
copalians could preach, and that non-conformists depart from the 
colony. 

1644. Virginia Indians, under Opechancanough, massacred 300 
settlers in Virginia, April 18. Roger Williams went to England, and 
obtained a charter, which united the settlements of Providence and 
Rhode Island, forming the state of Rhode Island, 

1646. Massachusetts passed a law, that whoever might kiss a 
woman in the street should be flogged. Connecticut passed a law, 
which forbade anyone under twenty-one to use tobacco, and all adult 
users of it were limited to one smoke a day, "ten miles from any 
company," the penalty being sixpence for each offence. The town 
of Breuckelen (Brooklyn) organized a municipal government. Father 
Isaac Jogues murdered by an Iroquois October 18. 

1647. Peter Stuyvesant, "Old Silverleg," made governor of New 
Amsterdam May 27. The General Assembly of Rhode Island declared 
that "all men might walk as their consciences persuaded them, without 
molesting anyone in the name of his God." Massachusetts passed a 
law requiring every township of fifty householders to have a school 
house and a teacher. 

1649. Charles I. beheaded January 30. "Toleration Act" passed 
in Maryland, May 1, making the colony an asylum for persecuted 
Christians of every denomination. Three hundred and thirty Cava- 
liers came to Virginia. The Burgesses of Virginia declared the execu- 
tion of Charles I. treason. 

1650. Population of Virginia, 15,000. Harvard College was char- 
tered May 31. Peter Stuyvesant went to Hartford and made a treaty 
with the New Englanders, giving up his claim to Connecticut and re- 
ceiving half of Long Island. The Long parliament forbade 
trade with Virginia and the West Indies. Gabriel Druilletes came 
from Canada to Boston, and conferred with Winslow, Dudley, Brad- 
ford, and Sliot, concerning reciprocity of trade. The Iroquois subdued 
the Delawares. 

1651. England passed Navigation Act, declaring that English 
(?olonies should trade only with England "in English ships manned by 
Englishmen." A mint was established in Boston, the first in America, 
to coin shillings, sixpences, and threepences, with a pine tree on one 
side and "New England" on the other. Druilletes made another fruit- 
less visit to New England, to effect reciprocity of trade. Governor 



HISTORY OF IOWA AND COUNTY DIRECTORY. 225 

Stuyvesant built Fort Casimir, at Newcastle, Delaware. 

1652. The Long parliament's ships came to Jamestown, and 
demanded the surrender of the colony; and "to prevent the ruin 
and destruction of the plantation," Berkeley submitted and retired to 
private life. The Burgesses of Virginia, April 30, voted Mr. Richard 
Bennett governor. Maine united to Massachusetts. 

1653. Peter Stuyvesant proclaimed New Amsterdam a city, Feb- 
ruary 2, and Cornells Tienhoven, "schout." Roger Green settled Pres- 
byterians on the Chowan River, North Carolina. John Eliot published 
a catechism, the first book printed in Indian. Oliver Cromwell Pro- 
tector, December 16. Cromwell. 

1654. Governor Stone, of Maryland, was defeated by Clayborne, 
at Severn, near Annapolis, March 25. The Jesuit, Le Moyne, visited 
Onondaga. The Protestants, gaining the ascendancy in Maryland, dis- 
franchised the Catholics, and declared them not entitled to the pro- 
tection of the law. Major Sedgwick, with a Boston force, took Port 
Royal, N. S. 

1655. Civil war in Maryland. The Jesuits, Chaumonot and Dablon, 
established the mission of St. Mary's of Ganentaa, at Onondaga. The 
Iroquois subjugated the Eries. The Burgesses of Virginia voted Ed- 
ward Digges, governor. Stuyvesant conquered New Sweden. 

1656; Father Le Mercier brought a colony of fifty Frenchmen to 
Onondaga. Two Quakeresses, Mary Fisher and Ann Austin, came to 
Boston; they were lodged in jail for a time, and then shipped off. 
Population of New Amsterdam, 1,000. The Burgesses of Virginia 
voted Samuel Matthews, governor. 

1657. New England passed a law prohibiting the entrance of 
Quakers. A council in Boston sanctioned the Halfway Covenant, that 
baptism without communion confers political rights-. John Washing- 
ton and Lawrence Washington, brothers, the former being the grand- 
father of George Washington, came from Northamptonshire, England, 
and settled on the west bank of the Potomac. 

1658. Massachusetts decreed death to all Quakers returning after 
banishment. Le Mercier and his colonists escaped from Onondaga. 
The Burgesses of Virginia refused the governor a seat in the As- 
sembly; he dissolved the House and threatened to appeal to Cromwell; 
they deposed him, and, to show their independence, re-voted him gov- 
ernor. 

1660. Charles II. made king of England, April 25. England re- 
enacted the Navigation Act, making its terms still more objectionable. 
The regicides, Ed. Whalley and Wm. Goffe, came to Boston July 27. 
Mass. forbade Christmas celebration; penalty 5s. Mary Dyer was 
hung in Boston, for returning after banishment. Domine Henry 
Selyus, first settled clergyman in Brooklyn. Charles II. ^ 

1661. John Eliot translated the New Testament into Indian (Mo- 



226 THE DAILY TELEGRAPH-HERALD'S 

hegan) and printed it. Arendt van Curler, called by the Indians, "Cor- 
laer," bought the "Great Flats," Schenectady, N. Y. 

1662. Charles II. gave "The Governor and Company of the Eng- 
lish Colony of Connecticut in New England" a charter, May 10, con- 
firming the popular constitution. 

1663. John Eliot published the Bible in Indian; it was the first 
Bible printed in America. The Chowan River settlement, N. C, be- 
came Albermarle County Colony, and Rev. Wm. Drummond was made 
first governor. John Clarke got a charter for Rhode Island, from 
Charles II. July 8. "Oliverian Plot" in Virginia; indentured servants 
conspired "to anticipate the period of their freedom." 

1664. Charles II. gave New Netherland to his brother James, the 
Duke of York, Mar<?h 22. Thos. Gould organized a Baptist church in 
Boston. English church service first celebrated in Boston. The Duke 
of York conveyed what is now New Jersey to Lord Berkeley and Sir 
Geo. Carteret. The English, under Sir Richard Nichols, took New 
Amsterdam, September 8, which became New York. 

1665. Governor Nichols gave New York City its first charter, and 
named Thos. Willett mayor. Philip Carteret was made first governor 
of New Jersey, and Elizabethtown was made the capital. 

1666. De Courcelle, governor of Canada, penetrated to the Mo- 
hawk country. First church erected in Brooklyn, N. Y. Viceroy 
Tracey and De Courcelle, from Canada, devastated the Mohawk coun- 
try. 

1667. Father Jacques Bruyas established the mission of St. 
Francis Xavier among the Oneidas. Father Fremin established the 
mission of St. Mary of the Mohawks. By the treaty of Breda, France 
recovered Acadia. 

1669. Claude Alloucz founded a mission at Green Bay. Iroquois 
Christians began the mission of St. Francis Xavier opposite Montreal. 
La Salle and Dollier de Casson visited the Senecas. La Salle is sup- 
posed to have found the Mississippi. Hudson Bay Company chartered. 

1670. King Philip became unfriendly to the English. Dollier de 
Casson landed on site of Detroit. John Locke and Shaftesbury drafted 
a constitution for Carolina, "The Grand Model," giving all powers to 
a privileged class. Huguenots, under Wm. Sayle, settled on the west 
bank of Ashley River, in Carolina. Nicholas Perrot at Green Bay. 
Elective franchise in Virginia restricted to "freeholders and house- 
holders." "Rev." first used in New England. 

1671. St. Lusson, Joliet, and Nicolas Perrot, at Sault Ste Marie, 
declared the entire west a French possession. Gov. Berkeley of Vir- 
ginia, said "I thank God there are no free schools nor printing, and 
I hope we shall not have them these hundred years." 

1673. Joliet and Marquette discovered the Mississippi, Missouri 
and Arkansas. The Dutch retook New Amsterdam August 9, and An- 



HISTORY OP IOWA AND COUNTY DIRECTORY. 227 

thony Colve became governor. Charles II. gave Virginia to the Earl 
of Arlington and Lord Culpepper for thirty-one years, the land of set- 
tlers held by valid title alone being excepted. 

1674. By treaty New Netherland reverted to England; Governor 
Colve bid farewell to New Amsterdam, November 9, and Edmund An- 
dros became governor of New York. 

1675. King Philip, sachem of the Wampanoags, began a terrible 
war with the colonists of New England. Jacques Marquette died on 
the west shore of Michigan, May 20. Captain Winslow, with 1,000 
men, punished the Narragansetts terribly. 

1676. Captain Church finished the career of King Philip at Mount 
Hope, Rhode Island, August 12. Restriction of suffrage, tyrannical 
trade laws, the grant to Arlington and Culpepper, and no protection 
against the Indians, so maddened the Virginians that they rebelled 
under Nathaniel Bacon, and drove Berkeley from Jamestown, when 
Bacon burnt the place; Bacon soon dying of a fever, Berkeley returned 
and began a rule of terror. 

1677. Rev. Thos. Thacker, of Boston, published "Brief Guide in 
the Small Pox and Measles," the first medical work issued in Amer- 
ica. Massachusetts paid the heirs of Gorges and Mason $6,000 for 
their interest in Maine and New Hampshire. The people of Albe- 
marle County Colony, N. C, rebelled against revenue laws, and im- 
prisoned their governor. Governor Berkeley, of Virginia, executed 23 
of Bacon's followers. 

1679. La Motte built La Salle's fort at the mouth of the Niagara. 
Thos. Lord Culpepper was made governor of Virginia. La Salle 
built the "Griffin", the first vessel on the Upper Lakes. La Salle 
brought the "Griffin" into Lake Michigan, loaded her with furs, and 
sent her to Niagara; she was never heard of again. £200,000 fire in 
Boston, August 8. La Salle built a fort at the mouth of the St. 
Joseph River, in Michigan. 

1680. Wm. Sayle, with Ashley River settlers, moved to Oyster 
Point, and began Charleston, S. C. Louis Hennepin discovered the 
Falls of St. Anthony. New Hampshire was detached from Massachu- 
setts and made a royal province. The Iroquois desolated the Illinois 
valley. La Salle built Ft. Crevecoeur, near Peoria, 111. Du Luth res- 
cued Hennepin from the Sioux. In December, appeared the "Great 
Comet," of which Increase Mather said, "Its appearance was very 
terrible, the Blaze ascended above 60 degrees, almost to its zenith." 
Culpepper began a "reign of terror" in Virginia. 

1681. Charles II. granted three degrees of latitude by five de- 
grees of longitude, west of Delaware, which he called Pennsylvania 
(Penn's Woods) to Wm. Penn, March 14. Penn sent Wm. Markham, 
deputy governor, with settlers to Pennsylvania. The Duke of York 
sold Delaware to Wm. Penn. 



228 THE DAILY TELEGRAPH-HERALD'S 

1682. Wm. Penn landed at Newcastle, Del. La Salle and Tonty 
went down the Mississippi to its mouth, calling its great basin Louis- 
iana and a territory of France. Wm. Penn made a treaty with the 
Indians under an elm on the site of Kensington, "probably on the last 
day of November." Penn convened the first assembly of Pennsylvania 
at Chester, December 4. 

1683. Thos. Dongan was made governor of New York. Governor 
Dongan convened the first assembly of representatives of New* York, 
who established a "Charter of Liberties." Seth Sothel was made gov- 
ernor of Carolina. Weekly post established in Philadelphia. First 
mill put up at Chester, Pa. 

1684. Francis Makemie established the first Presbyterian Church 
in America, at Snow Hill, Maryland. Culpepper deposed, and Vir- 
ginia made a royal province. Increase Mather published "Remark- 
able Providences," proving the reality of witchcraft. Charles II. 
took away the Massachusetts charter, and made the colony a royal 
province. La Barre, governor of Canada, was obliged to treat with 
the Five Nations at Famine Cove. 

1685. James II. king of England, February 6. La Salle missed 
the mouth of the Mississippi, and landed his French settlers for 
Louisiana at Matagorda Bay February 16, building Ft. St. Louis, 
Texas. Wm. Bradford set up a printing press in Philadelphia. Don- 
gan granted the Livingston Manor, N. Y., to Robert Livingston. Phil- 
adelphia had 600 houses and 2,500 people. James II. 

1686. Du Luth built a stockade at Detroit, on the west side of 
the Strait. Governor Dongan made Albany a city, July 22, Peter 
Schuyler being first mayor. Sir Edmund Andros arrived at Bos- 
ton December 30, to govern New England. 

1687. La Salle was murdered near Trinity River, March 19. Da 
Denonville, governor of Canada, with 300 men, invaded the Seneca 
country and made general havoc; he garrisoned Fort Niagara. John 
Page, of Rosewell, Va., wrote "A Deed of Gift to My Dear Son, Capt. 
Matt. Page." When Andros demanded the Connecticut charter, the 
candles were suddenly extinguished, enabling Capt. Wadsworth to 
hide it in an oak tree October 31. 

1688. At the command of the Five Nations, or Iroquois, Denon- 
ville destroyed his fort at Niagara. Cotton Mather pronounced Mrs. 
Glover a witch, beginning the persecution against witches in New 
England. Francis Nicholson made governor of New York. 

1689. First war with the French and Indians, "King William's 
War," begun. Coode's insurrection in Maryland. Jacob Leisler, with 
popular consent, displaced Governor Nicholson at New York. The 
Bostonians seized Andros, April 28, and shipped him to England. 
The French and Indians took Dover, and murdered Major Waldron 
July 7. Fifteen hundred Iroquois murdered the people of La Chins, 



HISTORY OF IOWA AND COUNTY DIRECTORY. 229 

near Montreal, August 5. The French took Pemaquid August 12. 
William and Mary, 

1690. Frontenac, governor of Canada, sent three war parties, led 
by Sainte-Helene, Hertel, and Portneuf, against the English. First 
Anglo-American Congress met in New York May 1. Sir Wm. Phips 
took Port Royal May 11. Sir Wm. Phips, with 32 ships and 2,200 
men, sailed for Quebec August 9. At Portsmouth, N. H., John Taylor 
built the "Falkland," with 54 guns, the first man-of-war built in the 
United States. In October Phips bombarded Quebec, and Walley 
assaulted it by land, but Frontenac drove both ofE; to pay for this 
Massachusetts issued the first paper money in the United States. 

1691. Henry Sloughter was made governor of New York, Leis- 
ler and Milborne, for usurping supreme authority, were executed on 
the site of Tammany Hall, N. Y,, May 16, Maryland was made a 
royal province. Major Peter Schuyler, with 266 men, went from 
Albany down the Richelieu to La Prairie, and made general destruc- 
tion, but was sorely harassed on his return. 

1692. Harvard made Increase Mather a D, D,, the first in Amer- 
ica, William III. sent a charter that made Massachusetts, Plymouth, 
Maine and Nova Scotia one province, Massachusetts. Religious toler- 
ation was abolished in Maryland and the Church of England was 
made the state church, Pennsylvania was taken from Penn, October 
31, and put under the governor of New York. 

1693. Culture of rice was begun in Carolina. Mantet, Courte- 
manche, and La Noue, with 625 Frenchmen and Indians, left Montreal, 
and on snow shoes reached the Mohawk country February 16, where 
they burnt two towns, killed or made captive the people, and then 
departed for Canada, pursued by Peter Schuyler. Rev. James Blair 
obtained a charter for William and Mary College, Virginia. Post 
Ofiice was established in Boston, 

1696, Trinity Church, New York, erected. Frontenac, with 2,200 
men, came up the Oswego, and attacked the Onondagas; and for two 
days destroyed the crops and stored corn; Vaudreuil destroying 
Oneida. Wm. Bradford began printing in New York. 

1697. Abenaki Indians attacked Haverhill, March 15, and carried 
off Hannah Dustan, Mary Neff, and an English boy; but, while on their 
way to the Indian village, the three prisoners one night seized hatch- 
ets, killed their sleeping captors, scalped them, escaped to Haverhill, 
and received £50 for their ten scalps. Treaty of Ryswick, Septem- 
ber 20. 

1699. Lemoine d' Iberville built a fort at Biloxi, La. Capt. Wm. 
Kidd, the pirate, was inveigled into Boston and captured, 

1700. Wm. Penn suggested a union of all the English colonies. 
City Hall, on Wall Street, New York, built. New York passed an act 
July 31, to hang "every popish priest" that might come into the pro- 



230 THE DAILY TELEGRAPH-HERALD'S 

vince. Library was provided for Yale College, by ten clergymen, 
who met at Saybrook. 

1701. La Mothe-Cadillac founded Detroit, July 21. French colon- 
ists settled at Mobile. The Society for the Propagation of the Gospel 
in Foreign Parts was established. (Yale) college chartered October 9 
and established at Saybrook. Philadelphia was made a city October 
25; Edward Shippen being the first mayor. 

1702. Second war with French and Indians, "Queen Anne's War," 
begun. East and West Jersey united, and New Jersey made a royal 
province- Queen Ann began to reign March 8. Governor Moore of 
Carolina, led an expedition against St. Augustine, but accomplished 
nothing. Anne. 

1704. Hertel de Rouville sacked Deerfield, March 11, and carried 
off John Williams, the minister. John Campbell began the "Boston 
Newsletter," April 24, the first regular newspaper in America. 
Peregrine White died at Marshfield July 22. 

1705. The first free grammar school in New York was opened. 
Grace Sherwood, in Virginia, was tested for witchcraft by immersion. 
Robert Beverley published "History of Virginia." 

1706. Benjamin Franklin was born in Boston January 17. Seven 
Presbyterian clergymen organized the Presbytery of Philadelphia. 
Five French and Spanish men-of-war attempted to take Charleston, 
l)ut were beaten off by the citizens. 

1708. Names first given to the streets of Boston. Hertel de 
Rouville sacked Haverhill, Mass. "Saybrook Platform" formed, 
obliging all the clergymen of Connecticut to meet yearly to consider 
church affairs. Thos. Short began printing in New London, Conn. 
Wm. Penn imprisoned for debt. 

1710. Sir Alex. Spoftswood made governor of Virginia. Colonel 
Nicholson took Port Royal, N. S., Oct. 13, and changed the name 
to Annapolis. 

1711. Sir Hovenden Walker left Boston August 10, to conquer 
C;unada; having failed to reach Quebec, he lost eight ships and 1,000 
men in the St. Lawrence September 2. 

1712. Old State House, Boston, built. Carolina divided into 
North Carolina and South Carolina (?) The Ontagamies besieged 
Detroit. Christopher Hassey, a Nantucket fisherman, captured the 
first spermaceti whale. Copper mine begun at simsburg. Conn. 

1713. By the treaty of Utrecht, April 11, England obtained 
Acadia (Nova Scotia). The Five Nations, being joined by the Tus- 
caroras, became the Six Nations. 

1714. George I. made king of England August 1. George I. 
1716. First lighthouse for Boston harbor erected on Beacon 

Island. French settled Natchez, Miss. Maryland restored to Lord 
altimore, and the first form of government re-established. Gov. 



HISTORY OF IOWA AND COUNTY DIRECTORY. 231 

Spottswood, of Virginia, with a body of choice companions, made an 
expedition, for pleasure and exploration, beyond the Blue Ridge. 
Thomas Rutter established the first iron works in Pennsylvania, near 
Pottstown. 

1717. Great snow storm in New England, February 20-24, snow 
10 to 20 feet deep. Yale College removed from Saybrook to New 
Haven. Bellamy, the pirate, wrecked on Cape Cod, where he and 
100 men perished. 

1718. M. de Bienville founded New Orleans. Culture of rice 
begun in Louisiana. Death of Wm. Penn, July 30. John Theach, 
"Blackbeard," the famous pirate, shot in Pamlico Bay, and thirteen 
of his followers hung at Williamsburg. Va. 

1719. Tunkers came to Pennsylvania. Potatoes introduced into 
Massachusetts. The House of Commons forbade the manufacture of 
iron in the colonies. The French settled at Jefferson City, Mo. An- 
drew Bradford, postmaster of Philadelphia, began the "American 
Weekly Mercury." December 22. 

1723. M. de Bienville made New Orleans the capital of Louis- 
iana. Christ Church, Boston, dedicated. Twenty-six pirates, natives 
of Rhode Island, Connecticut and New York, executed at Newport, 
Rhode Island. 

1724. Fort Dummer erected on site ^f Battleborough; the first 
settlement in Vermont. Father S. Rasseles murdered at Norridge- 
wock. 

1725. James Otis born at West Barnstable, Mass., February 5. 
Governor Burnet of New York erected a trading post at Oswego. 
Wm. Bradford began the "New York Gazette," October 16, the first 
newspaper in New York City. 

1727. Samuel Kneeland began in Boston the "New England 
Weekly Journal," March 20. Burnet, governor of New York, erected 
Fort Oswego. Benjamin Franklin, in Philadelphia, organized the 
"Junto," a dug for mutual improvement: In Annapolis, Wm. Parks 
began the "Maryland Gazette." George II. made king of England, 
.Tune 10. Earthquake in New England, October 29. 

1728. Samuel Keimer, in Philadelphia, began the "Pennsylvania 
Gazette." Cotton Mather, son of Increase Mather, and author of 382 
printed books, died. Vitus Behring passed through Behring Strait, 
proving the insularity of America. 

1730. Old South Church, Boston, built. Lancaster, Pa., settled. 
Thomas Gowfrey, of Phil., invented what is called Hadley's Quadrant. 
John Moorhead organized the first Presbyterian Church in Boston. 

1731. Thos. Whitemarsh began the "South Carolina Gazette," 
January 8, in Charleston. Verendrye discovered the Rocky Moun- 
tains. The French erected Fort Frederic, Lake Champlain. . Inde- 



232 THE DAILY TELEGRAPH-HERALD'S 

pendence Hall, Philadelphia, begun. "Library Company of Philadel- 
phia" organized by Benjamin Franklin; the first in America. 

1782. Richard Henry Lee born at Strafford, Va., January 20. 
Birth of George Washington, February 22. Benjamin Franklin began 
to publish "Poor Richard's Almanac." Scotch-Irish and Germans set- 
tled the Shenandoah Valley. James Franklin began "Rhode Island 
Gazette," September 27, the first newspaper in Rhode Island. The 
first stage in the United States was established between New York 
City and Boston. 

1733. General James Oglethorpe, with 120 immigrants, settled 
Savannah February 12. Tobacco made a legal tender in Maryland. 
First Masonic Lodge in America opened in Boston, July 30. Colonel 
Wm. Byrd laid out Richmond, Va. John Peter Zenger began the "New 
York Weekly Journal," November 5. 

1734. Wm. Johnson came to America, and settled in the Mohawk 
Valley. Masonic Lodge organized in Philadelphia, Benjamin Franklin 
being Worshipful Master. A Catholic church was built and mass cele- 
brated in Philadelphia. John Peter Zenger, editor of "New York 
Weekly Journal," imprisoned, November 17, for libel; the first arrest 
for newspaper libel in the United States. 

1735. Benjamin Franklin, in the "Gazette," of January 28, said: 
"By the indulgence of the Honorable Col. Spottswood, Post-Master-Gen- 
eral, the printer hereof is allowed to send the 'Gazettes' by the post, 
postage free, to all parts of the post road, from Virginia to New 
England." John Peter Zenger tried for libel and acquitted August 4. 
Religious revival in New England. John Adams born at Braintree, 
Mass., Oct. 19. 

1736. At Williamsburg, Wm. Parks began the "Virginia Gazette," 
the first newspaper in Virginia. Oglethorpe, accompanied by John 
Wesley, brought 300 immigrants into Georgia. Wesley first preached 
in America, March 7, at Savannah. Patrick Henry was born in Vir- 
ginia, May 29. 

1740. The Bunkers, at Ephrata, Pa., began Sunday School 
work. Gen. Oglethorpe, foiled in taking St. Augustine, returned to 
Georgia. George Whitfield arrived in New England, September 14, 
and assisted at the "Great Awakening," religious revival. University 
of Pennsylvania established in Philadelphia. 

1741. "The Negro Plot" in New York; a succession of fires in- 
duced the belief that the negroes had conspired to suppress the whites 
and to introduce a negro government. Wm. Shirley was made governor 
of Massachusetts. Cultivation of indigo begun in Carolina. 

1742. Iroquois (Six Nations) chiefs, at Philadelphia, told the 
Delawares to leave their ancient homes and go to "Wyoming or Sham- 
okin." Oglethorpe crushed the Spaniards at "Bloody Marsh" July 25. 
Peter Faneuil built Faneuil Hall, Boston, and gave it to the city. 



HISTORY OF IOWA AND COUNTY DIRECTORY. 233 

1743. Thos. Jefferson was born at Shadwell, Va., April 2. Chris- 
topher Sauer printed the Bible in German, Luther's version, at Ger- 
mantown, Pa. 

1744. Benj. Franklin organized the first literary society in Amer- 
ica, "The American Philosophical Society," Thomas Hopkinson being 
president and Franklin secretary. Representatives of Pennsylvania, 
Maryland and Virginia, and of the Iroquois, met at Lancaster, Pa., 
July 2, when the Indians, for £400, gave the whites the territory from 
the Alleghanies to the Mississippi. Third war with the French, 
"King George's War," begun. 

1745. Wm. Pepperell, with an American force, took Louisburg, 
Cape Breton, June 17. French and Indians destroyed Saratoga Nov- 
ember 16. John Jay was born in New York City, December 1. 

1746. College of New Jersey, Princeton, founded. Rigaud, with 
Frenchmen and Indians, took Fort Massachusetts, August 28. 

1748. The English formed the Ohio Company to promote settle- 
ments west of the Alleghanies. George Washington surveyed Lord 
Fairfax's estate. Count Galissonniere advised that 10,000 French 
peasants be settled in the Ohio valley. Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle, 
October 8. 

1749. Abbe Picquet began his mission at La Presentation (Og- 
donsburg, N. Y.) Halifax. N. S., founded. Washington and Lee Uni- 
versity established at Lexington, Va. The governor of Canada sent 
Bienville into the Ohio Valley, to take renewed possession of the 
country, and to b\iry plates of lead at wide intervals, for boundary 
n.frks. 

1751. James Madison born at Port Conway, Va., March 16. Sugar 
cane first cultivated on the banks of the Mississippi. By order of La 
Jonquiere, governor of Canada, two English traders on the Ohio were 
seized and imprisoned. 

1752. The Liberty Bell arrived at Philadelphia. First Merchants' 
Exchange opened in New York. Rev. Timothy Dwight born in Massa- 
chusetts, May 14. Robert Dinwiddle made governor of Virginia. 
Benjamin Franklin, by flying a kite, drew electricity from the clouds, 
proving the identity of lightning and electricity. Georgia was made 
a royal province. 

1753. George Washington made a Master Mason, August 4, at 
Fredericksburg, Va. Lewis Hallam's company opened the first regular 
theatre in New York, September 17, playing the "Conscious Lover." 
Governor Dinwiddle sent Washington to order the French out of the 
Ohio country. Washington, accompanied by Gist, reached Venango, 
December 4, and ordered Captain Joncaire off British territory. 

1754. Washington, with 150 men, r?ached Great Meadows, May 
27. He met the French, May 28, when Jumonville was killed. Repre- 
sentatives of the English colonies met at Albany, June 19, to derise 



234 THE DAILY TELEGRAPH-HERALD'S 

a way of checking the French; Franklin proposed a union of the 
colonies, but his proposal satisfied neither the British nor the colon- 
ists. Washington, defeated by De Villiers, July 4, abandoned Fort 
Necessity. King's College (Columbia), New York, chartered Oct. 31. 

1755. Braddock arrived with two regiments February 20. Col. 
Monckton took Beausejour, N. S., June 16. Braddock, with 1,200 men, 
was defeated near Du Quesne, July 9, by French and Indians. Col. 
Wm. Johnson defeated the French at Lake George, Sept. 8, and Baron 
Dieskau fell into his hands. Acadians taken from their homes and 
distributed through the colonies. Indians desolated the frontiers of 
Pennsylvania, Maryland and Virginia. Shirley dismissed his forces 
at Oswego. Franklin introduced lightning rods. 

1756. In March, Lery took Fort Bull. Great Britain declared 
waB against France May 17. Bradstreet beat off De Villiers, near Os- 
^ei^o. Montcalm took Oswego, August 14. "New Hampshire Ga- 
zette" appeared, first newspaper in New Hampshire. Nassau Hall, 
Princeton, N. J., built. 

1757. Wm. Pitt took control of affairs in Great Britain. The 
Delaware chiefs met at Baston, and agreed to peace. Montcalm took 
Fort Wm. Henry, August 9, Col. Munro not being assisted by Gen. 
Webb, who held Fort Edward, near by. Beletre, with 300 Canadians 
aj)d Indians, destroyed a German settlement on the Mohawk. 

1758. Abercromby was defeated by Montcalm at Ticonderoga, 
July 8, Lord Howe being killed. Admiral Boscawen and Gen. Am- 
herst, Wolfe assisting, took Louisbourg July 26. Rogers, Dalzell, and 
Putnam scattered 450 French, August 8, near Whiteh^l. Bradstreet, 
with 3,000 provincials, took Fort Frontenac, August 27. Major Grant 
was defeated outside of Fort Du Quesne, losing 300 men. Gen. Forbes 
took Du Quesne and called it Fort Pitt. 

1759. George Washington, "the tallest and handsomest man of 
the Old Dominion," married Mrs. Curtis, January 6. Johnson took 
Niagara, July 25. Amherst took Ticonderoga and Crown Point. The 
Presbyterian Annuity and Life Insurance Company of Philadelphia, 
the first of the kind in America, was established. Major Rogers 
destroyed the Abenakis of St. Francis. Wolfe took Quebec. Septem- 
ber 18, Wolfe and Montcalm being both killed. 

1760. M. Levi defeated Gen. Murray at Quebec, April 4. The 
Cherokees took Fort Loudon, August 8, and massacred the garrison. 
Amherst, with 10,000 men, left Oswego, August 10, for Montreal. 
Vaudreuil, at Montreal, surrendered Canada to Amherst, September 8. 
Major Rogers, with 200 rangers, left Montreal, September 13, to take 
possession of Detroit and other western posts. George III. king of 
England, October 25. Rogers met Pontiac on the Lake Erie shore. 
Beletre surrendered Detroit to Rogers, November 29. George III. 

1761. Colonel Grant defeated the Cherokees and burnt their 



HISTORY OF IOWA AND COUNTY DIRECTORY. 235 

towns. "Writs of assistance" passed. English took possession of 
Mackinaw. John Winthrop, of Harvard, at St. Johns, Nfld., observed 
the transit of Venus over the sun's disk June 6. Capt. Campbell, com- 
mandant at Detroit, learned that the Senecas were intriguing with the 
Wyandots to destroy him and his garrison. 

1763. Treaty of Paris, February 10; France ceded her posses- 
sions east of the Mississippi to England, and Spain ceded Florida. 
Pontiac, an Ottawa chief, organized a conspiracy and besieged De- 
troit May 11. The Indians took Fort Joseph, May 25, and Fort Miami, 
May 27. Cuyler was defeated at Mt. Pelee, May 28. The Indians 
took Ouatanon, June 1; Mackinaw, June 2; Presqu-Isle, June 17; Le 
Boeuf and Venago, June 19; Bloody Run, July 31. Col. Bouquet de- 
feated the Indians at Bushy Run, August 6. He relieved Fort Pitt, 
August 10. Senecas massacred 500 soldiers at Devil's Hole, Septem- 
ber 13. 

1764. Rhode Island College, Warren, founded. Pierre Chouteau 
began St. Louis. Mason and Dixon, two English surveyors, began to 
trace the line between Pennsylvania and Maryland. Bradstreet left 
Albany with an army for the Upper Lakes. Sir Wm. Johnson, at 
Niagara, treated with the Indians. Bradstreet relieved Detroit, 
August 26. Col. Bouquet led an army into the country of the Dela- 
wares and the Shawnees, and compelled them to restore all white 
prisoners 

1765. First medical school in America added to College of Phila- 
delphia. Great Britain passed the Stamp Act March 22, by which 
"all instruments in writing were to be executed on stamped paper, to 
be purchased from agents of the British government." The "Sons 
of Liberty" showed themselves. Colonial congress met at New York, 
October 7, Timothy Ruggles being president, and agreed on a Declara- 
tion or Rights. The Stamp Act took effect November 1. 

1766. Irish immigrants began to preach Methodism in New York. 
Anthracite coal was found in Pennsylvania. Rutger's College, New 
Brunswick, N. J., founded. Great Britain repealed the Stamp Act 
March 18, but passed the Declaratory Act, contending that Britain 
had power to "bind the colonies in all cases whatsoever." Pontiac 
met Sir Wm. Johnson at Oswego, July 23, and confirmed his agree- 
m6?nt to peace. 

1767. Andrew Jackson born in North Carolina. John Holt began 
the "New York Journal." Great Britain imposed duties on tea, glass, 
paper, etc. John Q. Adams born at Braintree, Mass., July 11. 

1768. Royal commissioners seized Hancock's sloop, "Liberty." 
Riots in Boston. Chamber of Commerce, New York, founded April 5. 
John Dickinson, of Pennsylvania, published "Farmers' Letters to the 
Inhabitants of the British Colonies," showing the danger of submitting 
to parliamentary taxation. Old John Street Church, New York City, 



236 THE DAILY TELEGRAPH-HERALD'S 

dedicated, October 30; first Methodist church in the United States. 

1769. John Wesley sent two preachers to America,- -Boardman 
to New York, and Pilmoor to Philadelphia. Daniel Boone, with six 
comrades explored Kentuckj-. Dartmouth College, Hanover, N. H., 
founded. An Illinois Indian, bribed by an English trader, killed Pon- 
tiac at Cahokia, opposite St. Louis. Friar Junipero Serra, the father 
of western civilization, settled at San Diego. 

1770. Boston massacre March 5. Great Britain repealed all du- 
ties except that on tea April 12. John Murray, the father of Univer- 
salism, came to America. Worcester (Mass.) "Spy" appeared. First 
church (log) in St. Louis dedicated June 24. Students at Cambridge 
took degrees in home-spun. Southern planters began to grow cotton. 

1771. The Methodist preachers, Francis Asbury and Richard 
Wrigit, came to America. Governor Tryon of North Carolin"a, de- 
feated the "Regulators," and hanged six of them. College of Rhode 
Island moved to Providence. Wm. Tryon made governor of New 
York. 

1772. The royal schooner, 'Gaspe", having grounded, was burnt 
by Providence men June 10. John Murray, the Earl of Dunmore, was 
made governor of Virginia. Christopher Sower began the first type 
foundry in the "United States, at Germantown, Pa. 

1773. James Rivington began "Rivington's New York Gazette," 
April 22. First steam engine made in the United States, at Phila- 
delphia. John Randolph was born in Virginia, June 2. Thomas Ran- 
kin convened the first annual Methodist conference at Philadelphia, 
July 4. Fifty Bostonians, disguised as Indians, boarded the tea ships 
in Boston Harbor, and threw the tea into the water, December 16. 

1774. Great Britain closed Boston port March 7. James Harrod 
began Harrodsburg, Ky. City of London subscribed $150,000 for the 
Bostonians. Great Britain passed the Quebec Act, June 18, extending 
the boundary of Canada to Ohio and Mississippi. First Continental 
Congress met in Carpenter's Hall, Philadelphia, September 5, Peyton 
Randolph was president, and framed a Bill of Rights. Half of Ply- 
mouth Rock was dragged into Plymouth and a liberty pole put on it. 

1775. The British marched to Concord, April 19; Paul Revere 
aroused the minute m.en; British driven back to Boston. Second Con- 
tinental Congress met in Independence Hall, Philadelphia, May 10. 
Ethan Allan took Ticonderoga May 10. Seth Warner took Crown 
Point May 12. Battle of Bunker Hill, June 17. Congress made 
Washington commander of the army, June 17. Washington said, "We 
must consult 'Brother Jonathan,' " (Jonathan Trumbull, governor of 
Connecticut). Montgomery took Montreal, November 13. Captain Sears 
wrecked Rivington's "Gazette," N. Y., December 4. Montgomery and 
Arnold assaulted Quebec December 31, and Montgomery was killed. 

1776. Gen. Schuyler took Johnson Hall, January 19. Treasury 



HISTORY OP IOWA AND COUNTY DIRECTORY. 237 

department was created February 11. Washington seized Dorchester 
Heights March 4, forcing Howe to leave Boston, March 17. Richard 
Henry Lee moved, June 7, "that these United States are, and of right 
ought to be, free and independent States." Wm. Moultrie beat off 
Sir Peter Parker from Sullivan's Island, June 28. Congress adopted 
the Declaration of Independence July 4. Battle of Long Island, 
August 27. Captain Nathan Hale, of Connecticut, hung as a spy, 
September 22. Battle of White Plains, October 28. Richard Bache, 
appointed postmaster-general November 7. British captured Gen. Lee, 
December 13. Washington's victory at Trenton, December 26. 

1777. Washington surprised Cornwallis at Princeton, January 3. 
"New Hampshire Grants" became Vermont, January 15. Arsenal 
founded at Springfield. Congress adopted United States flag, "Stars 
and Stripes," June 14. Stark defeated Baum at Bennington, August 
16. Howe defeated Washington at Brandywine, September 11. Bat- 
tle of Bemis Heights, September ' 9. Howe entered Philadelphia, 
September 26. Battle of Germantown, October 4. Battl'e of Still- 
water, October 7. Burgoyne surrendered to Gates at Saratoga, Octo- 
ber 17. Congress adopted a form of government for the new Con- 
federacy, November 15. Washington cantoned his wearied forces 
at Valley Forge, December 19. 

1778. France acknowledged the independence of the United 
States, February 6. Captain Cook saw and named Cape Flattery, 
March 22. Howe left Philadelphia, June 18. Battle of Monmouth 
lost by Lee's misconduct, June 2S. Settlers of Wyoming, massacred 
by Col. Butler and Tories, July 3. Congress completed thirteen 
articles of Confederation, July 9. French fleet came to aid of United 
States. In Boston, corn was $150 a bushel, butter $12 a pound, tea $90 
a pound, sugar $10 a pound, beef $8 a pound, coffee $12 a pound, and 
flour $1,575 a barrel. Indian massacre at Cherry Valley, N. Y., Novem- 
ber 11. British took Savannah, December 29. 

1779. Major Clarke took Vincennes, February 20. Syain declared 
war against England, June 16. Assembly of Pennc,ylvania gave to 
heirs of Wm. Penn £130,000 for relinquishment of quit rents and 
proprietory claims. "Mad" Anthony Wayne took Stony Point, July 15. 
Major Henry Lee surprised British garrison at Paulus Hook (Jersey 
City), August 19. The "Bon Homme Richard," Captain Paul Jones, 
took the "Serapis," Captain Pearson. September 23. Count D'Estaing 
beaten off from Savannah, October 9. Board of Admiralty established 
by Congress, Ok tober 28. 

1780. Very cold winter; New York Bay frozen over. British took 
Charleston, South Carolina, May 12. "Dark Day" in New England, 
Friday, May 19. Cornwallis defeated Gates at Camden, August 16. 
Benedict Arnold went to the British, September 25. John Paulding, 
Isaac Van Wart, and David Williams arrested Major Andre September 



238 THE DAILY TELEGRAPH-HERALD'S 

23. Andre executed as a spy, October 2. Oliver Evans, of Delaware, 
invented a grain elevator. British defeated at King's Mountain, Octo- 
ber 7. Holland declared was against Great Britain, December 20. 

1781. General Morgan defeated Col. Tarleton at Cowpens, Janu- 
ary 17. Maryland endorsed the Articles of Confederation, March 1, 
and they became the law of the Union. Battle of Guilford Court 
House, March 15. Greene drove the British from Camden, May 10. 
Arnold burnt New London, Conn., September 6. Battle of Eutaw 
Springs, September 8. Cornwallis surrendered to Washington at 
Yorktown, October 19. 

1782. Birth of Daniel Webster, in New Hampshire, January 18. 
E. Hazard, postmaster general, January 28. Birth of John C. Calhoun, 
South Carolina, March 18. The "Hyder Ally," Lieutenant Joshua Bar- 
ney, took "General Monk," April 8. Great Seal of the United States 
adopted June 20. British left Savannah, July 11. Robert Aitken, of 
Philadelphia, published the first English Bible in America. Hon. 
Tapping Reeve began first law school in the United States, at Litch- 
field, Conn. The "America," the first 74-gun ship built in the United 
States, launched at Portsmouth, N. H., and was given to France. 
Preliminary peace declared at Paris, November 30. 

1783. Webster's spelling book put in schools. John Armstrong 
wrote "Newburg Address," advising the army to act for itself. Birth 
of Washington Irving, April 3. Society of Cincinnati formed, June 
19; Washington first president. Jay negotiated a treaty with Great 
Britain, in Paris, September 3. Dickinson College, Carlisle, Pa., 
founded. Washington made farewell address to army November 2. 
British evacuated New York, November 25. Washington resigned his 
commission December 23. Major General Henry Knox, December 23. 

1784. First trading ship to China left New York, February 22. 
Eight bales of cotton were sent to England from Charleston as first 
export. King's College, N. Y., became Columbia, May 1. Captain 
John Doughty, June 20. Lieutenant-Colonel Josiah Harmar, August 
12. "American Daily Advertiser," the first daily newspaper in Amer- 
ica, was begun in Philadelphia, September 21. The Six Nations niade 
a treaty with the United States, at Fort Stanwix, October 22. Metho- 
dist General Conference, in Lovely Lane Chapel, Baltimore, December 
24, organized the American Episcopal Church in the United States. 

1785. Dr. Benjamin Rush, of Philadelphia, published "The Effects 
of Ardent Spirits on the Human Body and Mind," beginning the tem- 
perance movement. Eagle adopted as the national emblem. Univer- 
sity of Georgia, Athens, and University of Nashville, Tenn., founded. 

1786. Rev. John Carroll was made vicar-general by the Pope, 
and he fixed his residence at Baltimore, Md. Winfield Scott was born 
at Petersburg, Va., June 13. Falmouth, Me., Incorporated, July 4, and 



HISTORY OF IOWA AND COUNTY DIRECTORY. 239 

n&med Portland. Shay's rebellion in Massachusetts, excited by law- 
suits for debts. 

1787. A convention of fifty-five members met in Philadelphia, 
May 14, and framed a constitution, "to form a more perfect union." 
Congress made laws for government of the Northwest territory, July 
13, and expressly forbade slavery in it. Congress, July 23, gave for- 
ever Lot No. 16 of every township of public land for maintenance of 
public schools. The Constitution sent to Congress, September 17. 
Delaware ratified the Constitution December 7. Pennsylvania ratified 
the Constitution December 12. New Jersey ratified the Constitution 
December 18. 

1788. Georgia ratified the Constitution January 2. Connecticut 
ratified the Constitution January 9. Massachusetts ratified the Con- 
stitution February 7. New Englanders settled at Marietta, April 7, 
the first settlement in Ohio. Maryland ratified the Constitution April 
28. South Carolina ratified the Constitution May 23. New Hamp- 
shire ratified the Constitution June 21. Virginia ratified the Constitu- 
tion June 26. New York ratified the Constitution July 26. "New 
York Journal and Register" appeared, first daily in New York. New 
York City was made the capital of the Union September 13. Mary- 
land ceded Congress ten miles square in Maryland for seat of gov- 
ernment, December 23. John Cleves Symmes settled in Cincinnati, 
December 28. 

1789. First Congress met in New York March 4. The Constitu- 
tion was made the law of the Union, March 4. George Washington, 
President of the United States, April 30; .John Adams, Vice President; 
Wm. Mooney formed Tammany Society of New York, May 12. De- 
partment of Foreign Affairs established .July 27; War Department es- 
tablished August 7; Alex. Hamilton, Secretary of the Treasury, Sept. 
11 ; Henry Knox, Secretary of War, September 12 ; Department of For- 
eign Affairs made Department of State, September 15; Office of At- 
torney-General established September 24; Thos. Jefferson, Secretary 
of State; Ed. Randolph Attorney-General, and Sam. Osgood, Post- 
master-General, September 26. John Jay was made Chief Justice of 
the Supreme Court, September 26. North Carolina ratified the Con- 
stitution November 21. Virginia gave ten miles square for seat of 
Government, December 3. Washington. 

1790. Congress met at Philadelphia January 4. Patent Office 
established April 10. Death of Benjamin Franklin, April 17. First 
copyright law of the United States passed April 30. Rhode Island 
ratified the Constitution May 29. Congress selected Washington, D. C. 
for Federal Capital July 16. Samuel Slater erected a cotton mill at 
.Pawtucket, R. I., beginning the cotton manufacture in the United 
States, Jacob Perkins, of Massachusetts, inventetd the first machine 



240 THE DAILY TELEGRAPH-HERALD'S 

ifor cutting nails. General Harmar defeated by Indians in Ohio, 
October 22. First census; population, 3,929,214. 

1791. National Bank chartered February 8. New York State Agri- 
cultural Society established February 26, the first in the United 
States. Vermont added to Union March 4. Major-General Arthur St. 
Clair, March 4. Rev. Samuel Hopkins published "System of Theology." 
Timothy Pickering appointed Postmaster General August 12. Univer- 
sity of Vermont, Burlington, founded. "Territory of Columbia" and 
"City of Washington" named September 9. General St. Clair defeated 
by Indians November 4. First ten amendments to Constitution, pro- 
posed in 1789, declared in force December 15. 

1792. Mr. Jefferson wrote to Tim. Pickering, March 28, "to know 
if the post which was then carried at the rate of 50 miles a day, 
could not be expedited by 100 miles. Major General Anthony Wayne, 
April 13. First United States mint established at Philadelphia, which 
began decimal coinage. Captain Robert Gray, of Boston, entered and 
named the Columbia River, May 11. Kentucky added to the Union 
June 1. Presidential candidates: George Washington and John 
Adams, Federalists; Thomas Jefferson, Geo. Clinton, and Aaron Burr, 
Republicans. Coinage of eagles, half-eagles, and quarter-eagles 
(gold) begun. 

1793. George Washington, John Adams; Thos. Jefferson Secre- 
tary of State; Alex. Hamilton, Secretary of the Treasury; Henry 
Knox, Secretary of War; Ed. Randolph, Attorney-General; Timothy 
Pickering, Postmaster-General. Edmond Genet, agent of the French 
Republic, landed at Charleston, April 8, to seek American aid. Presi- 
dent Washington laid the corner stone of the capitol, at Washington, 
April 18. Eli Whitney, of Massachusetts, invented the cotton gin. 
Williams College, Massachusetts, founded. Wm. Maxwell began the 
"Sentinel of the Northwest," at Cincinnati, the first western news- 
paper. 4,000 people died of yellow fever in Philadelphia. 

1794. Ed. Randolph, appointed Secretary of State, January 2. 
Wm. Bradford appointed Attorney-General, January 27. Whisky rebel- 
lion in western Pennsylvania, excited by the excise law. Bowdoin 
College, Maine, founded. General Wayne defeated the Indians on the 
Maumee, August 20. Fort Wayne, Indiana, built October 22. Public 
debt, $80,747,587. 

1795. Tim. Pickering appointed Secretary of War, January 2. 
Oliver Wolcott appointed Secretary of Treasury, February 2. Joseph 
Habersham appointed Postmaster-General February 25. Union Col- 
lege, Schenectady, N. Y., founded. Lindley Murray published "Eng- 
lish Grammar." Rev. Wm. Patten copyrighted "Christianity the True 
Theology," May 9, the first copyright in the United States. Jay's 
treaty with Great Britain ratified June 24. John Rutledge, July 1. 
By treaty, the United States got from Spain the use of New Orleans 



HISTORY OP IOWA AND COUNTY DIRECTORY. 241 

port for ten years. Tribute paid to Dey of Algiers to release Ameri- 
cans. Timothy Pickering was appointed Secretary of State, and Chas. 
Lee Attorney-General December 10. 

1796. Moses Cleveland, of Connecticut, laid out Cleveland, Ohio. 
James McHenry appointed Secretary of War, January 27. Oliver Ells- 
worth, March 4. Tennessee added to the Union June 1. Washington 
made farewell address to the American people September 17. Brig- 
Gen. James Wilkinson, December 15. Presidential Candidates: John 
Adams and Thos. Pinckney, Federalists; Thomas Jefferson, Aaron 
Burr, Sam Adams, etc., Republicans. Baltimore, Md., made a city, 
December 31, James Calhoun being the first mayor. 

1797. John Adams, President; Thos. Jefferson, Vice-President; 
Timothy Pickering, Secretary of State; Oliver Wolcott, Secretary of 
Treasury; James McHenry, Secretary of War; Chas. Lee, Attorney- 
General; Jos. Habersham, Postmaster-General. When the French 
government demanded "much money" to keep peace, Mr. Pinckney 
answered, "Millions for defence, not a cent for tribute." First grand 
chapter of Masons in United States, in Philadelphia October 24. The 
French began hostilities on the ocean. Adams. 

1798. Eleventh amendment to the Constitution proposed in 1794, 
in force January 8. Congress established Navy Department, George 
Cabot, Secretary, May 3. Benjamin Stoddert appointed Secretary of 
the Navy May 21. Jos. Hopkinson wrote "Hail Columbia." Congress 
passed the Alien Law, June 25, empowering the President to banish 
dangerous aliens. Lieutenant-General George Washington, July 13. 
Congress passed the Sedition Law, July 14, directed against oppon- 
ents of the government. The President substituting X. Y. Z, for 
names of French agents that asked tribute, referred it to Congress; 
war followed. Virginia passed resolutions, December 2, against the 
Alien and Sedition Laws. 

1799. The "Constitution," Captain Truxton, took the French ship, 
"L' Insurgente," February 9. Congress passed the first Quarantine 
Act, February 23. Navy Yard established at Washington. "Associa- 
tion for the Improvement of Common Schools" formed at Middleton, 
Conn. Death of George Washington, December 14. Major General 
Alex. Hamilton, Dec. 14. 

1800. "Charleston, (S. C.) Courier, appeared January 1. John 
Marshall appointed Secretary of State and Sam Dexter Secretary of 
War, May 13. Congress Library founded. The Navy Yard at 
Portsmouth, N. H., came into the possession of the United States, June 
12. Gabriel's insurrection in Virginia. Brig-Gen. James Wilkinson, 
June 15. Site purchased for a Navy Yard at Charleston, Mass., August 
30. Presidential Candidates: Thomas Jefferson and Aaron Burr, Re- 
publicans; John Adams, Chas. C. Pinckney, and John Jay, Federals. 
Spain secretly ceded Louisiana to France October 1. Congress mfet in 



242 THE DAILY TELEGRAPH-HERALD'S 

Washington for the first time, November 17. Population of the 
United States, 5,308,483. 

1801. Samuel Dexter appointed Secretary of the Treasury January 
1. John Marshall, January 31. Roger Griswold appointed Secretary 
of War, February 3, and Theo. Parsons, Attorney-General February 20. 
Brooklyn Navy Yard established. Jefferson and Burr, having tied on 
73 votes, the House on February 17, elected Jefferson. Thomas Jef- 
ferson, President; Aaron Burr, Vice-President; Jas. Madison, Secre- 
tary of State; Samuel Dexter, Secretary of the Treasury; Henry Dear- 
born, Secretary of War; Levi Lincoln, Attorney-General; Benjamin 
Stoddert, Secretary of Navy; Jos. Habersham, Postmaster-General. Al- 
bert Gallatin was appointed Secretary of Treasury May 14. Tripoli 
declared war against the United States June 10. Gosport Navy Yard 
established. Robert Smith appointed Secretary of Navy July 15. 
Gideon Granger was appointed Postmaster-General November 28. The 
President complained, of office-holders, "that few died and none re- 
signed." Jefferson. 

1802. Excise tax repealed March 16. Military Academy, at West 
Point, founded. The Spanish governor of New Orleans closed the 
port against Americans. Ohio was added to the Union November 29. 

1803. President Jefferson gave France $15,000,000 for the Louis- 
iana Territory, April 30. Oliver Evans, of Delaware, devised the first 
dredge for deepening the channels of rivers. Sailors of New York 
City went on a strike. First load of anthracite coal taken into Phila- 
delphia. Apple parer invented. Orestes A. Brownson was born in 
Vermont, September 16. United States took possession of New Or- 
leans December 20. 

1804. Lieutenant Decatur entered harbor of Tripoli, February 16, 
and burnt the "Philadelphia." Baptists organized the first Bible So- 
ciety in the United States. Aaron Burr and Alex. Hamilton fought a 
duel, July 11, the latter being killed. Commodore Preble bombarded 
Tripoli August 3. Twelfth amendment to the Constitution declared in 
force, September 25, by which distinct candidates for President and 
Vice-President be voted 'for. Presidential Candidates: Thomas Jef- 
ferson and George Clinton, Republicans; Chas. C. Pinckney and Rufus 
King, Federals. Public debt, $82,312,150. 

1805. New Orleans made a city, February 17, Joseph Mather, 
mayor. Thomas Jefferson, President; Geo. Clinton, Vice-President; 
James Madison, Secretary of State; Albert Gallatin, Secretary of the 
Treasury ; Henry Dearborn, Secretary of War ; Robert Smith, Attorney- 
General; J. Crowinshield, Secretary of the Navy; Gideon Granger, 
Postmaster-General. Peace made with Tripoli, June 4. Hiram Pow- 
ers, sculptor, born in Verniont, July 29. Lewis and Clarke reached 
the Rocky Mountains, near Helena, July 19. John Breckenridge ap- 



HISTORY OF IOWA AND COUNTY DIRECTORY. 243 

pointed Attorney-General August 7. Lewis and Clarke reached the 
mouth of the Columbia River November 7. Jefferson. 

1806. Great Britain passed an order in Council, May 16, declar- 
ing the blockade of the European coast from the Elbe to Brest. An- 
drew Jackson and Chas. Dickinson fought a duel, May 30, the latter 
being killed. Webster published "Complete Dictionary of the English 
Language." Zebulon M. Pike discovered Pike's Peak. Tailors formed 
the first trades union in the United States. Napoleon, at Berlin, de- 
clared the British ports blockaded November 21. 

1807. Caesar A. Rodney appointed Attorney-General January 20. 
British frigate "Leopard" took four seamen from the "Chesapeake" 
June 22, The "Clermont," the first successful steamer, devised and 
built by Robert Fulton, went from New York City to Albany, August 
11. Aaron Burr tried and acquitted. Great Britain forbade the neu- 
trals to trade with France, without paying tribute to Great Britain, 
November 11. Congress passed "Jefferson's Embargo," December 22, 
forbidding any vessel to leave an American port. 

1808. Act forbidding the importation of slaves took effect Jan- 
uary 1. The Pope created the Sees of New York, Boston, Philadelphia, 
and Bardstown, Ky., April 8. St. Louis "Republic" appeared, the 
first paper in St. Louis. Jefferson Davis born in Kentucky, August 3. 
Presidential Candidates: James Madison and Geo. Clinton, Repub- 
licans; C. C. Pinckney and Rufus King, Federalists. 

1809. Edgar Allan Poe born in Boston January 19. Abraham 
Lincoln born in Kentucky, February 12. Congress repealed the Em- 
bargo Act, March 3, and passed the Non-Intercourse Act, forbidding 
Americans to trade with Great Britain or France. James Madison, 
President; George Clinton, Vice-President; Robert Smith, Secretary of 
State; Albert Gallatin, Secretary of Treasury; Wm. Eustis, Secretary 
of War; Caesar A. Rodney, Attorney-General; Paul Hamilton, Secre- 
tary of Navy; Gideon Granger, Postmaster-General. Madison. 

1810. Captain Winship built the first house in Oregon. Penn's 
"Treaty Tree" blown down March 3. Steel pens came into use, A 
general postofRce was established in Washington, April 30. First 
Agricultural exhibition in the United States was held at Georgetown, 
N. C, May 10. The Presbytery of Cumberland, Ky., was formed. 
Population of United States, 7,239,881. 

1811. Chas. Sumner born in Boston January 6. James Munroe 
was appointed Secretary of State April 2. The "President" fired into 
"Little Belt" May 16. "Orleans" built at Pittsburg, was the first 
steamer on the Ohio and Mississippi. John Jacob Astor founded As- 
toria. Hezekiah Niles began "Nilcs Weekly Register," September 7, 
in Baltimore. "Buffalo Gazette" appeared October ], the first news- 
paper in Buffalo. Gen. W. H. Harrison defeated Ellswatawa, a brother 
of Tecumseh, at Tippecanoe, November 7. Wendell Phillips was born 



244 THE DAILY TELEGRAPH-HERALD'S 

in Boston, November 29. Wm. Pinckney was appointed Attorney-Gen- 
eral December 11. 

1812. Major Henry Dearborn, January 27. Louisiana added to 
the Union, April 30. President declared war against Great Britain, 
June 18. Great Britain repealed Orders in Council, June 23. "Uncle 
Sam," after Samuel Wilson of Troy, came into use. The British took 
Mackinaw July 17. General Hull surrendered Detroit to Brock August 
16. The "Constitution" took the "Guerriere," August 19. Battle of 
Queenston Heights, October 13. The "Wasp" took the British frigate 
"Frolic" October 18. The "United States" took the "Macedonian" 
October 25. Presidential Candidates: James Madison and Elbridge 
Gerry, Republicans; De Witt Clinton and Jared Ingersoll, Federalists. 
The "Constitution" took the "Java" December 29. 

1813. Wm. Jones appointed Secretary of the Navy, January 12. 
John Armstrong appointed Secretary of War January 13. The "Hor- 
net" took the British "Peacock" February 24. James Madison, Presi- 
dent; Elbridge Gerry, Vice-President; James Monroe, Secretary of 
State; Albert Gallatin, Secretary of Treasury; John Armstrong, Secre- 
tary of War; Wm. Pinckney, Attorney-General; Wm. Jones, Secretary 
of Navy; Gideon Granger, Postmaster-General. General Dearborn 
took Toronto April 27. Dearborn took Fort George May 27. The 
"Shannon" took the "Chesapeake" June 1. The "Enterprise" took the 
British "Boxer" September 5. Perry defeated Barclay at Lake Erie, 
September 10. Harrison crushed Proctor at Thames October 5. 
Chrysler's Farm, November 11. McClure burnt Newark December 10. 
The British burnt Buffalo December 30. Madison. 

1814. George W. Campbell was appointed Secretary of Treasury 
February 9; and Richard Rush Attorney-General February 10. Return 
of J. Meigs, as Postmaster-General, March 17. General Brown de- 
feated Riall at Chippewa July 5. Battle of Bridgewater, or Lundy's 
Lane, July 25. General Ross burnt Washington August 24. Commo- 
dore Macdonough defeated Downie, and General Macomb defeated 
Prevost, at Plattsburg, September 11. General Ross was killed at 
Baltimore September 13. While the British bombarded Fort McHenry, 
September 14, Francis S. Key composed the "Star Spangled Banner." 
James Monroe was appointed Secretary of War September 27, and 
Alex. J. Dallas Secretary of the Treasury October 6. The "Hartford 
Convention" was held December 15. B. W. Crowninshield was ap- 
pointed Secretary of the Navy December 19. Treaty of Paris, Decem- 
ber 24. Public debt $99,833,660. 

1815. General Jackson defeated the British at New Orleans Jan- 
uary 8, Sir Ed. Pakenham being killed. Wm. Tudor began the "North 
American Review." The "Intelligencer" appeared in Kaskaskia, the 
first paper in Illinois. Major-General Jacob Brown, June 15. Commo- 
dore Decatur took two Algerine ships, and, sailing into the Bay of 



HISTORY OP IOWA AND COUNTY DIRECTORY. 245 

Algiers, forced the Dey to sign a Treaty June 30. Wm. H. Crawford 
was appointed Secretary of War August 1. Terrific gale and flood in 
New England September 23. 

1816. The "Boston Recorder" appeared .January 3. Congress 
passed the Compensation Bill, by which members were to get $1,500 
a year, instead of $6.00 a day. U. S. Bank chartered for twenty 
years, April 10. The American Bible Society -was organized in New 
York City, May 8. The "Ontario," built at Sackett's Harbor, was the 
first steamer on Lake Ontario. Coldest summer ever known. Wm. 
H. Crawford was appointed Secretary of Treasury, October 22. Presi- 
dential Candidates: James Monroe and D. D. Tomkins, Republicans; 
Rufus King and John B. Howard, Federalists. Indiana was added to 
the Union December 11. 

1817. James Monroe, President; D. D. Tomkins, Vice President; 
John Q. Adams, Secretary of State; Wm. H. Crawford, Secretary of 
Treasury; George Graham, Secretary of War; Richard Rush, Attorney- 
General; B. W. Crowninshield, Secretary of Navy. Return of J. Meigs, 
as Postmaster-General. Rush Bagot "Treaty", April 28, fixing the 
number of war vessels that the United States and Great Britain may 
keep on inland waters. Governor Clinton of New York, at Rome, 
broke ground for the Erie Canal July 4. First Seminole War. The 
people said "The era of good feeling has begun." Hartford, Conn., 
"Times" appeared. John C. Calhoun appointed Secretary of War, 
October 8; and Wm. Wirt Attorney-General November 13. Mississippi 
admitted to the Union December 10. 

1818. Daniel Webster successfully argued the "Dartsmouth Col- 
lege Case" March 10. Congress established the flag of the United 
States April 4, limiting the stripes to thirteen, putting twenty stars 
in the Union, and providing that an additional star be inserted for 
each new admitted State. Gen. Jackson executed Alex Arbuthnot and 
Robert C. Ambrister, for inciting the Indians to war. Jackson took 
Pensacola May 27. Convention with Great Britain, October 20, ac- 
knowledging the right of the United States to the Newfoundland fish- 
eries. Illinois admitted to the Union December 3. Smith Thompson 
was appointed Secretary of the Navy, November 9. 

1819. Florida was purchased from Spain for $5,000,000 February 
22. The "Savannah" a sidewheel steamer, left Savannah May 24, 
reaching Liverpool June 20. "Walk-in-the-Water" was the first 
steamer on Lake Erie. Manchester Unity introduced Oddfellowship 
into the United States. Champlain Canal completed. Cleveland 
"Herald" appeared. Alabama admitted to the Union December 14. 

1820. Wm. T. Sherman was born in Ohio, February 8. The "Mis- 
souri Compromise," making Missouri a slave State, but prohibiting 
slavery elsewhere north of 36^2 degrees and west of Mississippi "was 
passed March 2. Maine was released from Massachusetts and admit- 



246 THE DAILY TELEGRAPH-HERALD'S 

ted to the Union March 15. Commodore Decatur and Commodore 
Barron fought a duel, March 22, the former being killed. The print- 
ers of Albany, N. Y., went on a strike, originating the words "scab" 
and "rat." First Stock Exchange in New York. No President nom- 
inated. Population, 9,633,822. 

1821. Grand Lodge of Odd Fellows of Maryland and the United 
States, instituted February 22. Bill passed to admit Missouri Febru- 
ary 28. James Monroe, President; D. D. Tomkins, Vice-President; 
John Q. Adams, Secretary of State; Wm. H. Crawford, Secretary of 
Treasury; John C. Calhoun, Secretary of War; Wm. Wirt, Attorney- 
General; Smith Thompson, Secretary of Navy; Return J. Meigs, Post- 
master-General. Amherst College, Massachusetts, founded. Mrs. 
Emma Willard began a school for women at Troy, N. Y. Missouri 
admitted to Union August 10. Mobile "Register" appeared. 

1822. "Indiana Gazette" "Indiana State Sentinel" appeared Janu- 
ary 28. Boston made a city February 23, John Phillips being the first 
mayor. United States recognized the South American republics as 
independent sovereignties. U. S. Grant was born in Ohio, April 27. 
Extension of National road from Wheeling to Mississippi. Americans 
founded a negro Republic at Liberia, Africa, for African freedmen. 
Cotton mill erected at Lowell, Mass., beginning the city. St. Louis, 
Mo., made a city December 9, Wm. Carr Lane being the first mayor. 

1823. "Zion's Herald," of Boston, appeared January 1. The "In- 
dianapolis Journal" . appeared March 7. John McLean appointed 
Postmaster-General June 26. Rev. Samuel Reed Hall established, the 
first Normal School for training teachers, at Concord, Vermont. John 
Rogers appointed Secretary of Navy September 1. Francis Parkman 
born in Boston September 16. Samuel L. Southard appointed Secre- 
tary of the Navy September 16. The "Monroe Doctrine," America is 
for Americans, explicitly announced December 1. 

1824. "Boston Courier" appeared. The House of Refuge, New 
York City, conceived by Ed. Livingstone, founded; it was the first 
reform school for juvenile delinquents in the world. Clay passed a 
high tariff bill. Detroit made a city August 5, John R. Williams, first 
mayor. Lafayette landed at New York August 15. Presidential Can- 
didates: Andrew Jackson, John Q. Adams, W. H. Crawford, and H. 
Clay for President; John C. Calhoun, Nat. Sanford, Nat. Macon, and 
Andrew Jackson for Vice President. This was the "scrub" race; no 
candidate got a majority. Public debt. $83,788,432. 

1825. The House made Adams President; John C. Calhoun, Vice- 
President; Henry Clay, Secretary of State; Richard Rush, Secretary of 
Treasury; James Barbour. Secretary of War; Wm. Wirt. Attorney- 
General; Samuel L. Southard, Secretary of Navy; John McLean, Post- 
master-General. "Sunday Courier," of New York, appeared, the first 
Sunday newspaper. Lafayette laid the corner stone of the Bunker 



HISTORY OF IOWA AND COUNTY DIRECTORY. 247 

Hill monument, June 17. Homeopathy introduced into the United 
States by Dr. Hans B. Gram. Navy Yard established at Pensacola. 
Rev. Isaac McCoy, (Baptist) preached first English sermon in Chicago, 
October 9. After eight years of great toil, the Erie Canal, "Clinton's 
Big Ditch," was opened October 26. 

1S2G. Clay and Adams "bargain" hotly debated. "American So- 
ciety for the promotion of Temperance" formed in Boston, February 
13. Clay and Randolph fought a duel April 8, but neither was hurt. 
*'New Orleans Bee" appeared. Thomas Jefferson and John Adams died 
July 4. Wm. Morgan, of Batavia, N. Y., having threatened to expose 
Free Masonry, mysteriously disappeared. James Kent wrote "Com- 
mentaries on American Law." Tramway was built at Quincy, Mass. 

1827. A national convention of protectionists met at Harrisburg, 
Pa., July 30, and declared for a protective tariff. Alex. Campbell 
founded the "Disciples of Christ." An angel gave Joseph Smith the 
plates and the Urim and Thummim, near Manchester, N. Y., Septem- 
ber 22, from which he gathered the "Book of Mormon." 

1828. Joseph Smith organized the Mormon Church April 6. Con- 
gress passed what the South called "Tariff of Abominations," May 15. 
Peter B. Porter was appointed Secretary of War May 26. Paper first 
made of straw, at Meadville, Pa. Major-General Alexander Macomb, 
May 29. Chas. Carroll, at Baltimore, broke ground for the first steam 
railroad in the United States, July 4. Presidential Candidates: Andrew 
Jackson and John C. Calhoun, Democrats, for President and Vice- 
President; John Q. Adams and Richard Rush, National Republicans, 
for President and Vice-President. Noah Webster published "Diction- 
ary of the English Language." First popular vote for President. 

1829. Andrew Jackson, President; John C. Calhoun, Vice-Presi- 
dent; Martin Van Buren, Secretary of State; Sam. D. Ingham, Secre- 
tary of Treasury; John H. Eaton, Secretary of War; John M. Berrien, 
Attorney-General; John Branch, Secretary of the Navy; Wm. T. Barry, 
Postmaster-General. The "Stourbridge Lion," the first locomotive in 
the United States, arrived from England. President Jackson displaced 
hundreds of civil servants, to make places for his followers. The 
Postmaster-General was made a cabinet officer. Samuel Rust invented 
the Washington press. The schooner "Michigan" for an exhibition, 
was sent over Niagara Falls. 

1830. "Great Debate in the Senate," against and for nullification. 
Thurlow Reed began the "Journal," at Albany, N. Y., March 22. At 
the President's birthday celebration, he proposed "Our Federal 
Union; it must ba preserved;" the Vice-President followed with "Lib- 
erty, dearer than the Union." Peter Cooper built the first American 
locomotive at Baltimore. The Baltimore & Ohio railroad (14 miles) 
was opened May 24, being the first steam railroad in the United 



248 THE DAILY TELEGRAPH-HERALD'S 

States. Jos. B. Worcester published his Dictionary. Audubon pub- 
lished "The Birds of America." Population, 12,866,020. 

1831. Wm. Lloyd Garrison began the "Liberator," in Boston, 
January 1, the first abolition paper. New York University, New York 
City, chartered April IS. Detroit "Free Press" appeared May 5. Levi 
Woodbury was appointed Secretary of Navy May 23. Ed. Livingstone 
appointed Secretary of State, May 24; and Roger B. Taney, Attorney- 
General, July 20. Harrisburg "Telegraph" appeared. Lewis Cass ap- 
pointed Secretary of War, August 1. and Louis McLane appointed 
Secretary of Treasury, August 8. Wm. T. Porter began "Spirit of 
the Times," N. Y., the first sporting paper. Presidential nominations 
first made by conventions. Anti-Masons, of Baltimore, September 26, 
nominated Wm. Wirt, President and Amos Ellmaker, Vice-President. 
United States Naval Home, at Philadelphia, opened December 4. The 
National Republicans, at Baltimore, December 12, nominated Henry 
Clay, President, and John Sergeant, Vice President. 

1832. Buffalo made a city April 20, Ebenezer Johnson, mayor. 
The Democrats, at Baltimore, May 21, nominated Jackson for Presi- 
dent, and M. Van Buren for Vice-President. Senator Marcy, of New 
York, said "To the victors belong the spoils." Black Hawk began 
war. The "Democrat and Chronicle," of Rochester, appeared. The 
President vetoed the United States Bank Bill, July 10. Cholera. 
Cincinnati "Times" appeared. Black Hawk was captured. The State 
Convention, at South Carolina, vetoed the Tariff Acts, November 19, 
and declared the supreme sovereignty of the State. President Jackson 
declared the sovereignty of the Union, December 16, and threatened 
niilitary coercion, forcing the nullifiers to yield. 

1883. Webster, replying to Calhoun, said, February 16, "There 
can be no secession without revolution." Clay's Compromise Tariff 
passed February 20. Andrew Jackson, President; Martin Van Buren, 
Vice-President; Ed. Livingstone, Secretary of State; Louis McLane, 
Secretary of Treasury; Lewis Cass, Secretary of War; Roger B. Taney. 
Attorney-General; Levi Woodbury, Secretary of Navy; Wm. T. Barry, 
Postmaster-General. Louis McLane was appointed Secretary of State, 
and Wm. J. Duane, Secretary of Treasury, May 29. Benj. H. Day 
began the "Daily Sun," N. Y., September 3, the first cent paper in the 
United States. Roger B. Taney, was appointed Secretary of Treasury, 
September 23. Taney took public funds -from the United States Bank, 
October 1. The sky was filled with meteors and falling stars, Novem- 
ber 13. Benj, F. Butler appointed Attorney-General November 15. 

1834. Brooklyn, N. Y., made a city, April 8, Geo. Hall first mayor. 
Cyrus Hall McCormick invented a reaping machine, the first ever used. 
Abolition riots in New York City. National Republicans became 
Whigs. John Forsyth was appointed Secretary of State, and Levi 
Woodbury, Secretary of Treasury, June 27. Mahlon Dickerson was 



HISTORY OF IOWA AND COUNTY DIRECTORY. 24d 

appointed Secretary of Navy, June 30, Indian Territory formed June 
30. Castle Garden Boat Club Association formed, the first in the 
United States. A mob burnt St. Ursula Convent, Mount Benedict, 
Mass;, August 11. Public debt $33,733. 

1835. The Buffalo "Commercial" appealed January 1. "Cold Sat- 
urday," February 7; Chesapeake Bay fro2en over. Osceola began the 
second Seminole War. Samuel Colt began to make revolving fire 
arms at Paterson, N. J. Amos Kendall appointed Postmaster-General 
May 1. James Gordon Bennett began the New York "Herald" May 6. 
Mints established at Charlotte, N. C, Dahlouega, Ga., and New Or- 
leans. At New York City University, Sam. F. B. Morse showed the 
first instrument for telegraphic recording. The "Nashville Union" 
appeared. Osceola murdered Major Dade and 110 soldiers. $20,000,000 
fire in New York City December 16. 

1836. Cleveland, Ohio, made a city, March 5, John W. Willey 
first mayor. Roger B. Taney, March 15. Sam Houston defeated 
Santa Anna at San Jacinto, April 2, making Texas an independent 
State. The "Toledo Blade" appeared. The American and Foreign 
Bible Society was formed in New York, May 12. Arkansas admitted 
to the Union June 15. President issued "Specie Circular," July 11,' 
insisting that public lands be paid for in silver and gold. The "Wis- 
consin" of Milwaukee, appeared. Presidential Candidates: Martin 
Van Buren and Richard M. Johnson, Democrats; Wm. H. Harrison, 
Daniel Webster, etc., Whigs. United States Post Office and Patent 
Office, at Washington, destroyed by fire December 15. "The Visitor," 
the first paper in Iowa, appeared at Dubuque. 

1837. New Orleans "Picayune" appeared January 25. Michigan 
admitted to Union January 26. Martin Van Buren, President; R. M. 
Johnson, Vice-President; John Forsyth, Secretary of State; Levi Wood- 
bury, Secretary of Treasury; Joel R. Poinsett, Secretary of War; B. 
F. Butler, Attorney-General; Mahlon Dickerson, Secretary of Navy; 
Amos Kendall, Postmaster-General, Chicago made a city, March 4, 
Wm. B. Ogden, mayor. Grand Rapids "Democrat" appeared. Mas- 
sachusetts Board of Education organized, Horace Mann, secretary. 
Milwaukee "Sentinel" appeared. The "Baltimore Sun" appeared. 
Great financial panic. Rev. Elijah P. Lovejoy shot by a mob at Alton, 
111., November 7. Wm. L. Mackenzie arrived in Buffalo December 
10. Col. McNab cast "Caroline" over Niagara Falls December 29. 

1838. "The Great Western" and "Sirius," two British steamships, 
arrived at New York, April 23. Members of "Hunter's Lodges" burnt 
"Sir Robert Peel" on the St. Lawrence, May 29. James K. Paulding 
appointed Secretary of the Navy, June 25. Several States repudiated 
their debts. Felix Grundy appointed Attorney-General July 5. Gen. 
Scott removed the Cherokees beyond the Mississippi. Von Schoulfz 
landed 180 men at Prescott, Canada, November 11. 



250 THE DAILY TELEGRAPH-HERALD'S 

1839. Virginia Military Academy established at Lexington. First 
general express in the United States was begun by Wm. F. Harnden, 
from Boston to New York. The "Daily American" (Evening Journal), 
appeared April 9, the first daily in Chicago. Anthracite coal first suc- 
cessfully used to smelt iron in Pennsylvania. Mormons settled at 
Nauvoo, 111. First printing press west of the Rocky Mountains set up 
at Walla Walla. Anti-rent troubles in New York. Ancient Order of 
Foresters introduced into the United States. The Whigs, at Harris- 
burg, Pa., December 4, nominated Wm. H. Harrison for President, and 
John Tyler for Vice-President. 

1840. Henry D. Gilpin, appointed Attorney-General January 11. 
The Democrats, at Baltimore, May 5, nominated Van Buren for Presi- 
dent, the States to nominate a Vice-President. John M. Niles was 
appointed Postmaster-General, May 19. The "Sub-Treasury Act," the 
establishment of a government treasury, became a law July 4, effecting 
a "Divorce of bank and State." Samuel Cunard established the first 
line of steamships between the United States and Liverpool. First 
election campaign was a "Hard cider campaign," the Whig cry being 
"Tippecanoe and Tyler too." Population 17,069,453. 

1841. Wm. H. Harrison, President; John Tyler, Vice-President; 
Daniel S. Webster, Secretary of State; Thos. Ewing, Secretary of the 
Treasury; John Bell, Secretary of War; John J. Crittenden, Attorney- 
General; Geo. E. Badger, Secretary of Navy; Francis Granger, Post- 
master-General. Death of President Harrison, April 4. John Tyler, 
installed President, April 6. Horace Greeley began the New York 
"Tribune" April 10. Major General Winfield Scott, July 5. The Sub- 
Treasury Act was repealed August 9. The Bankruptcy Act was passed 
August 19. Tyler broke with the Whigs September 9. The Pittsburg 
"Chronicle-Telegraph" appeared. John McLean appointed Secretary 
of War; Walter Forward, Secretary of Treasury; Hugh S. Lagare, At- 
torney-General; Abel P. Upshur, Secretary of Navy and Chas A. Wick- 
liffe, Postmaster-General, September 13; John C. Spencer was appoint- 
ed Secretary of War, October 12. The Brooklyn "Eagle" appeared 
October 26. 

1842. Croton water system at New York, opened July 4. High 
tariff imposed. Beginning of fiscal year changed from January 1st to 
July 1st, September 28. Daniel Webster and Lord Ashburton fixed 
the Maine boundary, made 49 degrees the boundary line from Lake of 
Woods to the Rock Mountains, and arranged for the extradition 
of criminals September 9. The University of Michigan, at Ann Arbor, 
opened September 20. Sons of Temperance organized in New York, 
September 29. Order of Odd Fellows separated from Manchester 
Unity. Cincinnati "Enquirer" appeared. Dorr's rebellion in Rhode 
Island. Abraham Lincoln married Miss Mary Todd, November 4. 

1843. John C. Spencer was appointed Secretary of Treasury, 



HISTORY OF IOWA AND COUNTY DIRECTORY. 251 

March 3. Bankruptcy Act repealed March 3. James M. Porter ap- 
pointed Secretary of War March 8. Hugh S. Legare appointed Secre- 
tary of State May 9. John Nelson appointed Attorney-General July 1. 
Abel P. Upshur appointed Secretary of State, and David Henshaw Sec- 
retary of the Navy, July 24. Dr. Whitman led 200 immigrants into the 
valley of the Columbia River. Great comet visible in daytime. The 
Liberty Party, at Buffalo, August 30, nominated James G. Birney for 
President, and Thomas Morris for Vice-President. John C. Fremont 
and Kit. Carson, in a leather boat, explored Great Salt Lake. 

1844. Wm. Wilkins was appointed Secretary of War; and Thos. 
W. Gilmer, Secretary of Navy, February 15. John C. Calhoun was 
appointed Secretary of State, March 6; John Y. Mason, Secretary of 
Navy, March 14. The Whigs, at Baltimore, May 1, nominated Henry 
Clay for President, and T. Frelinghuysen for Vice-President. First 
electric telegraph in United States worked between Baltimore and 
Washington, May 24, Professor Morse's message being "What hath 
God wrought?" The Democrats, at Baltimore, May 27, nominated 
James K, Polk for President, and Geo. M. Dallas for Vice-President. 
George M. Bibb was appointed Secretary of Treasury, June 15. Jos. 
Smith and his brother, Hiram, were shot at Carthage, 111., Brigham 
Young becoming President of the Mormon Church. United States 
Naval Observatory at Washington, erected. Public debt, $15,925,303. 

1845. Florida admitted to the Union March 3. James Knox Polk, 
President; Geo. M. Dallas, Vice-President; James Buchanan, Secretary 
of State; Robert J. Walker, Secretary of Treasury; W. L. Marcy, Sec- 
retary of War; Geo. Bancroft, Secretary of Navy; John Y. Mason, At- 
torney-General; Cave Johnson, Postmaster-General. $10,000,000 fire 
in Pittsburg, Pa., April 10. Hosts of immigrants coming into the 
United States. John A. Robling erected suspended aqueduct of Penn- 
sylvania canal across the Monongahela. United States Naval Acad- 
emy opened at Annapolis. Dr. Wm. T. J. Morton, of Boston, discov- 
ered the anesthetic properties of ether. Texas admitted to the Union 
December 29. 

1846. Pittsburg "Despatch" appeared. Milwaukee made a city, 
January 31, Sol. Juneau, mayor. Oregon excitement, the cry being 
"Fifty-four-forty or fight." Sub-Treasury Act re-passed. Mexicans 
began war. Gen. Taylor defeated the Mexicans at Palo Alto May 8. 
Congress declared war against Mexico May 13. Elias Howe patented 
his sewing machine. Treaty at Washington, settling the Oregon 
boundary, at 49 degrees, June 15. "Wllmot Proviso" failed to pass. 
John Y. Mason appointed Secretary of Navy, September 9. Taylor 
took Monterey September 24. Smithsonian Institute, at Washington, 
established. Nathan Clifford appointed Attorney-General October 17. 
Boston "Herald" appeared. Iowa admitted to the Union, December 28. 

1847. Thos. Alvin Edison born in Ohio, February 11, General 



252 THE DAILY TELEGRAPH-HERALD'S 

Taylor defeated Santa Anna at Buena Vista February 23. Adhesive 
postage stamps, 5 cent and 10 cent stamps, authorized March 3. 
Richard M. Hoe, of New York, produced the first rotatory printing 
press. Philadelphia "Item" appeared. American Medical Association 
formed. Chicago "Tribune" appeared June 10. Moses G. Farmer, of 
Dover, N. H., showed the first electric passenger car July 26. Scott 
took the City of Mexico September 14. The Mormons reached Salt 
Lake. Henry Ward Beecher installed pastor of Plymouth Church, 
Brooklyn, November 11. 

1848. Gold discovered on the Sacramento River January 19. 
Peace with Mexico, February 2; the United States getting Upper Cali- 
fornia and New Mexico, and paying to Mexico, $15,000,000. Free Soil 
Party appeared, their cry being, "Free soil, free speech, free labor, and 
free men." The Democrats, at Baltimore, May 22, nominated Lewis 
Cass for President, and Wm. O. Butler for Vice-President. Wisconsin 
admitted to the Union May 29. The Whigs, at Philadelphia, June 7, 
nominated Zachery Taylor for President and Millard Fillmore for Vice- 
President. Isaac Toucey was appointed Attorney-General June 21. 
Naval station established at New Orleans. The Des Moines "Leader" 
appeared. The Free Boilers, at Buffalo, August 9, nominated M. Van 
Buren for President, and Chas. F. Adams for Vice-President. 

1849. Elizabeth Blackwell, was the first woman to me a M. D. 
in the United States. Fortune hunters rushed to California. Congress 
formed the Department of the Interior, March 3, with Thos. H. Ewing, 
Secretary. Zachary Taylor, President; Millard Fillmore, Vice-Presi- 
dent; John M. Clayton, Secretary of State; Wm. M. Meredith, Secre- 
tary of Treasury; Geo. W. Crawford, Secretary of War; Reverdy John- 
son, Attorney-General; Wm. B. Preston, Secretary of Navy; Jacob 
Collamer, Postmaster-General. G. H. Corliss, of Providence, R. I., in- 
troduced trip gear in steam engines. Detroit "Tribune" appeared. 

1850. Webster made a "Union speech" March 7. Clayton-Bulwer 
Trenty, April 19. San Francisco made a city May 1, John W. Geary, 
Mayor. President died July 9. Millard Fillmore installed July 10. 
Daniel Webster was appointed Secretary of State; Thos. Corwin, 
Secretary of Treasury; Wm. A. Graham, Secretary of Navy; Winfield 
Scott, Secretary of War; James A. Pearce, Secretary of Interior; John 
J. Crittenden Attorney-General; Nathan K. Hall, Postmaster-General, 
Julv 23. Clay's Compromise Acts (Omnibus Bill) passed July 31. 
<''has. M Conrad was appointed Secretary of War, and Thos. Mc- 
Kernon, Secretary of the Interior, August 15. California admitted 
into the ITnion, September 9. Alex. H. H. Stuart, was appointed Sec- 
rotary of the liitorior September 12. Harper's Magazine appeared. 
Population 23,191.876. 

1851. Y. M. C A. established in Boston. Directors of the Erie 
railroad went frori New York to Dunkirk, April 28, opening the road. 



HISTORY OF IOWA AND COUNTY DIRECTORY. 253 

Neal Dow's Maine law (prohibition) passed June 2. Wm. L. Critten- 
den, for aiding the Cubans, was shot at Havana, August 16. The 
"America" beat the "Aurora" around the Isle of Wight, August 22. 
Henry J. Raymond began the New York "Times" September 18. "Un- 
derground railroad" helping fugitive slaves, put in operation. New 
York editors banaiietted Louis Kossuth, December 13, originating the 
Press CUub, Northwestern University, at Evanston, 111., founded. 

18(2 Rise of American, or "Know Nothing" Party, a secret so- 
ciety opposed to the appointment of foreign-born citizens to office. 
The Demooats, at Baltimore, June 1, nominated Franklin Pierce for 
President, and Wm. R. King, for Vice-President. The Whigs, at Balti- 
more, June 16. nominated Winfield Scott for President, and Wm. A. 
Graham for Vice-President. John P. Kennedy was appointed Secre- 
tary of Navy, July 22. The "Globe Democrat" of St. Louis, appeared. 
Harvard and Yale had their first boat race August 3. Free Soil Demo- 
crats, at Pittsburg, August 11, nominated John P. Hale for President, 
and Geo. W. Julian, for Vice-President. Sam. D. Hubbard was ap- 
pointed Postmaster-General August 31. Great Britain and France sug- 
gested the "Tripartite Treaty," to guarantee Cuba to Spain. 

1853. Franklin Pierce, President; Wm. R. King, Vice-President; 
Wm. L. Marcy, Secretary of State; James Guthrie, Secretary of Treas- 
ury; Jefferson Davis, Secretary of War; James C. Dobbin, Secretary 
of Navy; Robert McClelland, Secretary of the Interior; Caleb Gushing, 
Attorney-General; James Campbell, Postmaster-General. The United 
States paid Mexico $10,000,000 for the Mesilla Valley. Navy Yard 
establishel at Mare Island, Cal. New York Central Railroad organ- 
ized April 2. The seizure of Martin Kostza, an Austrian claiming 
American citizenship, and his rescue by an American man-of-war, ex- 
cited the naturalization question. Second world's fair opened in New 
York July 14. New York clearing house established October 11, the 
first in the United States. Public debt. $35,586,956. 

1854. The "Black Warrior" was confiscated in Havanna, Febru- 
ary 28th. Mint was established in San Francisco. Congress passed 
Stephen A. Douglass' "Kansas-Nebraska" Bill, May 31, dividing Neb- 
raska into Nebraska and Kansas, and making slavery optional to set- 
tlers. A naval station was established at Key West. Reciprocity 
Treaty with Canada was ratified June 5. The Northern Whigs be- 
came "Anti-Nebraska" men. Messrs, Buchanan, Mason and Soule 
were sent from Aix-la-Chapelle, to Congress, the "Ostend Circular," 
advising the acquisition of Cuba, by purchase or by force. 

1855. First registration of letters. The President dismissed 
the British Minister and the British Consuls at New York, Philadelphia 
and Cincinnati, for sanctioning the enlistment of men for the British 
army. Missourians traversed Kansas and terrorized the settlers op- 
posed to slavery, Wm. Walker and H. L. Kinney tried to establish 



254 THE DAILY TBLEGItAPH-HBRALD'S 

an American colony on Mosquito coast. John A. Roebling finished 
the Niagara Suspension Bridge. 

1856. The American Party at Philadelphia, February 22, nomin- 
ated Millard Fillmore President, and A. J, Donelson Vice-President. 
The "Anti-Nebraska" men became Republicans. Preston S. Brooks 
brutally assaulted Chas. Sumner in the Senate May 22. The Demo- 
crats, at Cincinnati, June 2, nominated James Buchanan President, 
and John C. Breckenridge Vice-President. Autobiography of Peter 
Cartwright appeared. The Republicans, at Philadelphia, June 17, nom- 
inated John C. Fremont President and Wm. L. Dayton Vice-President. 
Ocean telegraph was laid from New York to St. Johins, Newfoundland. 
The San Francisco "Call" appeared^ 

1857. James Buchanan, President; John C. Breckenridge, Vice- 
President; Louis Cass, Secretary of State; Howell Cobb, Secretary of 
the Treasury; John B. Floyd, Secretary of War; Jeremiah S. Black, 
Attorney-General; Issac Toucey, Secretary of Navy; Aaron V. Brown, 
Postmaster-General; Jacob Thompson, Secretary of Interior. Justice 
Taney decided against Dred Scott, Harch 6, a negro that claimed free- 
dom because he had sojourned in a free state; Taney decided that a 
slave, not being a citizen, could not bring a case into court. There 
was a financial panic, many banks stopping payment. The "National 
Emancipation Society" was formed at Cleveland, August 26, to end 
slavery by government purchase. 

1858. Gold was discovered in Colorado. The Comstock silver 
lode was discovered in Nevada. Minnesota added to the Union May 
11. Iron deposit boxes for letters were first used in the streets of 
Boston, August 2. The first Atlantic cavle was put down; it soon 
failed. First overland mail, that left St. Louis, September 16, reached 
San Francisco, October 10. 

1859. Oregon admitted to the Union February 14. Jos. Holt was 
appointed Postmaster-General March 14. The Boston "Commercial 
Bulletin" appeared. Col. Drake sank the first successful oil well near 
Titusville, Pa. Severe frost in the northern part of the United States 
June 4. Denver "Rocky Mountain News" appeared. John Brown 
captured Harper's Ferry and attempted to liberate the slaves; he was 
captured, tried, and hung December 2. 

1860. The Republicans, ^t Chicago, May 16, nominatel Abraham 
Lincoln, for President, and Hannibal Hamlin for Vice-President. The 
American Party, at Baltimore, May 19, nominated John Bell for Presi- 
dent, and Ed Everett for Vice-President. The President vetoed the 
Homestead Bill, which would have given settlers land for 25 cents an 
acre. The Douglass Democrats, at Baltimore, June 18, nominated 
Stephen A. Douglass for President, and H. V. Johnson for Vice-Presi- 
dent. The Southern Democrats, at Baltimore, June 28, nominated 
John C. Breckenridge for President and Jos. Lane for Vice-President. 



HISTORY OF IOWA AND COUNTY DIRECTORY. 255 

Philip S. Tliomas was appointed Secretary of Treasury December 12. 
Jeremiah S. Black was appointed Secretary of State December 17. 
The "Crittenden Compromise" was offered December 18. Ed. M. Stan- 
ton was appointed Attorney-General December 20, South Carolina 
seceded from the Union December 20. Population, 31,443,321. 

1861. Confederates fired on the "Star of the West" January 9th, 
beginning the Civil War. Mississippi seceded January 9; Florida 
seceded January 10; Alabama seceded January 11; John A. Dix was 
appointed Secretary of Treasury January 11, and os. Holt Secretary 
of War, January 18. Georgia seceded January 19; Louisiana seceded 
January 26. Kansas admitted to Union January 29. Texas seceded 
February 1. The Confederate States of America were formed at 
Montgomery, Ala., February, with Jefferson Davis as President and 
Alexander H. Stephens as Vice-President. Horatio King was appoint- 
ed Postmaster-General February 12, Abraham Lincoln, President; 
Hannibal Hamlin, Vice-President; Wm. H. Seward, Secretary of State; 
Salmon P. Chase, Secretary of Treasury; Simon Cameron, Secretary 
of War; Ed. Bates, AttorneyGeneral ; Gideon Welles, Secretary of the 
Navy; Montgomery Blair, Postmaster-General; Caleb B. Smith, Sec- 
retary of the Interior. Major Anderson evacuated Fort Sumpter April 
14. Virginia seceded April 17. The Confederates took Harper's Ferry 
April 18. The *Tlug-uglies" of Baltimore attacked the Sixth Massa- 
chusetts regiment April 19. The Confederates took the Norfolk Navy 
Yard April 20. Argansas seceded May 6; North Carolina seceded 
May 20. Col. Ellsworth was shot at Alexandria, Virginia, May 24. 
Tennessee seceded June 8, Beauregard defeated McDowell at Bull 
Run July 21. General Lyon was defeated and killed at Wilson's 
Creek August 10. Fort Hatteras was captured August 29. The Fed- 
erals were defeated at Ball's Bluff October 21. Major-General Geo. 
B. McClellan appointed November 1. Point Royal captured November 
7. Captain Chas. Wilkes of the "San acinto" took from the "Trent" 
John Slidell and John Y. Mason, November 8. 

1862. Lidell and Mason released January 1. Ed. M, Stanton ap- 
pointed Secretary of War, January 15. Grant took Fort Donelson 
February 16. "Greenbacks" were made a legal tender. Duel of the 
"MonHor" and the "Merrimac" March 9. Battle of Shiloh April 6-7. 
Commidcre Farragut and General Butler took New Orleans April 25. 
Bureau of Agriculture created May 15. Battle of Fair Oaks May 31. 
Sioux Indian massacre in Minnesota. Seven Days' battle, June ?.3 
to July 1. Major-General Henry W. Halleck appointed July 23. Jack- 
son defeated Pope at Bull Run August 30. Battle of Antietam Septem- 
ber 17. Lee defeated Burnside at Fredericksburg December 13 
Resccrans defeated Bragg at Murfreesboro December 31. 

1863. I'roclamation of Emancipation, freeing all slaves in seceded 
states, went into effect January 1. John P. Usher was appointed fe'fec- 



256 THE DAILY TELEGRAPH-HERALD'S 

retary of the Interior January 8. Act establishing National Banks 
was passed February 23. Habeas Corpus Act suspended. Conscrip- 
tion Act passed March 3. Battle of Chancellorsvills May 3. West 
Virginia admitted to the Union June 19. Titian J. Coffee appointed 
Atorney-General June 22. Free mail delivery established July 1. 
Meads repulsed Lee a Gettysburg July 1-3. Grant took Vicksburg 
July 4. Draft riots in New York City July 13-16. Letter postage made 
uniform at three cents. New Orleans "Times" appeared. Battle of 
Chickamauga September 19. Battle of Chattanooga November 23-25. 

1864. General U. S^ Grant commissioned March 9. Assay office 
established at Denver. Battle of the Wilderness May 5-6. Battle of 
Spottsylvania Court House May 12. The Radicals, at Cleveland, May 
31, nominated J. C. Fremont for President, and John C. Cochrane for 
Vice-President. Battle of Cold Harbor June 3. The Republicans at 
Baltimore, June 6, nominated Lincoln for President, and Johnson for 
Vice-President. The "Kearsarge" sank the "Alabama" June 19. Wm. 
P. Fessenden was appointed Secretary of Treasury July 1^ Farragut 
entered Mobile Bay August 5. The Democrats, at Chicago, August 29, 
nominated G. B. McClellan for President, and George H. Pendleton 
for Vice-President. Sherman took Atlanta September 2. Wm. Denni- 
son was appointed Postmaster-General September 24. Nevada was ad- 
mitted to the Union October 31. James Speed appointed Attorney- 
General December 2. Salmon P. Chase appointed December 6. Sher- 
man took Savannah December 21. Public debt, $2,680,647,869. 

1865. The San Francisco "Chronicle" appeared January 16. 
Freedmen's Bureau established March 3. Abrahm Lincoln President; 
Andrew Johnson, Vice-President; Wm. H. Seward, Secretary of State; 
Hugh McCulloch, Secretary of Treasury; Ed, M, Stanton, Secretary 
of War; James Speed, Attorney-General; Gideon Welles, Secretary 
of the Navy; Wm. Depnison, Postmaster-General; John P. Usher, Sec- 
retary of the Interior. Grant took Petersburg April 2, and Richmond 
April 3. Lee surrendered April 9. John Wilkes Booth shot Lincoln 
April 14. Andrew Johnson took oath of office April 15. Jeff Davis 
captured May 10. Kirby Smith surrendered May 26, ending the Civil 
War. The San Francisco "Examiner" appeared. The "Reconstruction 
Committee" was appointed December 4. 

1866. Reciprocity Treaty with Canada ended March 17. Grand 
Army of the Republic was organized by Dr. Benj. F. Stephenson, at 
Decatur, Illinois, April 6. Civil Rights Law was passed over the 
President's veto April 9. Fenians raided Canada. $15,000,000 fire in 
Portland, Maine. Tennessee readmitted into the Union July 23. Henry 
Stanbery appointed Attorney-General July 23. Alevander W. Randall 
appointed Postmaster-General July 25. Orville H. Browning appointed 
Secretary of Interior, July 27. The Atalntic cable was successfully 
put down, and first message sent July 29. The first encampment of 



HISTORY OF IOWA AND COUNTY DIRECTORY. 257 

the G. A. R. was held at Indianapolis, November 20. The "Carpet 
Baggers" began to work the South. 

1867. Mr. Ashley charged the President with "high crimes and 
misdemeanors" January 7. Nebraska was admitted to the Union 
March 1. The Tenure of Office Act was passed over the President's 
veto March 2, which forbade the President to dismiss Cabinet Officers 
without the Senate's consent. Congress passed a bill over the Presi- 
dent's veto, March 2, dividing the disorganized States into military 
districts. Alaska purchased from Russia for $7,200,000. President 
made General Grant Secretary of War August 12, displacing Mr. Stan- 
ton. The Grangers, "Patrons of Industry" /ormed in Washington. 

1868. Senate re-installed Mr. Stanton as Secretary of War Jan- 
uary 14. The President again displaced Mr. Stanton, February 21, 
making General Thomas Secretary of War. Congress impeached the 
President February 24. Trial of impeachment begun March 5. Navy 
Yard established at League Island, Pa. The first Grange was opened 
at Fredonia, N. Y., April 16. President declared "not guilty" May 16. 
The Republicans, at Chicago, May 20, nominated U. S. Grant for 
President, and Schuyler Colfax, for Vice-President. John M. Schofield 
was appointed Secretary of War May 28. The Democrats, at New 
York, July 4, nominated Horatio Seymour for President and Francis 
P. Blair for Vice-President. The fourteenth amendment to the con- 
stitution declared in force July 28. The St. Paul "Despatch" ap- 
peared. The Ku-Klux-Klan was formed in Tennessee. The Kansas 
City "Times" appeared. 

1869. Ulysses S. Grant, President; Schuyler Colfax, Vice-Presi- 
dent; Elihu B. Washburne, Secretary of State; George S. Boutwell, 
Secretary of Treasury; John A. Rawlins, Secretary of War; Ebenezer 
R. Hoar, Attorney-General; Adolph E. Borie,- Secretary of Navy; 
John A. J. Croswell, Postmaster-General; Jacob D. Cox, Secretary of 
Interior. Gen. W. T. Sherman commissioned March 8. Hamilton 
Fish appointed Secretary of State March 11. Last tie of Union Pacific 
Railroad laid at Ogden May 10. G. A. R. met in Cincinnati May 12. 
Peace Jubilee held in Boston June 15. George M. Robeson appoint- 
ed Secretary of Navy June 25. The Dubuque Telegraph established 
July 7. Wm. T. Sherman appointed Secretary of War September 9. 
"Black Friday" in Wall Street, New York, September 24. Wm. W. 
Belknap appointed Secretary of War October 25. Knights of Labor 
organized in Philadelphia. Louisville "Commercial" appeared. 

1870. Weather Bureau established February 9. Fifteenth amend- 
ment to the constitution in force March 30. G. A. R. met in Wash- 
ington May 11. Philadelphia "Record" appeared May 14. Depart- 
ment of Justice created June 22. Amos T. Ackerman appointed Attor- 
ney-General June 23. Mint established at Carson City. Columbus 



258 THE DAILY TELEGRAPH-HERALD'S 

Denalo appointed Secretary of Interior November 1. Population, 
38,558,371. 

1871. In January all the states were represented in Congress for 
the first time since 1860. Reform in Civil Service authorized March 
3. Los Angeles "Express" appeared. "Joint High Commission" met 
in Washington, May 8, and decided that maters in dispute between 
the United States and Great Britain be referred to a tribunal of arbi- 
tration. G. A. R. met in Boston May 10. Los Angeles "Herald" ap- 
peared. Omaha "Bee" appeared. $200,000,000 fire in Chicago October 
9. Great forest fires in Michigan, Wisconsin and Minnesota. George 
H. Williams, appointed AttorneyGeneral December 14. Tribunal of 
Arbitration met at Geneva, Switzerland, December 15. 

1872. Ed. S. Stokes shot James Fisk in New York January 6. 
Chicago "Inter-Oceon" appeared March 25. Post cards were intro- 
duced. The Limeral Republicans at Cincinnati, May 1, nominated 
Horact Greeley for President and B. Gratz Brown for Vice-President. 
The G. A. R. met in Cleveland May 8. The Amnesty bill was passed 
May 22. The Republicans at Philadelphia, June 5, nominated Grant 
for President and Henry Wilson for Vice-President. The Democrats, 
at Baltimore, July 9, endorsed the nomination of the Liberal Repub- 
licans. The Tribunal of Arbitration decided, September 14, that Great 
Britain pay the United States $15,500,000 for losses of Confederate 
cruisers. Horace Greeley died November 29, "Credit Mobilier" in- 
vestigation was begun. 

1873. President's salary was raised from $25,000 to $50,000 and 
Congressmen's from $5,000 to $7,500, "Salry grab," March 3. U. S. 
Grant, President; Henry Wilson, Vice-President; Hamilton Fish, Sec- 
retary of State; Wm. A. Richardson, Secretary of Treasury; Wm. 
of the "Virginius" November 8. Wm. Marcy Tweed, Tammany "boss" 
W. Belknap, Secretary of War; Columbus Delano, Secretary of the 
Interior. The G. A. R. met at New Haven, May 14th. New Haven 
"Union" appeared. Great financial panic. The "tramp" began to 
show himself. Spaniards, at Santiago de Cuba, murdered 53 sailors 

1874. Salaries of Congressmen reducetf to $5,000, January 30. 
Morrison R. Waite born January 21. Lewis Miller, of Ohio, and Rev. 
Dr. J. H. Vincent of New York, originated the Chautauqua Assembly. 
The G. A. R. met at Harrisburg, May 13. Benjamin H. Bristow was 
appointed Secretary of Treasury June 4. Charley Ross, four years 
old, was abducted from his home at Germantown, Pa., July 1. The 
St. Louis and Illinois bridge, the first metal arched bridge in the 
world, devised by Captain Jas. B. Eads, opened July 4. James W. 
Marshall was appointed Postmaster-General July 7. Marshall Jewell 
was appointed Postmaster-General August 24. Public debt, $2,232,- 
284,531. 

1875. The New Orleans "Democrat" appeared. The Philadelphia 



HISTORY OF IOWA AND COUNTY DIRECTORY. 259 

"Daily Times" appeared March 13. Edward Pierrepont was appointed 
Attorney-General April 26. Archbishop McCloskey, of New York, 
made Cardinal, April 27th, the first American to get the dignity. 
The "Whiskey Ring" was exposed in the west, May 1, being a collu- 
sion between distillers and revenue officers to defraud the govern- 
ment. The G. A. R. met in Chicago, May 12. Captain James B. 
Eads began to build petties, and parallel piers at the mouth of the 
Mississippi. Zachariah Chandler appointed Secretary of Interior 
October 19. 

1876. Alphonso Taft was appointed Secretary of War March 8. 
The President opened the Centennial Exhibition at Philadelphia May 
10. ' The Greenbackers, at Indianapolis, May 17, nominated Peter 
Cooper for President and Sam. F. Gary for Vice-President. James D. 
Cameron was appointed Secretary of War, and Alph. Taft Attorney- 
General May 22. The Republicans, at Cincinnati, June 14, nomin- 
ated Rutherford B. Hayes for President, and Wm. A. Wheeler for 
Vice-Presidfent'. General Custer and his column were massacred 
June 25. The Democrats, at St. Louis, June 28, nominated Samuel 
J. Tilden for President, and Thos. A, Hendricks for Vice-President. 
The G. A. R. met in Philadelphia, June 30. C. M. B. A. was organ- 
ized at Niagara Falls, July 3. Lot M. Morrill appointed Secretary 
of Treasury July 7, and James N. Tyner Postmaster-General July 12. 
Colorado admitted to the Union August 1. 

1877. The Washington "National Tribune" appeared. Electoral 
Committee was created to decide disputed election, January 29. Prof. 
A. Graham Bell used his telephone February 13. Rutherford B. 
Hayes, President; Wm. A. Wheeler, Vice-President; Wm. M. Evarts, 
Secretary of State; John Sherman, Secretary of Treasury; George W. 
McCrary, Secretary of War; Chas. Devens, Attorney-General; Richard 
W. Thompson, Secretary of the Navy; David M. Key, Postmaster- 
General; Carl Schurz, Secretary of Interior. Thomas A. Edison in- 
vented the phonograph. G. A. R. met at Providence, June 26. Rail- 
road strikes. Washington "Post" appeared. Halifax Commission de- 
cided, November 27, that the United States pay $5,500,000 for fishing 
privileges for twelve years. 

1878. St. Paul "Globe" appeared January 15. Bland's silver bill 
restoring the use and coinage of silver dollars, passed over the Presi- 
dent's veto February 6. The National Labor Party amalgamated 
with the Greenback Party. The Minneapolis "Journal" appeared. G. 
A. R. met at Springefild, Mass., June 4. Southern cities were scourged 
with yellow fever, 4,000 dying in New Orleans. The American Bar 
Association was organibed at Saratoga Springs, N. Y., August 21. 
The Cleveland "Press" appeared November 2. Gold sold at par De- 
cember 17th. 

187^. Resumption of special payment January 1. Women allow- 



260 THE DAILY TELEGRAPH-HERALD'S 

ed to practice before the Supreme Court February 15. Hordes of 
negroes migrated from the South to Kansas. The Salvation Army 
came to New York. G. A. R. met at Albany, N. Y., June 17. Bennett, 
N. Y., sent the "Jeanette" on an exploring trip through Behring 
Strait. The Denver "Republican" appeared. Alexander Ramsey ap- 
pointed Secretary of War December 12. 

1880. The Pittsburg "Times" appeared February 2. Hocking 
Valley strikes begun. The Republicans, at Chicago, June 7, nomin- 
ated James A. Garfield for President and Chester A. Arthur for Vice- 
Presilent. G. A. R. met at Dayton, Ohio, June 8. The Greenbackers, 
at Chicago, June 9, nominated James B. Weaver for President and 
Benjamin J. Chambers for Vice-President. The Prohibitionists, at 
Cleveland, June 17, nominated Neal Dow for President and A. M. 
Thompson for Vice-President. The Democrats, at Cincinnati, June 22, 
nominated Winfield S. Hancock for President and W. H. English for 
Vice-President. The ojDelisk, given by the Khedive of Egypt, arrived 
in New York, July 21. Horace Maynard appointed Postmaster-General 
August 26. The Kansas City "Star" appeared August 19. Population 
of the United States, 50,155,783. 

1881. Nathan Goff appointed Secretary of the Navy January 6. 
James A. Garfield, President; Chester A. Arthur, Vice-President; Jas. 
G. Blaine, Secretary of State; Wm. H. Windom, Secretary of Treasury; 
Robert T. Lincoln, Secretary of War; Wm. H. Hunt, Secretary of 
Navy; Wawne McVeagh, Atorney-General ; Thomas L. James, Post- 
master-General; Samuel J. Kirkwood, Secretary of Interior. The 
Chicago "Record" appeared March 21. The Chicago "Times-Herald" 
appeared May 10. Aurora, Illinois, was the first city in the world 
to light its streets with electricity. The "Saturday Globe," of Utica, 
N. Y. appeared. Guiteau shot the President, July 2. President Gar- 
field died September 19. C. A. Arthur installed into President's office 
September 20. Chas. J. Folger was appointed Secretary of Treasury 
October 27; F. T. Frelinghuysen, Secretary of State, December 12; 
Benjamin H. Brewster, Atorney-General, Devember 16, and Timothy 
O. Howe, Postmaster-General, December 20. 

1882. 100,000 people were made homeless in Louisiana by the 
inundation of the Mississippi. Edmund's bill passed ,March 22, dis- 
franchising polygamists. Wm. E. Chandler was appointed Secretary 
of Navy, April 1; and Henry M. Teller Secretary of Interior, April 6. 
G. A. R. met in Baltimore, June 21. Chas. Guiteau, hung June 30. 
First meeting of the Chautauqua Literary and Scientific Society, 
August 12. "Star Route Trial," for fraudulent practices in postal 
service, in progress. Infantry and Cavalry school opened at Fort 
Leavenworth. 

1883. Act passed to improve the Civil Service, January 16. 
Postal notes were first issued March 3. Walter Q. Gresham was ap- 



HISTORY OF IOWA AND COUNTY DIRECTORY. 261 

pointed Postmaster-General, April 3. Brooklyn Bridge, constructed by 
John A. Roebling, was opened May 24. G. A. R. met at Denver, July 
25. Naval station established at Port Royal, S. C. Postage on letter, 
not more than half ounce, 2 cents. Northern Pacific railroad was 
completed September 8. The "Buffalo Express," (illustrated) appear- 
ed. General Philip H. Sheridan appointed November 1. Standard 
railroad time went into effect November 18. 

1884. Tornado in Central States February 9. The Greenbackers, 
at Indianapolis, May 29, nominated Benjamin F. Butler for President, 
and A. M. West for Vice-President. The Republicans, at Chicago, 
June 7, nominated James G. Blaine for President, and John A. Logan 
for Vice-President. The Democrats, at Chicago, July 8, nominated 
Grover Cleveland for President and Thomas A. Hendricks for Vice- 
President. G. A. R. met at Minneapolis July 23. The Prohibitionists, 
at Pittsburg, July 23, nominated John P. St. John for President and 
Wm. Daniel for Vice-President. Walter Q. Gresham appointed Secre- 
tary of the Treasury September 24; Frank Hatton appointed Postmas- 
ter-General October 14; and Hugh McCulloch, Secretary of Treasury, 
October 28. Public debt, $1,876,424,275. 

1885. The Dubuque Telegraph and Democrat were consolidated 
under the name of The Telegraph, January 5. Grover Cleveland, 
President; Thom. A. Hendricks, Vice President; Thomas F. 
Bayard, Secretary of State; Dan. Manning, Secretary of Treas- 
ury; Wm. C. Endicott, Secretary of War; Wm. C. Whitney, 
Secretary of Navy; L. Q. C. Lamar, Secretary of Interior; 
Wm. F. Vilas, Postmaster-General; August H. Garland, Attorney- 
General. I^etter postage was fixed at one ounce or less for two cents. 
G. A. R. met at Portland, Maine, June 24. General Grant died July 
23 The street car strike in St. Louis caused business trouble. The 
first electric street railway in the United States opened September 1, 
f-.om Baltimore to Hampden, Maryland. The Vice-President dying 
November 25, Senator John Sherman became President of the Senate. 
Sudden death of W. H. Vanderbilt, December 8, worth $200,000,000. 

1886. The Presidential Succession Act was passed January 19, 
providing, that, if the President and Vice-President die, the Secretary 
of State, or the next Cabinet Officer, in order of seniority, shall be 
President. The year of strikes; employers kept "black list"; em- 
ployees relied on the "boycott." Civil Service commission organized 
April 1. Haymarket riot (anarchists) at Chicago, May 4. President 
Cleveland married Miss Frances F. Folsom, June 2. Archbishop Gib- 
bons of Baltimore, made Cardinal, June 7. G. A. R. met at San Fran- 
cisco August 4. Earthquakes at Charleston, S. C, August 27 to Sept. 
1. Statue of Liberty, on Bedloe's Island, N. Y., unveiled October 28. 
The Brooklyn "Citizen" appeared. 

1887. By Act of Congress passed March 2, the electors of Presi- 



262 THE t)AILY TELEGRAPH-HERALD'S 

dent and Vice-President shall cast their votes on the second Monday 
in January. Interstate Commerce Act passed February 3, securing 
uniform railroad fares for passengers and freight. Tenure of Office 
Act repealed; The Mormon Church was dissolved March 3. Chas. S. 
Fairchild appointed Secretary of Treahury^ April 1* G. A. R. met at 
St. Louis, September 28» The Rochester, N. Y. "Times" appeared. 
The anarchists, Engel, Fischer, Parson and Spies were hung in Chi- 
cago November 11. The New York "Press" appeared. 

1888. Wm. F. Vilas was appointed as Secertary of State, and 
Don M. Dickinson Postmaster-General January 16th. The Prohibi- 
tionists, at Indianapolis, May 30, nominated Clinton B. Fisk fos Presi- 
dent, and John A. Brooks for Vice-President. The Democrats, at St. 
Louis, une 5, nominated Grover Cleveland for President, and Allan 
G. Thurman for Vice President. The Republicans, at Chicago, June 
19, nominated Benjamin Harrison for President, and Levn P. Morton 
for Vice President. Melville W. Fuller, July 20. Lieutenant General 
John McAllister Schofield, August 14. G. A. R. met at Columbus, 
Ohio, September 12. Lord Sackville West, the British Minister, for 
writing "Murchison Letter," was dismissed October 30. 

1889. Department of Agriculture was created February 11, with 
N. J. Coleman as Secretary. Benjamin Harrison, President; Levi P. 
Morton, Vice President; James G. Blaine, Secretary of State; Wm. 
Windom, Secretary of Treasury; Redfield Proctor, Secretary of War; 
Wm. H. H. Miller, Attorney-General; Benjamin F. Tracey, Secretary 
of Navy; John Wanamaker, Postmaster-General; John W. Noble, 
Secretary of Interior; Jeremiah M. Rusk, Secretary of Agriculture. 
Oklahoma Territory opened for settlement April 22. Johnston, Pa., 
inundated, May 31, and over 2,000 drowned. Catholic University of 
America established at Washington, D. C. Minneapolis "Times" ap- 
peared. G. A. R. met in Milwaukee, August 28. Pan-American Con- 
gress met at Washington. October 2. North Dakota and South 
Dakota admitted to Union, November 3. Montana admitted to Union 
November 8. Washington admitted to Union, November 11. 

1890. W. C. T. L. organized at Cleveland, January 23. A tor- 
nado visited Louisville, March 27. University of Chicago founded. 
Merchants' Bridge, St. Louis, finished May 3. Acts against Trusts 
and Combinations passed July 2. Idaho admitted to Union, July 3. 
Wyoming admitted to Union, July 7. Congress passed Sherman's 
Silver Purchase and Coinage Act, July 14, empowering the Treasurer 
to buy 140 tons of silver every month and coin it into dollars. Wm. 
Kemmler electrocuted at Auburn, N. Y., August 6. G. A. R. met at 
Boston, August 13. McKinley Tariff went into effect October 6. 
Population, 62,622,250. 

1891. International Monetary Conference in Washington, Jan- 
uary 7. Chas. Foster appointed Secretary of Treasury, February 25. 



HISTORY OF IOWA AND COUNTY DIRECTORY. 263 

The International Copyright Act passed March 3. The citizens of 
New Orleans lynched eleven Italians for murdering Chief of Police 
Hennessey, March 14. Death of P. T. Barnum, April 7. G. A. R. 
met at Detroit, August 5. St. Clair River Tunnel opened September 
19. Stephen B. Elkins, appointed Secretary of War, September 22. 
Chilians assaulted the crew of the "Baltimore," October 16, for which 
Chili made reparation. 

1892. Great floods in the West. "High Water Mark Monument" 
at Gettysburg, dedicated June 2. The Republicans, at Minneapolis, 
June 7, nominated Benj. Harrison for President, and Whitelaw Reid 
for Vice President. The Democrats, at Chicago, June 21, nominated 
Grover Cleveland for President, and Adlai E. Stevenson for Vice 
President. The Prohibitionists, at Cincinnati, June 29 nominated 
John Nidwell for President and Jas. B. Cranfill for Vice President. 
John W. Foster appointer Secretary of State, June 29. The Grand 
Rapids "Herald" appeared July 1. The People's Party, at Omaha, 
July 2, nominated Jas. B. Weaver for President and Jas. G. Field for 
Vice President. Gold Standard established August 2. G. A. R. met 
at Washington, September 21. 

1893. Grover Cleveland, President; Adlai E. Stevenson, Vice 
President; Walter Q. Gresham, Secretary of State; John G. Carlisle, 
Secretary of Treasury; Dan. S. Lamont, Secretary of War; Richard 
Olney, Attorney-General; Hilary A. Herbert, Secretary of Navy; Wil- 
son S. Bissell, Postmaster-General; Horace Smith, Secretary of In- 
terior; J. Sterling Morton. Secretary of Agriculture. The President 
opened the World's Columbian Exposition at Chicago, May 1. En- 
gine No. 999 on the New York Central Railroad, went 112i^ miles an 
hour May 11. The Paris Tribunal of Arbitration decided, August 15, 
that Behring Sea be open and seals protected. G. A. R. met at In- 
dianapolis, September 6. The World's Parliament of Religions, met 
at Chicago, September 11. Carter H. Harrison, Mayor of Chicago, 
assassinated October 28. 

1894. The Lenox Committee, for investigating the police depart- 
ment of New York City, began January 30. Coxey's "Industrial 
Army" — idle men, tramps, and criminals — straggled from Ohio to 
Washington. Republic of Sandwich Islands established July 4, and 
recognized by the United States. During a strike of the Pullman 
car builders, Chicago, Eugene V. Debs became prominent; United 
States troops stopped the rioting. The Wilson Tariff became a law 
August 27. G. A. R. met at Pittsburg, September 12. Death of 
Oliver Wendell Holmes, October 7. Public debt, $1,701,033,661. 

1895. Soldiers dispersed street car strikers in Brooklyn, January 
19. Wm. L. Wilson appointed Postmaster-General March 1. Con- 
gress suppressed lottery traffic March 2. Richard Olney appointed 
Secretary of State, June 8. G. A. R. met at Louisville, September 11. 



264 THE DAILY TELEGRAPH-HERALD'S 

Major-General Nelson Appleton Miles, October 5. Judson Harmon 
appointed Attorney-General March 12. The President, December 17, 
submited the correspondence to reestablish the Venezuela boundary 
to Congress. 

1896. Utah admitted to the Union, January 4. H. H. Holmes, 
the greatest murderer of modern times, executed at Philadelphia, May 
7. Cyclone swept through St. Louis, May 27. The Prohibitionists, at 
Pittsburg, May 28, nominated Joshua Levering for President and 
Hale Johnson for Vice President. The Republicans, at St. Louis, June 
18, nominated Wm. McKinley for President, and Garret A. Hobart for 
Vice President. The Socialistic Labor Party, at New York, July 9, 
nominated Chas. H. Matchett for President, and Mat. Maguire for Vice 
President. The Democrats, at Chicago, July 10, nominated Wm. J. 
Bryan for President, and Arthur Sewall for Vice President. David R. 
Francis was appointed Secretary of the Interior, September 1. G. A. 
R. met at St. Paul, September 3. 

1897. Immigration Restriction Bill passed over the President's 
veto, March 3. Wm. McKinley, President; Garret A. Hobart, Vice 
President; John Sherman, Secretary of State; Lyman J. Gage, Sec- 
retary of Treasury; Russell A. Alger, Secretary of War; John D. 
Long, Secretary of Navy; Cornelius N. Bliss, Secretary of Interior; 
Jos. McKenna, Attorney-General; Jas. A. Gary, Postmaster-General; 
James Wilson, Secretary of Agriculture. Ambassador Bayard ob- 
tained the log of the "Mayflower" April 29. Greater New York in- 
corporated May 4. The Dingley Bill went into effect July 24. G. A. 
R. met at Buffalo, August 26. Rush for Alaskan gold fields. Death 
of Chas. A. Dana, October 17. Robert A. Van Wyck elected first 
mayor of Greater New York, November 2. 

1898. Six members of a family cremated at Jersey City, Jan. 3. 
Railroad accident near Bangor, Maine; four killed and many injured, 
January 30; Battleship "Maine" sunk at Havana Harbor, with nearly 
all on board lost, Februarp 17. $50,000,000 placed at the disposal of 
the President; William O. LaVake murdered at Dubuque, Iowa; Coro- 
ner's jury accuse John McGarry of the murder, March 9. Press 
Feeders' strike in Chicago; about 500 out, April 6. Great English vic- 
tory on the Nile; great snowslide in Alaska in which seventy-five lives 
were lost, April 11. Spanish Minister demands passport and leaves 
Washington; North Atlantic squadron sailed from Key West to block- 
ade Havana, April 21. Spanish Cabinet decides to treat American 
Privateers as pirates, April 24. $500,000,000 bonds authorized to be 
issued; Spanish capture steamer "City of Paris" worth $5,000,000, April 
25. Bombardment of Mantanza; W. J. Bryan offers his services in our 
Spanish war, April 28. Spanish fleet at Manila destroyed. May 1. 
First American blood spilled, Ensign Bagley and two sailors killed. 
May 12. Members of Spanish Cabinet resign, May 16. Call for 75,000 



HISTORY OF IOWA AND COUNTY DIRECTORY. 265 

more volunteers; Warship "Oregon" arrived safe at Juniper Inlet, Pla., 
May 25. W. J. Bryan, offered his services to the President; received 
no reply, May 30. The "Merrimac" sunk in channell at Santiago by 
Hobson, June 4. Filipinos declare their independence, June 21. The 
Spanish fleet destroyed by Schley and Sampson, July 3. Bombard- 
ment of Santiago commenced; Spain asks for a ten days' truce, July 
11. Santiago surrendered, July 14. Servera and his fellow prisoners 
attend Divine Worship, July 18. Bryan's Nebraska Silver Batallion, 
on the way to the front, July 19. Spain humbly asks for peace, July 
27. Spain accepts terms of peace offered by the United States, August 
6. Peace proclaimed; panic in Madrid, August 15. W. J. Bryan, a 
hero among the sick and wounded, September 16. The warships "Ore- 
gon" and "Iowa" ordered to Manila; W. J. Bryan stricken with malarial 
fever, September 28. 

1900. William Goebel mortally wounded by assassin's bullet, Jan- 
uary 30. Fire by an explosion at Norwich, Conn., loss $1,000,000, Feb- 
ruary 3. Fire in St. Louis, loss about $1,000,000, February 4. 125 men 
buried in an explosion at Red Ash Mine, West Virginia, March 6. Four 
men killed by an explosion at Pomplon, N. J., March 9. Columbia 
Theater, Chicago, burned, loss $200,000, March 30. Fire at Newport, 
Ark., loss $500,000, April 2. Fire at Brooklyn, flames swept over nine 
acres, April 10. Gen. Otis relieved from command by Gen. McArthur, 
May 5. Prier, McCormick & So., Exchange Brokers, failed, liabilities 
$13,000,000, May 24. Rev. Dr. Richard S. Slovis, famous Congrega- 
tional minister, died at age of 81 years, June 5. McKinley and Roose- 
velt nominated at Philadelphia by acclamation, June 21. Bryan was 
nominated by the Democrats at Kansas City, July 5. Galveston dis- 
aster, 7,000 deaths and loss $25,000,000, September 8. American troops 
ordered to be withdrawn from Pekin, China, September 25. Tornado 
in Minnesota, ten killed and property loss $500,000, October 6. John 
Sherman, ex-Secretary of State, died October 21. Census bureau an- 
nounce population of United States as 74,627,907, October 30. McKin- 
ley and Roosevelt, Republican candidates for President and Vice-Presi- 
dent elected, McKinley 7,26,266; Bryan (Democrat) 6.415,387. Eight 
persons drowned by shipwreck during a storm on Lake Erie, December 
9th. 

1901. Steamer Jagua lost on reef at Golden Gate, Cal., and 30 to 
40 drowned, January 4. Theater panic in Chicago, eight crushed to 
death and twenty injured, January 12. Prince of Wales proclaimed 
king, with title of Edward VII., January 26. Dynamite disaster at 
Durango, Mexico, 87 killed, February 7. General Miles promoted to 
Lieutenant-General, February 18. Steamship "Rio Janeiro" foundered 
and 128 lost, February 22. Ex-President Harrison died at Indianapolis, 
Ind., aged 68, March 12. Patrick Donahue, the founder of the Boston 
"Pilot" died at the age of 90, March 18. Aguinaldo, the Filipino leader 



266 THE DAILY TELEGRAPH-HERALD'S 

captured by Gen. Funston, March 25. Heavy freshets in Eastern and 
Central States, loss $3,000,000, April 20. Floods in East Tennessee; 
eight lives lost; damage over $1,000,000, May 22. Mine explosion near 
Dayton, Tenn., in which 21 miners were killed, May 27. Flood disaster 
in the Elkhorn Valley, W. Virginia, 36 killed, June 24. Intense heat 
in Eastern States; 435 deaths in New York in two days, July 2. Presi- 
dent McKinley proclaimed free trade between Porto Rico and the 
United States, July 25. Steamer "Golconda" capsized near Paducah, 
Ky., and 35 were drowned, August 19. President McKinley shot, Sep- 
tember 6. President McKinley died, September 14. Czolgoez, the 
assassin of President McKinley, sentenced, September 26. Czolgosz 
executed, October 28. The Dubuque Telegraph and Herald consoli- 
dated under the title of "The Telegraph-Herald November 1; the latter 
was the oldest paper in Iowa. Shipwreck in a severe gale, 160 lives 
lost, November 13. Earthquake at Salt Lake City, Utah, November 13, 
causing a $500,000 damage. Supreme Court decided that he Philip- 
pine Islands are American Territory within the meaning of the tariff 
laws, December 2. Marconi received the first wireless message across 
the Atlantic, December 12. The Court of Inquiry censured Schley on 
the following points: Disobedience of orders in the Colon attack of 
May 31st, the Brooklyn loop, injustice to Hodson and misleading re- 
ports. Admiral Dewey alone held that: the voyage to Cienfunegas 
and Santiago was made with all possible dispatch; that Schley's 
blockade was effective, and that he is entitled to the credit for the 
victory of July 3. 

1902. Steamship Walla Walla sunk and forty people drowned, 
January 3. General F. J. Herron died in New York City, age 62, Jan- 
uary 8. Forty-four miners drowned by the flooding of the Juniper 
Mine, January 14. Earthquake shocks in Missouri, Kansas and 
Illinois, January 25. Heavy fall of sleet in Arkansas, damage in Little 
Rock $500,000, January 29. Thirteen men killed by explosion of gas 
main in Chicago, February 6. Fire in Patterson, N. J., twenty-six 
blocks burned; loss $6,000,000, February 9. Fire in Park Avenue 
Hotel, eighteen killed, February 22. Prince Henry of Prussia arrived 
in New York, February 23. Fourteen killed and many injured by a 
snow slide at Telluride, Colo., February 28. The overflow of the 
Tennessee River caused death of twenty and loss of $4,000,000, March 
30. Sixteen biners killed by an explosion at Dayton, Tenn., March 31. 
Rev. T. DeWitt Talmage died, April 12. The burning of the steamer 
City of Pittsburg cost 60 lives, April 20. Volcanic eruption of Mount 
Pelee, burned 150 persons. May 3. Steamer in Bay of Bengal founder- 
ed and over 700 persons were lost. May 6. Eruption of Mt. St. Pierre, 
loss of life 30,000; St. Vincent same day 1,700, May 8. An explosion of 
naptha near Pittsburg caused great loss of life, and damage of $600,000 
May 12. Gas explosion at mine, Soal Creek, Tenn., 220 killed, May 19. 
Tornado in Illinois, 11 people killed and $2,000,000 damage, June 11. 



History op iowa and county directory. 267 

' Destructive wind and rain at Alton, Illinois, loss $1,000,000, June 29. 
The President issues proclamation declaring Filipino war at an end, 
July 3. Fourth of July casualties in the United States 31 killed. Pope 
Leo XIII., twenty-fourth anniversary of his coronation, July 6. Ex- 
plosion in mine near Johnstown, Pa., 115 miners killed, July 10. Severe 
earthquake shock felt in California, July 30. Storms at Kansas City, 
Mo., loss $100,000, and at Trenton, N. J., $250,000, August 10. Chas. 
L. Fair and wife killed by an automobile accident August 14. One 
hundred and five drowned by the sinking of a pontoon in Siberia, 
August 18. Earthquake in the Philippine Islands, 50 killed, August 
27. Eruption of Mount Pelee again, 1,600 lives lost, August 30. An- 
other eruption of Mount Pelee, 2,000 killed, September 3. Steamship 
"Kronprinz Wilhelm" sailed from Cherburg to New York in five days 
11 hours and 57 minutes, September 16. Fifty thousand houses de- 
stroyed and 2,000 killed by a typhoon in Japan, October 18. Armour 
& Co., Sioux City, Iowa, burnt out, loss $900,000, November 15. Boiler 
explosion at Swift & Co's, Chicago, 13 killed, November 29. Lincoln 
Hotel, Chicago, destroyed by fire, 14 killed, December 3. 

1903. Disastrous hurricane and tidal wave at Society Island, 1,000 
lives lost; violent storm swept over Indiana, Illinois and Ohio, Febru- 
ary 5. Fire at Rockford, 111., loss $2,000,000, February 11. The 
steamer Olive went down in a cyclone, 20 lives lost, February 16. Fire 
in Cincinnati, loss $2,000,000, February 26. Nineteen men drowned by 
the capsizing of a ferryboat at Speir Falls, March 7. The explosion 
of an oil tank at Clean, N. Y., killed twenty persons March 9. Ten 
persons killed by an explosion at Minneapolis, April 25. Convention 
for good roads held at St. Louis April 27. Mysterious upheaval in 
Turtle Mountain at French, N. W. T. caused 56 deaths and destroyed 
$1,500,000 worth of property April 29. Physicians and surgeons met 
at Washington, May 12. Floods at North Topeka, Kan., 48 deaths and 
$2,000,000 of property destroyed, May 27. Cyclone at Gainesville, Ga., 
100 killed and 200 injured, loss $500,000 June 1. Ames & Co., bankers, 
of Toronto, failed, liabilities $10,000,000, June 2. Lou Dillon made 
world's wagon record for trotters, 2:04% at Cleveland, June 28. Two 
hundred miners killed by fire damp explosion at Hanna, "Wya., June 30. 
Flood at Oakford, Pa., killed 50 persons, July 5. Christian Endeavor 
Congress at Denver, Colo., July 9. Pope Leo XIII. died at the age of 
93, July 20. The Benevolent Order of Elks met at Baltimore, July 21. 
General Miles retired from U. S. Army, August 8. The Colombia sen- 
ate rejected the Panama canal treaty, August 31. The Reliance de- 
feated the British yache "Shamrock III." winning the cup, September 
1. Violent hurricane in New York, 18 deaths, September 16. Fast 
Mail train on the Southern railroad fell 75 feet from a trestle Septem- 
ber 29. 

1904. Fire in State Capitol, Des Moines, loss $500,000, January 1. 
Collision on Rock Island railroad at Willard, Kan., 17 killed and 57 



268 THE DAILY TELEGRAPH-HERALD'S 

injured, January 6. Storm at Moundville, Ala., killed 37 and wounded 
100, January 22. Sixteen killed by falling of a cage and 190 by fire 
damp at Victor Colo., January 26. The reply of Russia to Japan's 
note by Viveroy Alexeroff, February 6. Fire at Baltimore, 140 acres 
in heart of city destroyed, loss $50,000,000; actual hostilities begun by 
Japan February 8. The canal treaty with Panama ratified by the 
United States, February 23. Fire at Rochester, N. Y., loss $2,500,000, 
February 26. Hotel under construction at New York collapsed killing 
21, March 2. Great flood at Wyoming Valley, damage $6,500,000, 
March 10. Earthquake shocks in New England, March 21. Pettingell 
& Co., newspaper advertising agents, failed for $1,000,000, March 26. 
Two thousand pounds of powder exploded in board the U. S. Battle- 
ship Missouri, killing 29, April 12. World's Fair opened at St. Louis 
with inaugural ceremonies, April 30. Cloudburst in Colorado caused 
20 deaths, April 21. Fire at Peoria, 15 deaths and property loss about 
$1,300,000, June 4. The New York excursion steamer "General Slo- 
cum" burned and 812 lives were lost, June 15. Republican National 
Convention at Chicago June 21. Roosevelt and Fairbanks nominated 
by the Republicans at Chicago, for President and Cice President, June 

23. Steamer Norje, bound for New York sung and 800 were lost, June 
28. Wreck on the Wabash railroad, 19 killed and 40 inujured, July 3. 
Democratic National Convention met at St. Louis July 6, and nomin- 
ated Parker and Davis for President and Vice President, July 10. 
72,000 butchers strike in Chicago, July 12. Wrech of an excursion 
train near Chicago, 18 killed and 80 injured, July 12. 30,000 operatives 
in cotton mills at Fall River strike July 25. Japan demands the sur- 
render of Port Arthur; refused, August 20. Fifteen persons killed in 
a tornado at St. Paul; property loss $2,500,000, August 22. Railroad 
collision at New Market, Tenn., 62 killed and 125 injured, September 

24. Wreck on the Missouri Pacific, 20 killed and 60 injured, October 
10. New York electric underground subway opened to the public, 
October 27. The election for President in the U. S. resulted as fol- 
lows: Roosevelt, 7,640,661; Parker, 5,094,091. General attack on 
Port Arthur began November 26. Japanese captured 203 Meter Hill, 
December 1, First armistice at Port Arthur for burying the dead, 
December 3. 

HOW TO IMPROVE THE MIND. 

This is a question that springs spontaneously in the mind of every 
progressive boy and girl as well as man and woman. It is said that 
the mind is susceptible of a high state of improvement. The writer 
when a boy read a statement to this effect, and one of his teachers, 
an old gentleman, filled with sober thought, speaking on the subject, 
said: "The mind could be improved to a very high degree, much 
higher than the muscular system," but he never read or heard how 



HISTORY OP IOWA AND COUNTY DIRECTORY- 269 

the mind could be improved, hence he was compelled to solve that 
problem for himself. He devoted considerable time and thought to 
the subject. He debated it over and over to himself; but inasmuch as 
there is nothing tangible about the mind he was unable to see how it 
could be improved. 

He understood how putty, wood or heated steel could be worked 
and shaped at pleasure; but those were tangible substances. It was 
different with the mind. It had neither form nor shape nor color 
nor substance that could be modeled, modified or improved. It was 
invisible, intangible and incomprehensible, and the profound conclu- 
sion which he arrived at was that the mind could not be improved; 
that it was inflexible and whatever way nature had gifted it, so it 
must be and remain. It was something beyond human power, con- 
ttrol or conception. 

Up to this time he had read but little of Shakespeare, Milton, 
Byron, Burns, Moore, or in fact any of the authors, and he did not 
conceive how the mind could be improved until he attained the 
period of manhood. 

It then dawned upon him that the mind might be improved by 
exercise, the same as the muscular system could be improved by 
exercise; that while the exercise for the muscular system consisted of 
physical labor, walking, sawing wood, etc., the exercise for the mind 
consisted of thinking, memorizing, fixing dates, etc., and by a proper 
application of thought, conditions being equal, the mind can be im- 
proved more rapidly than the muscular system by physical exercise. 
And the best feature of it is, the mind can be exercised and improved 
without loss of time or neglect of business. For instance, while a 
man or boy is plowing, hoeing, or at any other kind of work, instead 
of letting his mind run to frivolous, perhaps licentious thoughts, let 
him think over subjects which he has read or heard discussed; or 
he can recall the names, features and wearing apparel of persons 
whom he met during the previous day, week or month, and recall the 
conversations had, if any. Then let him memorize select poems and 
prose. He will find this difficult at first, but perseverence will accom- 
plish it. Let him write the article to be memorized and refer to it 
frequently until he has it fixed in his memory. After a little time he 
will observe how much easier it is for him to memorize. Observe 
also how the words are used to express the idea. By all means 
memorize the Declaration of Independence and Patrick Henry's great 
speech delivered at the Virginia Convention, March 23, 1775, closing 
with "Give me liberty or give me death!" Then let him fix in his 
mind the dates of the important events in our national history as set 
forth in this volume. Then let him name the Presidents of the United 
States and when their respective terms of office expired. Then let 
him think over and fix in his memory the principal events and dates 



270 THE DAILY TELEGRAPH-HERALD'S 

in the history of Iowa. He will find it difficult, at first, to fix dates 
in his memory, but let him keep on thinking and trying until he suc- 
ceeds. What may seem almost impossible at first will, after a little 
practice, become easy. Let him also remember that he has a whole 
lifetime to work at improving his mind; that he must keep constantly 
at work exercising his mind by thinking and acquiring knowledge as 
the day he discontinues he commences to go down. Memory is con- 
tinually fading and unless the void caused by this loss is filled, by 
new acquisition of knowledge, we shall have lost ground. In order 
to keep our place in the social and intellectual world we must work 
continually. For while we are idly looking on the varied fate of our 
neighbors, we are sinking. It is like placing a man in a boat in the 
current of a river. In order to retain his place, relative to points on 
shore, he must work at the oars continually, because the current is 
continually drawing him down. 

So it is with the mind, the fading of memory is continually going 
on and we must work, in order to keep from sinking. This continual 
work, however, should not discourage us, especially when we con- 
sider the reward which it brings. Moreover once we get our minds 
trained in the art of thinking, we derive the greatest pleasure from 
the exercise. 

Let us not indulge in the thought, so common among men, that 
great men are born not made, because this is a mistake. If George 
Washington, spent his boyhood days and his youthful prime and vigor- 
ous manhood, in thinking of balls and parties and pleasure, perhaps 
wine and women, he would not have died the father of his country, 
beloved by all; and if Abraham Lincoln, had depended on the limited 
scholastic opportunities afforded him, he would not have been Presi- 
dent of the United States and the world's greatest liberator. And 
so it is with all the self-made men, who have attained distinction 
among their fellowmen, they acquired their knowledge and talent by 
reading and studying, by lamp light, and while at the plow or hoe 
or other manual labor mentally reviewing what they had read and 
originating thoughts and theories and plans. Thus acquiring knowl- 
edge and improving the mind by close study and thinking and the 
same road is open to every young man and woman in this republic. 

While you are memorizing poems and prose and dates of events, 
etc., don't overlook the Beginning of the Gospel according to St. John, 
for it is the grandest production in our language — we might say in 
any language. In order that you may more fully understand and 
appreciate it, learn and study the facts and circumstances which 
prompted the great apostle to write it. Remember also that this "life 
is but a narrow vale between the cold and barren peaks of two 
eternities," and that its relation to eternity is but the merest dot in 
the firmament. And what is Eternity? 



i 



HISTORY OF IOWA AND COUNTY DIRECTORY. 271 

The Schoolmaster might put it in this way: "Let us suppose the 
earth to be composed of fine sand, and once in a thousand years a 
single grain of that sand is annihilated and so the slow process goes 
on; a single grain of sand at the end of each thousand years disap- 
pears, until the whole mass is gone. Now suppose a man had an 
option to spend this vast period in misery and forever after in bliss 
or vice versa, which would the wise man select? It might seem that 
the vast period consumed in annihilating the sand was an eternity in 
itself, but vast and incomprehensible as it would be it bears no greater 
relation to eternity in fact, than the unit bears to the greatest num- 
ber — 

"Eternity thou pleasing dreadful thought." 
Look therefore to the great hereafter though it is shut out from 
our limited vision by cold and barren peaks. 

And look not alone to youthful prime, 
Or manhood's vigorous might; 

Man then is useful to his kine 
Supported in his right. 

But see him on the edge of life, 
With cares and sorrows worn 

With age and pain O, ill matched pair 
Shows man was made to mourn. 
Work, study and persevere, and be sure you are right and "brave 
nobly then, but conscious of your trust; 

As ever warm and bold, be ever just, 

Nor court applause in these degenerate days, * 

The villain's censure it extorted praise. 

But please be steady, in an noble end, and show 

Mankind that truth has yet a friend. 

'Tis mean for sake of paltry wit to write, 

As foplins grin to show their teeth are white. 

To brand a doubtful folly with a 

Smile or madly blaze unknown defescts is vile. 

'Tis doubly vile when but to show your art. 

You fix an arrow in a blameless heart." 



Remember, however, that honesty — strict integrity, at all times 
and with all persons, is the only true road to permanent success. If, 
therefore, you have no higher motive than that of policy, it is well to 
be honest for policy's sake. But let your integrity arise from a higher 
motive than that of policy. Let your aim be to "do to others as you 
would have others do to you," and ultimate success, in your business 
will be assured. And in addition, you will enjoy the pleasing thought 
of having played your part toward your fellow man, by rendering full 
measure as pramptly and as faithfully as you have exacted it. 



272 



THE DAILY TELEGRAPH-HBRALO'S 



CHAPTER LVIII. 
DICTIONARY OF PROPER NAMES. 



Aaron 

Abbato 

Abbott 

Abdo 

Abeln 

Abing 

Abitz 

Able 

Abraham 

Abresch 

Abry 

Accola 

Achen 

Ackels 

Acker 

Ackerer 

Ackerman 

Ackley 

Adam 

Adams 

Addinsell 

Addyman 

Ade 

Adelman 

Adelsberger 

Aepli 

Agard 

Agnew 

Ah earn 

Ahem 

Ahlers 

Ahrendt 

Ahrens 

Airhart 

Akins 

Albee 

Albert 

Albinger 

Albrecht 

Alden 

Alderson 

Aldrich 

Alexander 

Alford 

Algase 

Aliesch 

A Hanson 

Alleil 

Allen 

AllendOTf 

Allgeier 

Allgeyer 

Allison 

Allyn 

Almenrode 

Alstot 

Altenbern 

Althaus 

Althauser 

Altman 

Amann 

Ambler 

Ambs 

Amende 

Ames 

Amesbury 

Amsden 

Arders 

Anderson 

Andre 

Andreggr 



Andres 


Bakey 


Bechel 


Bever 


Andresen 


Baldwin 


Bechely 


Beversdorf 


Andrianos 


Bale 


Bechtel 


Bewer 


Andricks 


Balker 


Beck 


Beyer 


Anglin 


Ball 


Becke 


Beyhl 


Angster 


Ballantine 


Becker 


Biasi 


Angus 


Ballard 


Beckert 


Bicksler 


Anners 


Ballaugh 


Beckett 


Bideaux 


Anson 


Ballhausen 


Beckius 


Bieber 


Antrim 


Baltus 


Beckler 


Biebermann 


A pel 


Baltzer 


Beckman 


Bieg 


A.ppel 


Bambrough 


Beckwith 


Bieger 


Apphun 


Bame 


Beddall 


Biehl 


Archer 


Banck 


Bedenbender 


Biever 


Arduser 


Banfleld 


Beebe 


Blgelow 


Arendt 


Bangs 


Bedenbender 


Biggens 


Arensdorf 


Bank 


Beedle 


Bigley 


Arid 


Bankson 


Beekman 


Eilderback 


Arling 


Bannon 


Behel 


Bilger 


Armbruster 


Banwarth 


Behl 


Billasch 


Armitage 


Banzer 


Behlmer 


Billionaire 


Armour 


Bardill 


Behm 


Bingay 


Armstrong 


Bardon 


Behnke 


Bingel 


Arne 


Bargmann 


Behrens 


Bingham 


Arno 


Barker 


Beier 


Blnhoff 


Arnold 


Barkof 


Beigard 


Bintner 


Aronofsky 


Barmeier 


Beiler 


Bippus 


Arrick 


Barnard 


Beitzel 


Birch 


Arthofer 


Barnell 


Belden 


Bird 


Arthur 


Barnes 


Belknap 


Birkel 


Artus 


Barr 


Bell 


Birmingham 


Asbury 


Barrett 


Belsky 


Birn 


Ashley 


Barrington 


Belz 


Birner 


Ashmore 


Barron 


Bemes 


Bisanz 


Ash ton 


Barry 


Bend a 


Bischoff 


Ashworth 


Bartel 


Ben del 


Bisconet 


Asmussen 


Bart els 


Bender 


Bishop 


Astner 


Barter 


Beneman 


Bisping 


Atchison 


Barson 


Bengemann 


Bissell 


Atherton 


Barth 


Bonish 


Bissick 


Atkins 


Barthel 


Benites 


Bistram 


Atkinson 


Bartle 


Bf nkendorff 


Bitter 


Atwill 


Bartlett 


Benkert 


Bitters 


Audubon 


Bartley 


Bc-nnett 


Bitzberger 


Ault 


Barto 


Bensch 


Biver 


Aureden 


Bassett 


Benson 


Bixby 


Auring 


Bassler 


Bentley 


Blackburn 


ATistin 


Bastian 


Benty 


Blades 


Avenarius 


Bateman 


Benz 


Blake 


Avery 


Bates 


Benzer 


Blanchard 


Aver 


Batteram 


Berends 


Blankenberg 


Ayers 


Bauck 


Berens 


Blasen 




Bauer 


Berg 


Blaser . 


B. 


Bauernschmitt 


Bergener 


Blau 




Baule 


Berirmann 


Blaubach 


Baal 


Baum 


Bcrgunde 


Blaul 


Babcock 


Bauman 


Beringer 


Blauser 


Bach 


Baumann 


Berkley 


Blessing 


Bacher 


Baumer 


Berndsen 


Blewett 


Backes 


Baumgartner 


Berndt 


Blichman 


Backus 


Baumhover 


Berner 


Blickendoerfer 


Bacon 


Bavendick 


Bernhard 


Blieley 


Bade 


Baxter 


Berry 


Blmdert 


Badger 


Bayless 


Bertella 


Blindt 


Baecker 


Baynes 


Bertling 


BlJsh 


Baehler 


Beach 


Bertsch 


Bliss 


Baertschy 


Beachler 


Berwanger 


Blitsch 


Bahl 


Beacom 


Besch 


Blocker 


Bahwell 


Bean 


Besser 


Blocklinger 


Baier 


Beatty 


Bestoval 


Blondin 


Bailey 


Beatz 


Bethke 


Bloasch 


Baird 


Beaubien 


Betz 


Blosch 


Baker 


Beaver 


Beutin 


Bluecher 



HISTORY OF IOWA AND COUNTY DIRECTORY. 



273 



Eluesch 

Blume 

jblumenthal 

Jioard 

Bobzien 

Bochert 

Bock 

Bode 

Boden 

Bceding 

Boehme 

Boesch 

Boesen 

Boettcher 

Bohemia 

Boliler 

Bohlman 

Bchn 

Bohr 

Boland 

Boldt 

Bolen 

Bolger 

BoU 

Bo lien 

Bolman 

Boltz 

Bommers 

Bonanza 

Bonath 

Bondleon 

Bonson 

Bonts 

Bonz 

Boock 

Boone 

Booth 

BQpthby 

Borchet 

Bcrdner 

Bormann 

Born 

Bornhauser 

Bossard 

Bosshart 

Boston 

Bosveld 

Bothwell 

Botsford 

Bott 

Bottoms 

Botzet 

Boul 

Bouquet 

Eour 

Bourdeau 

Bourg 

Boust 

Bovee 

Bowden 

Bowe 

Bowen 

Bower 

Bowers 

Bowker 

Bowles 

Bowman 

Boxleiter 

Boyce 

Boyd 

Beyer 

Boy Ian 

Bcyington 

Boyle 

Boysen 

Bracher 

Brachtenbach 



Blacker 


Bruess. 


Butler. 


Chalder. 


Bi ackett 


Brugger. 


Butlett. 


Chaloupka. 


Braconier 


Biuxan. 


Butt. 


Chalus, 


Brada 


Brumni. 


Butters. 


Chamberlain 


Bradford 


Brunaugh. 


Euttikofer. 


Chambers. 


Bradley 


Brundage. 


Buttles. 


Chandler. 


Bradshaw 


Brunhardt. 


Buxton. 


Chapin. 


Bradstreet 


Brunkow. 


Byard. 


Chapman. 


Bradwell 


Bruns. 


Byers. 


Chappell. 


Brady 


Brunskill. 


Byrne. 


ChaSe. 


Brahm 


Bryan. 


Byrnes. 


Chaterdon. 


Brainard 


Bryant. 


Byron. 


Chatheld. 


Bramet 


Brychta. 




Cheetham. 


^rand. 


Buchacker. 


C. 


Cheney. 


Brandel. 


Buclianan. 




Chevalier. 


Erandner. 


Buchet. 


Cadman. 


Chewning. 


Brandon. 


Buchholz. 


Cady. 


Chihak. 


Brundenberger 


. Buciimann. 


Caesar. 


Childers. 


Brandt. 


Buckingliam. 


Cahill. 


Childs. 


Brant. 


Buckler. 


Cain. 


Chilton, 


Brasher. 


Buckley. 


Caldwell. 


Chisholm. 


Biatsberg. 


Buckwalter. 


Calehan. 


Christ. 


Brauhn. 


Budde. 


Calkins. 


Christenson. 


Braun. 


Budden. 


Callaghan. 


Christman. 


Bray. 


Buddin. 


Calvert. 


Christoft". 


Brayton. 


Buddy. 


Cameron. 


Christoffer. 


Bready. 


Budweiser. 


Campbell. 


Christopher. 


Breckler. 


Buesciiel. 


Campion. 


Chrysler. 


Brede. 


Buechele. 


Campman. 


Churchill. 


Breen. 


Buechler. 


Canavan. 


Chuta. 


Breithaupt. 


Buehler. 


Candler. 


Clancy, 


Bremer. 


Buelow. 


Candrian. 


Clarasey. 


Brendel. 


Buesch. 


Canfield. 


Clardy. 


Brenke. 


Buettell. 


Capesius. 


Clark. 


Brenker. 


Buhman. 


Capretz. 


Clarkson. 


Brennan. 


Bulger. 


Carberry. 


Clause. 


Brenner. 


Bull. 


Carbine. 


Clausen. 


Breslin. 


Bullen. 


Garden, 


Clay. 
Cleary. 


Breson. 


Bullock. 


Carew. 


Brett. 


Bulman. 


Carey. 


Cleaveland. 


Brew. 


Bundy. 


Carkeek. 


Cleaver. 


Brewbaker. 


Bunting. 


Carl. 


Clemens. 


Brewer. 


Buol. 


Carley, 


Clementson. 


Brewster. 


Burch. 


Carlin. 


Clerk. 


Brezinsky. 


Burd. 


Carmody. 


Cleveland. 


Brich. 


Burden. 


Carnegie. 


Clewell. 


Erichta. 


Burds. 


Carney. 


Clifford. 


Bridges. 


Burdt. 


Caron. 


Cline. 


Briel. 


Burg. 


Carpender. 


Close. 


Bries. 


Burgi. 


Carpenter. 


Closs. 


Briggs. 


Burggraff. 


Carr. 


Clough. 
Clow. 


Brightbill. 


Burgmeyer. 


Carragher. 


Brimeyer. 


Burkhart. 


Carroll. 


ciune. 


Erin. 


Burke. 


Carswell. 


Coan. 


Brindle. 


Burkel. 


Carter. 


Coates 


Brinkman. 


Burkey. 


Cartigny. 


Coble. 


Brinkmoeller. 


Burkhalter. 


Carver. 


Cody. 
Coffee. 


Eritton. 


Eurkhard. 


Cary. 


Broadhurst. 


Burlingham. 


Cascade. 


Coffey. 

Coffin, 


Brock. 


Burlington. 


Case. 


Brockman. 


Burnett. 


Casey. 


Ccgan. 


Erode. 


Burns. 


Cassel. 


Cohn. 


Broderick. 


Burrell. 


Casserly. 


Colander. 


Broell. 


Burridge. 


Cassidy. 


Colbert. 


Broessel. 


Burroughs. 


Cassutt. 


Coldiron. 


Brooke. 


Burrows. 


Castelh. 


Cole, 


Brophy. 


Burt. 


Castel. 


Coleman. 


Brose. 


Burtch. 


Cassady. 


Coleet. 


Broughton. 


Burton. 


Castrischer. 


Collette 


Brouhard, 


Burwell. 


Casutt. 


Collier. 


Erouillette. 


Busby. 


Catlin. 


CoUings 


Brown. 


Busch. 


Caufield. 


Collins. 


Brownson. 


Euse. 


Cavanaugh. 


Collinsoii. 


Brubaker. 


Buseman. 


Caverly. 


Collis. 


Bruchs. 


Bush. 


Cawrey. 


Colvin. 


Bruechert, 


Euskirk. 


Cellner. 


Commerford. 


Bruesch. 


Busse. 


Chadwick. 


Ccmpton. 



274 



THE DAILY TELEGRAPH-HERALD'S 



Conchar. 

Condon. 

Conigiski. 

Conigisky. 

Cjonkieman. 

Conlan. 

conley. 

Conlin. 

connell. 

Connelly. 

Connole. • 

Connolly. 

Connor. 

Connors. 

Conrad. 

Conrow. 

Conroy. 

Considine. 

Consoer. 

consor. 

Conter. 

Converse. 

Convey. 

Conway. 

Conzett. 

Coohey. 

Cook. 

Cooledge. 

Cooley. 

Cooney. 

Coonrad. 

Cooper. 

Coover. 

Cctppex. 

Borbett. 

Corbin. 

Corcoran. 

Cornelisen. 

Cornell. 

Ccrkey. 

Cornelius. 

Corpstein. 

Corrance. 

Correll. 

Cortell. 

Cosgrove. 

Cosley. 

Costelli. 

Ccta. 

Cotasky. 

Cotter. 

Cottingham. 

Cotton. 

Couch. 

Coughlin. 

Coultas. 

Coulter. 

Couper. 

Courtade. 

Courtney. 

Courtwright. 

Cousin. 

Cousley. 

Cowley. 

Cox. 

Coy. 

Coykendall. 

Coyle. 

Coyne. 

Ctabtree. 

Cragin. 

Crahan. 

Craig. 

Cram. 

Cramer. 

Crane. 

Crawford. 



Cieighton. 

Ciemer. 

Crenion. 

Crimmins. 

Crisford. 

Crocker. 

Cionin. 

Cronmiller. 

Crosby. 

Crosier. 

Crctty. 

Crcusaz. 

Crouse. 

Crowe. 

Crowley. 

Crowshaw, 

Cudmore. 

Culbex'tson. 

Cullen. 

Culp. 

Cummings. 

Cummins. 

Cumpton. 

Cunning. 

Cunningham. 

Curran. 

Curtis. 

Cushing. 

Cutler. 

Cutts. 

Czizek. 



Daescher. 
Dahl. 

Dahme. 

Dahms. 

Daignan. 

Dalkermeyer. 

Daley. 

Daly. 

Damann. 

Dambacher. 

Dana. 

Bangelmeyer. 

Daniels. 

Danzer. 

Darling. 

Darrah. 

Dashman. 

Date. 

Daugherty. 

Dausch. 

Dautermann. 

Davidsaver. 

Davies. 

Davis. 

Daw^son. 

Dax. 

Day. 

Daykin. 

Deal. 

Dean. 

Dearborn. 

Debes. 

Decher. 

Deckert. 

Deegan. 

Deery. 

De Fontaine. 

De Fore. 

Deggendorf. 

Degitz. 

Degnan. 

Degriselles. 

Dehring. 



Deininger. 

Delaney. 

DeLapp. 

Delfs. 

DeLisle. 

Dell. 

DeLiorimier. 

Dement. 

Dtming. 

Demkier, 

DeMorse. 

Dempsey. 

DeMutli. 

Dendinger. 

Denell. 

Dennert. 

Dennis. 

Derneden. 

Dersch. 

Derwent. 

Desch. 

Desmond. 

Dethng. 

Dettermann. 

Deuss. 

Devaney. 

Devereaux. 

Deville. 

Devins. 

Devlin. 

Dew. 

DeWald. 

Dewey. 

Dewhirst. 

DeWolf. 

Dexter. 

Deyen, 

Dibble. 

Dick. 

Dickel. 

Dickens. 

Dickey. 

Dickinson. 

Dickson. 

Didesch. 

Diener. 

Dierstein. 

Dieterich. 

Dietl. 

Dietrich. 

Dietzhold. 

Difterding. 

Digman. 

Dike. 

Dikeman. 

Dilger. 

Dillon. 

Dilworth. 

Dimmet. 

Diocese. 

Disch. 

Dissell. 

Dix. 

Dixon. 

Doberstein. 

Dobler. 

Dobmeyer. 

Dockstader, 

Dodds. 

Dodson. 

Dody. 

Doerfler. 

Doerr. 

Doerrer. 

Doerrmann. 

Doescher. 

Doft. 



Doherty. 

Dolan, 

Doll. 

Dollenbacher. 

Dolson. 

Dolter. 

Dombacher. 

Domenig. 

Demenig. 

Donahue. 

Donath. 

Donegan. 

Donlon. 

Donnelly. 

Donner. 

Donoghue. 

Donohoe. 

Dcnohoo. 

Donohue. 

Donovan. 

Dooling. 

Dopp. 

Dorak. 

Doran. 

Doremvis. 

Dorgan. 

Dorman. 

Dornbacli. 

Dome. 

Domes. 

Dorrington. 

Dorsey. 

Doty. 

Dougherty. 

Dovi. 

Dow. 

Dowdell. 

Dower. 

Dowling. 

Downes. 

Downey. 

Doyle. 

Drease. 

Drahn. 

Drake. 

Dresda. 

Draulard. 

Dreazy. 

Drees. 

Dreher. 

Dress. 

Dressen. 

Drew. 

Drewelow. 

Drexel. 

Drisch. 

Driscoll. 

Droese. 

Droessler. 

Drost. 

Drumm. 

Drummond. 

Drummy. 

Drysdale. 

Dubler. 

Dubmcyer. 

Dubraks. 

Dubuque. 

Duccini. 

Ducey. 

Duehr. 

Duenser. 

Duerstein. 

Duertscher. 

Duesing. 

Duess. 

Duesse, 



Duesther. 

Duffin, 

Duffy. 

Dugan. 

Duggan. 

Dulany. 

Dumas. 

Dun. 

Duncan. 

Dunham. 

Dunkley. 

Dunlavey. 

Dunlea. 

Dunleavy. 

Dunleith. 

Dunn. 

Dunnebeck. 

Dunphy. 

Durand. 

Durbin. 

Duscheck. 

Dusehen. 

Duscher. 

Duster. 

Duttle. 

Dwyer. 

Dye. 

Dyer. 



Eagan. 

Eagle. 

Earl. 

Eearly. 

Eastabrook. 

Eastman. 

Eaton, 

Eberhardt. 

Eberl. 

Eberle. 

Eberlein. 

Eckert. 

Eckstein. 

Eddy. 

Ede. 

Eden. 

Edson. 

Edwards. 

Efferding. 

Egan. 

Egelhof. 

Eggenberger, 

Eggers. 

Eggleston. 

Ehlers. 

Ehmer. 

Ehrlich. 

Eichacker. 

Eisehacker. 

Eichhorn. 

Eichman. 

Eighmey. 

Eisbach. 

Eisenegger. 

Eisert. 

Eltel. 

Eibert. 

Elks. 

EUefson. 

EUerman. 

Ellermann. 

Elligen. 

Elliott. 

Ellis. 

Ellison. 

Ellwanger. 



HISTORY OP IOWA AND COUNTY DIRECTORY. 



275 



Elmer. 


Fannon. 


Finzel. 


Priedrich. 


Gassmann. 


Elsaesser. 


Fanslow. 


Firzlaff. 


Fries. 


Gatena. 


Elwell. 


Fanzun. 


Fisch. 


Frisch. 


Gau. 


Ely. 


P'arandeau. 


FJ&cher. 


Frith. 


Gaiier. 


Emerson. 


F arley. 


Fish. 


Fritsche. 


Gavin. 


Emery. 


Farmer. 


Fishel. 


r'ritscliel. 


Gay lor. 


Emig. 


I'arnan. 


Fiske. 


P'ritz. 


Gearstkamp 


Emsley. 


Farni, 


Fitzz. 


Froebel. 


Geary. 


Ender. 


Farqnar. 


Fitzgerald. 


Froehlich. 


Geasland. 


Engel. 


Farrell. 


Fitzgibbons. 


P'rohm. 


Geeting. 


Engelken. 


Parwell. 


Fitzpatrick. 


Frohs. 


Gehler. 


Engels, 


Fasselius. 


Fitzsimmons. 


Fromm. 


Gehrig. 


Engler. 


Fath. 


Fix. 


Frommelt. 


Gehrke. 


Enloe. 


Fatka. 


Flaherty. 


p'rost. 


Geiger. 


Ennis. 


Faulhaber. 


Flanagan. 


Frudden. 


Geimer. 


Ennor. 


r'aust. 


Flannerty. 


P'rueh. 


Geinzer. 


Enos. 


Pautch. 


PMechsig. 


Pry. 


Geipel. 


Enright. 


P"'autsch. . 


Fleck. 


Fuellman. 


Geisel. 


Eiiser. 


Fawcett. 


Fleckenstein. 


P^uenfstueck. 


Geiser. 


Entringer. 


Fawkes. 


Fleischmann. 


p'uerst. 


Geisheker. 


Enz. 


Fawley. 


Fleming. 


Fuerstenberg. 


Geisler. 


Enzler. 


Fay. 


Fletcher. 


Fuhrmann. 


Geilling. 


Eppler. 


P'ecker. 


Flick. 


P^ullarton. 


Gengler. 


Epps. 


P'ederspiel. 


Flood. 


Fuller. 


Gensburg. 


Epstein. 


Feeney. 


Florence. 


Fulmer. 


Genszler. 


Edrenberg. 


Foilden. 


Flcrey. 


Fulton. 


Genthe. 


Erickso-n. 


Feilen. 


Floyd. 


Funchion. 


George. 


Erner. 


Feinen. 


FUickinger. 


Funk. 


Gere. 


Ernest. 


Felder. 


Fluhr. 


Fury. 


Gerhard. 


Ernsdorff. 


Peldestein. 


Flynn. 


Fyett. 


Gerken. 


Ernster. 


Felenzer. 


Foell. 




Gerlach. 


Erwln. 


Feigner. 


Foerst. 


G. 


Germain. 


Esch. 


Fellbaum. 


Fogarty. 




German. 


Echen. 


Feller. 


Fogeli. 


Gabriel. 


Gerst. 


Eslinger. 


P^ls. 


Folbrecht. 


Gadient. 


Gertenbach. 


E?pe. 


Folter. 


Foley. 


Gadsen. 


Giamara. 


Ess. 


Fc^ltgen. 


Folk. 


Gaenshirt. 


Gibbons. 


Esslinger. 


Penelon. 


Foot. 


Gaertner. 


Gibbs. 


Essman. 


Fengler. 


Ford. 


Gager. 


Gibson. 


Essmann. 


Fennawald. 


Forester. 


Gagne. 


Gieger. 


Esson. 


Fennell. 


Forgrave. 


Gaines. 


Giegerich. 


Esterbrook. 


Fenner. 


Forrett. 


Gaither. 


Gielhs. 


p;ttenberg. 


P'enton. 


Forster. 


Galer. 


Gienke. 


Eltenshon. 


Fenzloff. 


Fortmann. 


Galice. 


Gierens. 


Evilberg. 


Ferber. 


Fortune. 


Gallagher. 


Giese. 


E\jstice. 


P'er°ruson . 


Pc'sselmann. 


Galle. 


Giesemann. 


E\ans. 


Ferlanto. 


Foster. 


Gallen. 


Giesen. 


Even. 


Fern. 


Fauhy. 


Galliart. 


Giesey. 


Everett. 


Fernald. 


Fowler. 


Gallov/ay. 


Giesler. 


Evert. 


Ferring. 


Fowlston. 


Galow. 


Gifford. 


Evison. 


Ferris. 


Fox. 


Galvin. 


Gilbert. 


Ewart. 


Fessler. 


Fraatz. 


Ganahl. 


Gilchrist. 


Ewen. 


Fest. 


Frabel. 


Gandoifo. 


Gildea. 


Ewing. 


Fetschele. 


Fralick. 


Gannon. 


Gill. 


Ewcrt. 


Fett. 


Francois. 


Gansen. 


Gilleas. 




Fettgather. 


Frank. 


Ganson. 


Gilliam. 


F. 


Feyen. 


Franke. 


Gantenbein. 


Gilligan. 




Fitcher. 


Franklin. 


Gantert. 


Gilloon. 


Eaatz. 


Fickbohm. 


Fran sen. 


Garard. 


Gilmore. 


Faber. 


Ficke. 


Frantz. 


Garbelman. 


Gilrain. 


Fabricius. 


Fidler. 


Frantzen. 


Gardiner. 


Gindorff. 


Faoace. 


Fiebelkorn. 


Franz. 


Gardner. 


Ginter. 


Fackery. 


Fiedler. 


P^ashier. 


Garland. 


Gira. 


Fagan. 


Fiegonbaum. 


Frater. 


Garner. 


Girard. 


Faherty. 


Pjeld. 


P'razier. 


Gamier. 


Giroux. 


Fahey. 


Fields. 


Freeland. 


Garrabrant. 


Gisel. 


Fahje. 


Fifield. 


Freihoefer. 


Garrigan. 


Glab. 


Fahndrich. 


Figge. 


Freimark. 


Garrison. 


Gladwin. 


Faig. 


Fnibach. 


French. 


Garrity 


Glanville. 


Fairbanks. 


Fine. 


Frenzel. 


Garth. 


Glasby. 


Faldorf. 


Finerty. 


Freres. 


Gartman. 


Glaser. 


Falenzer. 


F.'nicle. 


Fretter. 


Gartner. 


Glass. 


Falkenhainer. 


Pink. 


P^rey. 


Garver. 


Glasser. 


Pall. 


Finkenauer. 


Preyman. 


Garvey. 


Giasson. 


Fallis. 


Finley. 


Prick. 


Gary. 


Gleichn«r, 


Falor. 


Finn. 


Pricke. 


Gassen. 


Glenn. 


Fanning. 


P'mne^E^n. 


Friedgei^. 


Q&sisev- 


Gline^, 



276 

Golden. 

Gloeckner. 

Glover. 

Glynn. 

Gmehle. 

Gmiender. 

Gniffke. 

Goard. 

Gobat. 

Goble. 

Godert. 

Goebel. 

Goebelt. 

Goebert. 

Goerdt. 

Goerg-ens. 

Goermer. 

Goffet. 

Gog-gin. 

Goldberg-er. 

Goldstein. 

Goldthorpe. 

Goldwood. 

Golinvaux. 

Gollobitz. 

Gommers. 

Gong-aware. 

Gonner. 

Gonniea. 

Gonser. 

Gooding. 

Goodman. 

Gcodmann. 

Goodrich. 

Coolsby. 

Gordon. 

Gorman. 

Gcrr. 

Gorrell. 

Gotto. 

Gould. 

Govier. 

Govro. 

Gow. 

Grab. 

Granbinar. 

Grabow. 

Grace. 

Grader. 

Graessle. 

Graf. 

Graff. 

Graham. 

Grand jenet. 

Grant. 

Granville. 

Grashorn. 

Grass. 

Grassel. 

Gratriex, 

Gratiot, 

Gratzz. 

Graver. 

Graves. 

Gray. 

GrelDin. 

Green. 

Gieenberg. 

Grpene. 

Grenfield. 

Greenho-w, 

Greenly. 

Grenwood. 

Greer. 

Gregoire. 

Gregory. 

Greiner. 



THE DAILY TELEGRAPH-HERALD'S 



Gressel. 

Grether. 

Grew. 

Grice. 

Griesinger. 

Griffin. 

Griffith. 

Grigg. 

Grill. 

Grimes. 

Giimm. 

Grimme. 

Grings. 

Grinzig. 

Gritte. 

Groat. 

Grobe. 

Grobstich. 

Grcde. 

Groff. 

Grohman. 

Grommersch. 

Gronau. 

Gronen. 

Groppe. 

Grose. 

Gross. 

Grosstick. 

Grosvenor. 

Grote. 

Groth. 

Grover. 

Grow. 

Grube. 

Gruber. 

Grubstich. 

Grue. 

Gruenfelder, 

Gruensig. 

Gruetzmacher. 

Grundy. 

Grunenflder. 

Grutz. 

Guderian. 

Guehler. 

Guenter. 

Guenther. 

Guernsey. 

Guheen. 

Guilbert. 

Guilfoil. 

Guillien. 

Guekeisen. 

Guler. 

Gunderson. 

Gunn. 

Gunter. 

Gurnee. 

Gurtner. 

Gutenkauf. 

Guthrie. 

Gysbers. 

H. 

Haardt. 

Haas. 

Ifaber. 

Habicht. 

Habletzel. 

Hachmann. 

Hack. 

Hacker. 

Hackett. 

Maoking. 

Hackney. 

Hadley. 



Haferman. 

Hafey. 

Hafley. 

Hafner. 

Hager. 

Hagerty. 

Hagge. 

Haggerty. 

Hagin. 

Hahn. 

Hail. 

Hairgrove. 

Haisch. 

Hale. 

Haley. 

Hall. 

Hallahan. 

Haller. 

Halpin. 

Ham. 

Hamblin. 

Hambrecht. 

Ham el. 

Hamer. 

Hames. 

Hamilton. 

Hamlin. 

Hammann. 

Hammel. 

Hammermeister 

Hammond. 

Hampton, 

Hanapel. 

Hancock. 

Hand. 

Handel. 

Handley. 

Haney. 

Hani fan. 

Hanks. 

Hanley. 

Hanlon. 

Hanna. 

Hannan. 

Han nig. 

Hannon. 

Hanover. 

Hansen. 

Hanson. 

Hantelmann. 

Hapelt. 

Hardie. 

Hardwick. 

Harger. 

Hargrave. 

Hargus. 

Harker. 

Harkett. 

Harlen. 

Harley. 

Harmann. 

Harms. 

Harper. 

Harragan. 

Harrington. 

Harris. 

Harrison. 

Karrity. 

Harron. 

Harroim. 

Hart. 

Harter. 

Hartig. 

Hartley. 

Hartman. 

Hartmann. 

Hartwig. 



Hartz. 
Harughty. 
Harvey. 
Haschke. 
Hasel. 
Haskell. 
Hasler. 
Hassett. 
Hastings. 
Hathaway. 
Hatfield. 
Hatzenbuhler. 
Haubner. 
Haudenshield. 
Hauer. 
Haug. 
Haughey. 
Haupert, 
Haus. 
Hauser, 
Hauth. 
Haverland. 
Havlik. 
Hawe. 
Hawley. 
Haxmeier. 
Hay. 
Hayden. 
Haye. 
. Hayes. 
Haynes. 
Haynie. 
Haywood. 
Hazel. 
Hazelton. 
Heacock. 
Headford. 
Healey. 
Healy. 
Hearity. 
Heaton. 
Heber. 
Hebrew. 
Heck. 
Heckr. 
Hecklinger. 
Heckmann. 
Hedley. 
Hedrick. 
Heeb. 
Heeney. 
Heer. 
Heeren. 
Heet. 
Hefel. 
Hcffern. 
Heffernan. 
Hefty. 
Hehir. 
Heiden. 
Heiderscheldt. 
Heil. 

Heilwagon. 
Heim. 
Hein. 
Heinerich. 
Heinkel. 
Heins. 
Heinz. 
Heinzle. 
Heise. 
Heisel. 
Heisler. 
Heiter. 
Heitter. 
Heitz. 
Heitzmann, 



Helbig. 

Helbing. 

Heles. 

Heller. 

Helm. 

Helmer. 

Helmrich. 

Hemer, 

Hemlben. 

Hemmeldr. 

Hemmer. 

Hemmi. 

Henderson. 

Hendle, 

Hendricks, 

Hendy. 

Henge. 

Henion. 

Henkel. 

Henkels. 

Henker. 

Henneberry. 

Hennenger. 

Hennessey. 

Henney. 

Hennig. 

Hennings. 

Henry. 

Henschel. 

Hense, 

Hensel. 

Hentrich. 

Hepp. 

Herancourt. 

Herber. 

Herbst. 

Herburger, 

Herget. 

Heri. 

Herkes. 

Hermann. 

Hermes. 

Herod. 

Herrig. 

Herrington. 

Herrmann. 

Herron. 

Hersche. 

Hersey. 

Herst. 

Herting. 

Hertley. 

Hertner. 

Hervey. 

Herzog. 

Hesling. 

Heslup. 

Hess, 

Hessel. 

Hessling. 

Hestroffer. 

Hetherington. 

Hetzler. 

Heuchelin. 

Heuser. 

Heustis. 

Hevlcon. 

Hewitt. 

Heyne. 

Hibbard. 

Hibbe. 

Hickey. 

Hickok. 

Hicks. 

HIckson. 

Hier. 

Higbee. 



HISTORY OF IOWA AND COUNTY DIRECTORY. 



277 



Higgins. 

Higgi. 

Higi. 

Higley. 

Hilbe. 

Hilbert. 

Hilby. 

Hildermann. 

HJlders. 

Hilger. 

Hilkin. 

Hill. 

T£illard. 

Hillary. 

Hille. 

Hillebrand. 

Hiller. 

Hillery. 

Hillsing-er. 

Hillson. 

Hilton. 

Hilty. 

Hinds. 

Hines. 

Hmg. 

Hinkel. 

Hinkey. 

Hinkley. 

Hinkson. 

Hinman. 

Hintrager. 

Hinz. 

Hipman. 

Hird. 

Hirsch. 

Hirth. 

Hirtz. 

Hitchcock, 

Hoag. 

Hoar. 

Hoare. 

Hobbs. 

Hochberger. 

Hochensteiner. 

Hocking. 

Hodel. 

Hoefflin. 

Hoefler. 

Hoefs. 

Hcermann. 

Hoerner. 

Hoerr. 

Hcerstmann, 

Hoes. 

Hoev. 

Hoff. 

Hoffman. 

Hoffmann. 

Hoftender. 

Hogan. 

Hogrefe. 

Hohenadel. 

Hohnecker. 

Holcomb. 

Holden. 

Holl. 

Holland. 

Hollenbeck. 

Hollenfelz, 

Holliday. 

Hollingsworth. 

HoHnagel. 

Holmberg. 

Holman. 

Holmes. 

Holscher. 

Holsinger. 



Holter. 

Holtz. 

Holz. 

Holzmann. 

Homan. 

Honer. 

Hood. 

Hook. 

Hooper. 

Hoopes. 

Hoorvich. 

Hoover. 

Hopkins. 

Hopper. 

Horan. 

Horch. 

Horchem. 

Horn. 

Horner. 

Horning. 

Hornney. 

Hornung. 

Horr. 

Horrig. 

Horsfall. 

Horsley. 

Horst. 

Hos. 

Hosford. 

Hoskins. 

Hostert. 

Hottman. 

Hough. 

Houghton. 

Houlihan. 

Houps. 

Hovey, 

Howe. 

Howard. 

Howarth. 

Howes. 

Howie. 

Hoyne. 

Hrubesky. 

Hurby. 

Hubbard. 

Hvber. 

Hubert. 

Huebsch. 

Huekels. 

Huelshoff. 

Huelsman. 

Hueneke. 

Huether. 

Huffmire. 

Hug. 

Hughes. 

Hulse. 

Humke. 

Hummel. 

Humphries. 

Huner. 

Hunker. 

Hunt. 

Hunter. 

Huntington. 

Huntoon. 

Hurd. 

Hurley. 

Husky. 

Husg 

Hussey. 

Hussmann. 

Husted. 

Hutlenmeiser. 

Hutter. 

Hutton. 



Hyde. 
Hyman. 
Hymes. 
Hynes. 

I. 

Ibash. 

Igo. 

Ihde. 

Ihrcke. 

Ihrke. 

Her. 

lies. 

Ilg. 

Ilgen. 

Imhof. 

Imhoff. 

Immisch. 

Ingalls. 

Ingerson. 

Inghram. 

Ingram. 

Ingwerson. 

Ireland. 

Irish. 

Irmscher. 

Irving. 

Irwin. 

Isbern. 

Isett. 

Issell. 

Itnyre. 

Ives. 

Ivison. 

J. 

Jack. 

Jackson. 

Jacobi. 

Jacobs. 

Jacobson. 

Jacquinot. 

Jaeger. 

Jaeggi. 

Jaffee. 

Jahreis. 

Jakobi. 

James. 

Janggen. 

Jansen. 

Janssen. 

Jsrding. 

Jarrett. 

Jass. 

Jauert. 

Jecklin. 

Jeez. 

Jehring. 

Jellison. 

Jenkins. 

Jenn. 

Jenne. 

Jenness. 

Jenni. 

Jennings. 

Jensen. 

Jeoffroy. 

Jess. 

Jestel. 

Jeuck. 

Jobsen. 

Jochum. 

Jogerst. 

Johannes. 

Johannsen. 



Johns. 

Johnson. 

Jonas. 

Jones. 

Joos. 

Jordan. 

Joseph, 

Joss. 

Jost. 

Joy, 

Joyce. 

Jraaff. 

Juen. 

Juergens. 

June, 

Jungbluth, 

Jungles, 

Jungers, 

Jungfermann. 

Jungk. 

Jungwirth. 

Junker. 

Junkermann. 

Just. 

K. 

Kabat. 

Kadon, 

Kaefer. 

Kaep. 

Kaesbauer. 

Kahl. 

Kahle, 

Kahn. 

Kainniry, 

Kaiser, 

Kallenberg. 

Kalmus. 

Kamm. 

Kammiller. 

Kammrath. 

Kammueller. 

Kampman. 

Kamps. 

Kane. 

Kangley. 

Kannolt. 

Kantlehner. 

Kaplan. 

Kapp. 

Kappes. 

Karberg. 

Karsch, 

Kas. 

Kaschewski. 

Kasel. 

Kasper. 

Kass. 

Kassler. 

Kastner. 

Katholisher. 

Katz. 

Kauffmann. 

Kaufman. 

Kautz. 

Kavanaugh. 

Kay. 

Kean. 

Keane. 

Kearney. 

Krarns. 

Keas. 

Keast. 

Keating. 

Keatley. 

Keck. 



Keckevoet. 

Keckeis. 

Keefe. 

Keeley. 

Keen. 

Keenan. 

Keesecker. 

Keffeler. 

Kegler. 

Keher. 

Kehoe, 

Kehr, 

Keiley, 

Keller. 

Keiley. 

Kelly. 

Kelsen. 

Kelsh. 

Kemerer. 

Kemler. 

Kemp, 

Kemper, 

Kempf. 

Kemps. 
Kempter, 

Kendall. 

Kendrick. 

Kenefick. 

Kenety. 

Kenkel. 

Kenline. 

Kenna. 

Kenneally. 

Kennedy, 

Kennelly, 

Konney, 

Kenniker, 

Kensel. 

Kenyon, 

Keogh. 

Kepner, 

Keppi«r. 

Kepps. 

Kerin. 

Kern, 

Kernan. 

Kerner, 

Kersch. 

Kertz. 

Kerwin. 

Kessler. 

Kettenhofen. 

Kettler. 

Kelp. 

Keys, 

Kibby, 

Kidder. 

Kiebel. 

Kiebler. 

Kiefer. 

Kieffer, 

Kieler. 

K?ely. 

Kien, 

Kiene. 

Kienzle, 

Kies, 

Kiesel, 

Kietzmann. 

Kilbourn. 

Kilburg. 

Kile. 

Klley. 

Kllleen. 

Killen. 

Kilty, . 

Kimball, 

Kimmach. 



278 



THE DAILY TELEGRAPH-HERALD'S 



Kimmerle. 

Kincaid. 

Kind. 

Kinder. 

King. 

Kingman. 

Kmg-sley. 

Kinley. 

Kinne. 

Kinney. 

Kinnier. 

Kinsella. 

Kmser. 

Kinsey. 

Kinsley. 

Kinsman, 

Kintzinger. 

Kipper. 

Kirby. 

Kirch. 

Kirchberger. 

K^rcher. 

Kirchheck. 

Kirk. 

Kirkby. 

Kirkhoff. 

Kirkley. 

Kirmse. 

Kirner. 

Kissling. 

Kisting. 

Kistler. 

Klaas. 

Klaeske. 

Klafsky. 

Klang, 

Kiarman. 

Klauer. 

Klavitter. 

Klecan, 

Kiee. 

Kleeman. 

Kleih. 

Klein. 

Kleine. 

Kleinschmidt. 

Kleinschrodt. 

Kleis. 

Kleispis. 

Kley. 

Kline. 

Kling. 

Klingel. 

Klingenberg. 

Klinkhammer. 

Klonus. 

K!uck. 

Klumpp. 

Knabenbauer. 

Knapp. 

Knaus. 

Kneal. 

Knebel. 

Kneip. 

Kneisler. 

Kness. 

Knickerbocker 

Knight. 

Knights. 

Knippel. 

Knockel. 

Knoernschlld. 

Knoll. 
Kriopp. 

KnoTT. 
Knott. 

Knowlton, 



Knudson. ' 

Knaltz. 

Koch. 

Kochendorfer. 

Koeck. 

Koehler. 

Koempel. 

Koenemann. 

Koenlg. 

Koepfli. 

Koepke. 

Koerner. 

Koester, 

Koetz. 

Kohl. 

Kohler. 

Kohlman. 

Kohlmann. 

Kohn. 

Kohl. 

Kolb. 

Kclck. 

Kolf. 

Kolfenbach. 

Kolle. 

Kombaecher. 

Kommes. 

Kons. 

Kop. 

Kopland. 

Kopatsky. 

Kopel. 

Kopp. 

Kopple. 

Kopsa. 

Kopsac. 

Kormann. 

Korn. 

Korsten. 

Kort. 

Kortemeyer. 

Kotze. 

Kowalski. 

Krafft. 

Krahl. 

Krakow. 

Kramer. 

Kranert. 

Kratz. 

Kraus. 

Krause. 

Kraut. 

Krayer. 

Kreamer. 

Kreft. 

Kregle. 

Kreimann. 

Kreis. 

Krentz. 

Kreps. 

Kress. 

Kretschmer. 

Kretz. 

Krichberg. 

Kriebs. 

Krier. 

Kringle. 

Krische. 

Krise. 

Krocheski. 

Kroening. 

Kroesche. 

Kroesen. 

Kroll. 
Kronfeldt. 

Kroning. 
Kronost. 



Krueger. 

Krumbach. 

Kruse. 

Krutz. 

Kubetz. 

Kuch. 

Kuchera. 

Kudobe. 

Kuehler. 

Kuehnel. 

Kuehnle. 

Kuempel. 

Kuenzzel. 

Kueper. 

Kuethe. 

Kuhl. 

Kuhn. 

Kulas. 

Kulow. 

Kumpf. 

Kundert. 

Kunkel. 

Kunlow. 

Kunnen. 

Kunnert. 

Kuntz. 

Kuntzmann. 

Kunz. 

Kupferschmidt. 

Kure. 

Kurt. 

Kurz. 

Kusche. 

Kutell. 

Kutsch. 

Kuttler. 

Kyne. 



L.aba. 

L.a Barge. 

La Briga. 

La Burne. 

Lacey. 

Lachner. 

Lacock. 

I..acy. 

Lafferty. 

Lagen. 

Lahey. 

Lakeman. 

Lalk. 

Lally. 

Lamb. 

Lambert. 

Trammers. 

Lampe. 

Landolt. 

Landon. 

Landeschulz. 

Lane. 

Lang. 

Langdon. 

Lange. 

Langen. 

Langenbach. 

Langham. 

Langkamp. 

T.angmann. 

T^angner. 

Langworthy. 

La Nicca. 

Lanser. 

Lansing. 

Lantzky. 

La Page. 



Laracey. 

Larem. 

Large. 

Larimer. 

Larish. 

Larkln. 

Larkins. 

Larson. 

Lasher. 

Lassance. 

Latenser. 

I^^throp. 

Latour. 

Latourelle. 

Tjattner. 

Latz. 

Laude. 

Laugges. 

Laughlin. 

Launspach. 

Laury. 

Lavender. 

La Verie. 

Lavery. 

Lavin. 

Law. 

Lawler. 

Lawlor. 

Lawrence. 

Lawsen. 

Lawther. 

Laxson. 

Layng. 

Lazzy. 

liCach. 

Leahy. 

Leamey. 

Lear. 

Leary. 

Leathers. 

Lechner. 

Lecht. 

Lee. 

Leekley. 

Leffert. 

Lehman. 

Lehmann. 

Lehner. 

Lei bo Id. 

Leicht. 

Leidinger. 

Leierer. 

Lelk. 

Leiltz. 

Leiser. 

Leithold. 

Leitner. 

Lembke. 

Lemeir. 

Lcmmer. 

Lemper. 

Lenehan. 

Lenihan. 

Lentz. 

Lenz. 

Lenzing. 

Leonard. 

Lcrcher. 

Lesch. 

Lf slie. 

Lesser. 

Lester. 

Tiestina. 

Letch. 

Letts. 

Leuschner. 

Leute. 



Leuthold. 

Li€van. 

Levens. 

Levi. 

Levin. 

Levins. 

Lewin. 

Lewis. 

Ley. 

Leyendecker. 

Libby. 

Licht. 

Lichtenberger. 

Liddle. 

Lieben. 

Liebig. 

Lierheimer. 

Liers. 

Lies. 

Liest. 

Lightcap. 

Lillge. 

Lillie. 

Lillig. 

Lillis. 

Lincoln. 

Lindecker. 

Lindemann. 

Linden. 

Lindenberg. 

Linderman. 

Lindsay. 

Linehan. 

Link, 

Linwood. 

Lipp. 

lappe. 

Lippert. 

Lippman. 

Lippstock. 

Lischner. 

Lister. 

Laston. 

Litscher. 

LIttig. 

Little. 

Littlefield. 

Llttrell. 

Litz. 

Livingston. 

Lloyd. 

Lobdell. 

Lcbstein. 

Lochmaier. 

Lochner. 

Lochridge. 

Lodge. 

Loeck. 

Loeffelholz. 

Loeffler. 

Lees. 

Loetscher. 

Loftus. 

Lcgan. 

Logelin. 

Lohrmann. 

Lohetreter. 

Loibel. 

Lonergan. 

Long. 

Longhurst. 

Lcngueville. 

Lconey. 

Lorang. 

Lorenz. 

Lorenzson, 

Lorez. 



HISTORY OF IOWA AND COUNTY DIRECTORY. 



279 



Loringett. 
i^omrop. 
i^eugJiUn. 
j^ourey. 

x-iuv eland. 

ijovett. 

i^owry. 

J-iUbCK.. 

i^ucas. 

j.>ucn, 

j^uculinger. 

i^ucnternana. 

j^uck. 

j^ucKritz. 

i^udescner. 

j^uaiow. 

i.uawig. 

i^uis. 

j^uKas. 

I i^ukenbach. 

i^unibert. 

i^umley. 

L.und.beck. 

i-iunger. 

i^ungwitz. 

L,uscii. 

i^usciian. 

i^uscomb. 

i^usienberger. 

L.utenberg. 
I L(Utgen. 
I J^uthe. 

L.uther. 

Lutiimers. 

i^vitzke. 

L.UX. 

L«ymburner. 

i^ynch. 

L.ynn. 

Lyon. 

L.yons. 

Liyster. 

Lytle. 

Mc. 

McAleece. 

McAllister. 

McAloon. 

McAndrews. 

McAron. 

McArthur. 

McBeth. 

McBride. 

McCabe. 

McCaffery. 

McCaleb. 

McCallum. 

McCann. 

:..icCants. 

McCarron. 

McCarten. 

McCarthy. 

McCaughey. 

McCauley. 

McCeney. 

McCherry. 

McClain. 

McClelland. 

McClernon. 

McCloskey. 

McCoUins. 

McComish. 



McConalogue. 

McConeghy. 

i-;lcConnell. 

McCool. 

McCormick. 

McCotter. 

McCoy. 

McCracken. 

McCraney. 

McCue. 

McCuUough. 

McCune. 

McCurdy. 

McDade. 

McDaniel. 

McDermott. 

McDivitt. 

McDonald. 

McDonnell. 

McDonough. 

Mcf!]nany. 

McKnroe. 

McEvoy. 

McEwen. 

McFadden. 

McFarland. 

McEarlane. 

McGaughey. 

McGauran. 

McGee. 

McGinley. 

McGinnis, 

McGivern. 

McGloughlin. 

McGovern. 

McGrane. 

McGrath. 

McGraw. 

McGreevey. 

McGregor. 

McGuigan. 

McGuinness. 

McGuire. 

McHenry. 

McHugh. 

Mcllwain. 

Mclnerney. 

Mcintosh. 

Mclntyre. 

McKail. 

McKenna. 

McKay. 

McKee. 

McKenzie. 

McKeown. 

McKernan. 

McKinley. 

McKinney, 

McKlnnon. 

McKnight. 

McLaren. 

McL.aughlin. 

McLean. 

McMahon. 

McManigal. 

McManus. 

McMillan. 

McMullen. 

McNally. 

McNamara. 

McNear. 

McNeil. 

McNerney. 

McNulty. 

McParland. 

McPherron. 

McPoland. 



McQuillan. 
McQuillen. 
Mc Williams. 

M. 

Maas. 

Macabe. 

MacDonald. 

MacEarlane. 

Mack. 

Mackey. 

Maekay. 

MacKenzie. 

Macker. 

Mackie. 

Mackin. 

Maclay. 

Madden. 

Madigan. 

Madl. 

Madlener. 

Magdal. 

Magee. 

Maginnis. 

Magner. 

Magnes. 

Magson. 

Maguire. 

Maher. 

Mahon. 

Mahoney. 

Mahowald, 

Mai. 

Maine. 

Mains. 

Mai re. 

Majerus. 

Maker. 

Mall. 

Malloy. 

Malone. 

Maloney. 

Maloy. 

Manahau. 

Manahl. 

Manderscheld. 

Manger. 

Manhardt. 

Hanhoff. 

Manley. 

Mann. 

Mannos. 

Mannstedt. 

Mansfield. 

Manson. 

Mantell. 

Marble. 

Marceau. 

Maresli. 

Mareske. 

Margadant. 

Marietta. 

Markee. 

Markey. 

Markle. 

Markward. 

Marley. 

Marlin. 

Maroney. 

Marquardt. 

Marquard. 

Marquette. 

Marra. 

Marsch. 

Marsh. 

Marshall. 



Marston. 

Marte. 

Marten. 

Marten. 

Martens. 

Marti. 

Martin. 

Martinek. 

Marty. 

Marugg. 

Marxer. 

Marzenkovski. 

Maser. 

Mason. 

Massey. 

Masters. 

Masterson. 

Masuen. 

Masulir. 

Mathes. 

Mathias. 

Mathis. 

Mathous. 

Matte. 

Matteson. 

Mattliews. 

Matthiesen. 

Matz. 

Mauer. 

Maus. 

Alaxwell. 

May. 

Maybanks. 

Mayer. 

Mayerle. 

Mayne. 

Mead. 

Mcaglier. 

Meaney. 

Mecklenburg. 

Meehan. 

Meeker. 

Meggenburg. 

Meggison. 

Mehl. 

Mehlhop. 

Mehrl. 

Meier. 

Meinert. 

Meis. 

Meissner. 

Meister. 

Melclioir. 

Mellen. 

Melloy. 

Meloy. 

Mengis. 

Mentele. 

Mentz. 

Menzel. 

M(u-eness. 

Mergen. 

Merkes. 

Merriam. 

Merritt. 

Mersch. 

Merten. 

Mertes. 

Mertin. 

Mertlik. 

Martz. 

Merz. 

Mesliinger. 

Messerknecht. 

Messersmith. 

Messink. 

Messner. 



Messon. 

Metcalf. 

Mets. 

Mattel. 

Metz. 

Meuegain. 

Meuer. 

Meukel. 

Meurisse. 

Meuser. 

Meyer. 

Meyers. 

Michaels. 

Michel. 

Michels. 

Middendorf. 

Middleswortli. 

Middleton. 

Mihm. 

Mikesch. 

Milan. 

Millar. 

Millenberg. 

Miller. 

Mlllerleily. 

Millheim. 

Millohlen. 

Milligan. 

Mlllius. 

Mills. 

Mjndorfer. 

Miner. 

Minerd. 

Minert. 

Minges. 

Minium. 

Mink. 

Minney. 

Mitchell. 

Mltzner. 

Moad. 

Maon. 

Moch. 

Meckel. 

Moehl. 

Moer. 

MoTey. 

Moes. 

Moesinger. 

Moffat. 

Mohr. 

Moir. 

Molitor. 

Mollart. 

MoUoy. 

Mole. 

Moloney. 

Molumby. 

Monalian. 

Monger. 

Mont. 

Monteith. 

Montgomery. 

Montz. 

Moody. 

Moon. 

Mooney. 

Moore. 

Moran. 

Morgan. 

Morarity. 

Moritz. 

Morley. 

Morphew. 

Morrill. 

Morris. 

Morrison. 

Morrissey. 



^80 



THE DAILY TELEGRAPH-HERALD^^ 



xvlorrow. 


Nehls. 


ODea. 


Ouellett. 


..J orse. 


Neill. 


O'iJonnell. 


uwle. 


Mersey. 


Is'eilson. 


O'Donoghue. 


Owston. 


JViosbauer. 


Nejedly. 


O' Far r ell. 




Moschin. 


Nell. 


U Gorman. 


F. 


Moser. 


Nellis. 


U' Grady. 


Paar. 


M osgrove. 


iSelson. 


O'llagen. 


Packer, 


Moss. 


Nesen. 


O'Halloran. 


Paczoch. 


Most. 


Nesler. 


O'Hara. 


Pagan. 


Motsch. 


Neu. 


O'Hare. 


Page. 


M otter. 


Neubauer. 


O'Hea. 


Paine. 


Motulsky. 


Neubold. 


O'Hearn. 


Paisley. 


Mould. 


Neuhaus. 


0'L.aughlin. 


I'alen. 


Moulton. 


Neuman. 


O'Leary. 


Paley. 


Mount. 


Neumann. 


O -Lougnlen. 


Pulrn. 


Moy. 


Neumeister. 


O'Maliey. 


Palmer. 


Moyer. 


Neumiller. 


OMeara. 


Pais. 


Moyes. 


Neuwoehner. 


O'Neil. 


Pancratz. 


Muecke. 


Nevins. 


O'Heagan. 


Pape. 


MuehL 


Newburgh. 


O -Rourke. 


Papenthien. 


.Muekel. 


Newell. 


O'Shea. 


Parquette. 


Mueller. 


Newman. 


O' Toole. 


Parker. 


Muellerleily. 


Newmeyer. 




Parkhurst. 


ivj uellich. 


Ney. 


O. 


Parkin. 


iviuennig. 


Neyens. 




Parks. 


Muenster. 


Nicholas. 


Oakleaf. 


Parlin. 


Muesse. 


Nicholls. 


Oakley. 


Parmelee. 


Mugli. 


Nichols. 


Oaks. 


Parmlee. 


Muir. 


Nickels. 


Oatey. 


Parnell. 


Mulflnger. 


Nickloas. 


Ober. 


Parr. 


Mulgrew. 


Nicks. 


Oberhoffer. 


Parsons. 


Mulnolland. 


Nicol. 


Ocker. 


Pasbach. 


Mulkern. 


Nicoll. 


Ode. 


Patch. 


iVlullady. 


Niedermyer. 


Odell. 


Patey. 


Mullally. 


Nienstedt. 


Odermatt. 


Patsche. 


Mnllane. 


Nieter. 


Oertly. 


Patscheider 


Mullany. 


Nigg. 


Oestnnger. 


Patterson. 


Mullen. 


Nigntingale. 


Oeth. 


Pattie. 


iuullenberg. 


Nihill. 


Off. 


Paul. 


iVi uUigan. 


Niles. 


Offerman. 


Paulding. 


MuUin. 


Nilles. 


Ogelvie. 


Paule. 


Mulqueeny. 


Nimrick. 


Ogilby. 


Paulson. 


Mulroy. 


Nipp. 


Oglesby. 


Paulus. 


M ulvey. 


Nissle. 


Ohde. 


Pauly. 


Munch. 


Nitterauer. 


Ohlandt. 


Pautz. 


Muncy. 


Nitzsche. 


Ohlekopf. 


Pauw. 


Mundt. 


Nix. 


Ohmert. 


Pawlaczky. 


Munn. 


Noe. 


Ohnesorge. 


Payne. 


Munro. 


Noel. 


Oldham. 


Paxton. 


Munsch. 


Noesen. 


Oidridge. 


Payton. 


Munsell. 


Nohe. 


Olds. 


Peabody. 


Muntz. 


Nolan. 


Oldt. 


Peacock. 


Murphy. 


Nolte. 


Oleson. 


Pearce. 


Murray. 


Nolting. 


Olinger. 


Peaslee. 


Muschitsch. 


Noonan . 


Oliver. 


Peat. 


Mussehl. 


Noone. 


Oiler. 


Peck. 


Mutschler. 


Norman. 


Olsen. 


Pedersen. 


Myers. 


Norris. 


Olson. 


Pedretti. 




North. 


Oneyear. 


Peed. 


N. 


Ncrthey. 


Oppelt. 


Pegel. 




Northup. 


Organ. 


Peiffer. 


Nachbaur. 


Norton. 


Orr. 


Peil. 


Nagel. 


Nowashek. 


Orrick. 


Pein. 


Nag-ele. 


Nowlin. 


Orsinger. 


Penberthy. 


Nagelmaker. 


Noyes. 


Orton. 


Penfield. 


Nagle. 


Nunan. 


Ortscheid. 


Penn. 


Narin. 


Nurse. 


Orvis. 


Penning. 


Nank. 


Nusbauni. 


Osboi^n. 


Perkins. 


Nash. 


Nutt. 


Osel. 


Perleth. 


Naslund. 


Nutz. 


Oser. 


Perry. 


Nattrass. 




Oster. 


Pertjens. 


Naumann. 


O'. 


Osterberger. 


Peryon. 


Nead. 




Ostrem. 


Peschang. 


Neary. 


O'Brien. 


Oswald. 


Peter. 


Needham. 


OCallaghan. 


Otley. 


Feterka. 


Neenan. 


O'Connell. 


Ott. 


Petermann. 


Neese. 


O'Connor. 


Otto. 


Peters. 



Petersen. 

Peterson. 

Petry. 

Petsch. 

Petty. 

Peusch. 

Pfaff. 

Pfeffer. 

Pfeiffer. 

Pfersch. 

Ptiffner. 

Pfohl. 

Pfotzer. 

Phelan. 

Phelps. 

Phlllipp. 

Phillips. 

Phllpot. 

Phoeny. 

Pickery. 

Pickett. 

Pickety. 

Pickley. 

Pickup. 

Pieffer. 

Piekenbrock. 

Pieples. 

Pier. 

Pierce. 

Piersol. 

Pierson. 

Pihart. 

Pike. 

Pile. 

Pilkington. 

Pillard. 

Pilmaier. 

Piltz. 

Pilz. 

Pinch. 

Pinger. 

Pinnell. 

Pinsch. 

Plrkl. 

Pitschner. 

Pitts. 

Fitzen. 

Plalster. 

Plamondon. 

Plasch. 

Piatt. 

Plein. 

Plesser. 

Pletchett. 

Pline. 

Ploeger. 

Plondke. 

Pluym. 

Pochter. 

Poeckes. 

Pohl. 

Poire. 

Pollard. 

Pollin. 

Pollock. 

Polmyer. 

Folsean. 

Pomeroy. 

Pontius. 

Poole. 

Poor. 

Popel. 

Popp. 

Porter. 

Portland. 

Post. 

Fostlewaite. 

Potgeter. 



HISTORY OF IOWA AND COUNTY DIRECTORY. 



281 



Rath. 

Katz. 

Rauch. 

Rausch. 

1,'autenkranz. 

Ravers. 

Raw. 

Rawlings. 

Rawson. 

Raxworthy. 

Rayhouser. 

Raymond. 

Reagan. 

Reamer. 

Reardon. 

Reavell. 

Rebman. 

Roche. 

Rechsteiner. 

Rack. 

Recker. 

Reckord. 

Redd. 

Reddin. 

Reding. 

Redman. 

Redmond. 

Redo. 

Reed. 

Reeder. 

Regan. 

Regent. 

Reger. 

Reh. 

Rehbaum. 

Rehder. 

Rtlifeldt. 

Reibert. 

Reich. 

Reichmann. 

Reid. 

Reisteck. 

Re; ley. 

Reilley. 

Reimann. 

Reinecke. 

Reinert. 

Reinfried. 

Reinhard. 

Reinicke. 

Reinker. 

Reinold. 

Reis. 

Reisch. 

Rellihan. 

Remington. 

Remackel. 

Remus. 

Remy. 

Rcnnacker. 

Renk. 

Reno. 

Repphun. 

Resek. 

Retallick. 

Rettenmaier. 

Retz. 

Reu. 

Reuschel. 

Renter. 

Revenig. 

Reving. 

Rey. 

Reynolds. 

Reehl. 

Rheinfrank. 

Rhomberg. 



Rlioner. 

Rice. 

Rich. 

Ricliard. 

Richards. 

Richardson. 

Richert. 

Richman. 

Richey. 

Richter. 

Richwick. 

Rickard. 

Rickauer. 

Ricketts. 

Rickey. 

Rickliff. 

Riddell. 

Rider. 

Rieck. 

Rieder. 

Riedi. 

Rieger. 

Riemann. 

Riepitsch. 

Ries. 

Rigdon. 

Riggers. 

Riggin. 

Riggs. 

Rigler. 

Riker. 

Riland. 

Riley. 

Ring. 

R-nk. 

Rinker. 

Rippe. 

Ris. 

Rischatsch. 

Risdon. 

Riss. 

Ritscher. 

Rittenburg. 

Riltenhouse. 

Ritter. 

Rittmier. 

Rivers. 

Roach. 

Robbins. 

Roberts. 

Robinson. 

Robison. 

Robothem. 

Roddy. 

Rodgers. 

Rodham. 

Roe. 

Roeber. 

Roedell. 

Roeder. 

Roediger. 

Roehl. 

Roehig. 

Roelle. 

Roepsch. 

Roesch. 

Roescheise. 

Roesner. 

Roeth. 

Rogan. 

Roger. 

Rogers. 

Roggensack. 

Rohlmann. 

Rohner. 

Rohr. 

Rokusek. 



Rolhns. 


St. 


Rolof. 




Romacker. 


Schaffhauser. 


Rome. 




Romig. 


S. 


Ronan. 




Rood. 


Saad. 


Roof. 


Saam. 


Rconey. 


Sachs. 


Roescamp. 


Sachsenmaier 


Roschi. 


Sack. 


Roschitsch. 


Sacks. 


Roscup. 


Sadler. 


Rose. 


Sadtler. 


Rosecrans. 


Saefkow. 


Rosemire. 


Sage. 


Rosenberg. 


Sagehorn. 


Rosenquist. 


Sahm. 


Rosenthal. 


Salot. 


Roshek. 


Salter. 


Roshon. 


Sr.mer. 


Ross. 


Sammis. 


Rossbach. 


Samson. 


Rosser. 


Samuel. 


Rosskopp. 


Sander. 


Rost. 


Sanders. 


Roth. 


Sanderson. 


Roths. 


Sandry. 


Rottler. 


Sandusky. 


Rcurke. 


Sanner. 


Rowan. 


Sargent. 


Rowe. 


Sartor. 


Rowell. 


Sass. 


Rowland. 


Satterbee. 


Royce. 


Sauer. 


Rnbeck. 


Saul. 


Robertson. 


Saunders. 


Rubel. 


Sause. 


Rubesky. 


Savage. 


Ruchte. 


Savary. 


Rudd. 


Sawistowsky. 


Ruddy. 


Sawyer. 


Rudersdorf. 


Sax. 


Rudolph. 


Scanlan. 


Rue. 


Scarry. 


Ruebig. 


Schaal. 


Ruegnitz. 


Schaan. 


Ruehl. 


Schab. 


Ruete. 


Schadle. 


Rueter. 


Sohaedler. 


Ruff. 


Schaefer. 


Ruh. 


Schaeffer. 


Ruhland. 


Schaefle. 


Ruley. 


Schaettgen. 


Rummel. 


Schaetzle. 


Rumpf. 


Schaffert. 


Rumple. 


Scliaffhauser. 


Rumsey. 


Schaffner. 


Runde. 


Schaller. 


Runyon. 


Schamaun. 


Ruof. 


Sohammel. 


Rupert. 


Schanderl. 


Rupp. 


Schank. 


Rupprecht. 


Scharff. 


Rusch. 


S( hargitz. 


Rush. 


Scharle. 


Russ. 


Scharping. 


Russell. 


Scharry. 


Russo. 


Schauer. 


Russow. 


Scheckel. 


Rust. 


Scheeler. 


Ruston. 


Srheibe. 


Ruthop. 


Sheidecker. 


Rutland. 


Schell. . 


Ruzeaka. 


Rchellenberg. 


Ryan. 


Scheller. 


Ryder. 


Scbenker. 



282 



THE DAILY TELEGRAPH-HERALD'S 



Schenkowitz. 

Scheppele. 

Schorer. 

Scherlin. 

Scherr. 

Sherrer. 

Schetgen. 

Scheuer. 

Schick. 

Schiel. 

Schiesl. 

Schilds. 

Schilhavy. 

Schill. 

Schilling-. 

Schilsky. 

Schiltz. 

Schindhelm. 

Schindler, 

Schirmer. 

Schlamp. 

Sohleg-el. 

Schlenke'r. 

Schloeder. 

Schlosser. 

Schloz. 

Schlueter. 

Schmalz. 

Sohmeidel. 

Schmelz. 

Schmerbach. 

Schmickle. 

Schmid. 

Schmidt. 

Schmit. 

Schmitt. 

Schmittmann. 

Schmitz. 

Schmuck. 

Schnack. 

Schnee. 

Schneering. 

Schneider. 

Schneller. 

Schneuer. 

Schnoor. - 

Schnur. 

Schobert. 

Schoch. 

Schockneth. 

Schoeber. 

Schoenbeck. 

Schoenberger. 

Schoenleber. 

Schoentgen. 

Schoenthal. 

Schofetel. 

Schillian. 

Scholz. 

Schon. 

Schonberger. 

Sohonfield. 

Schopseler. 

Schott. 

Schotter. 

Schoupe. 

Schrader. 

Srhrafl. 

Schrank. 

Schranz. 

Sr>hreiber. 

Sohreier. 

Schreiner. 

Schrempf. 

Sfhroeder. 

fichromen. 

Schroyer, 



Schrup. 
Schubert. 
Schublin. 
Schuckert. ' 
S(thueler. 
Schueller. 
Schuh. 
Schuller. 
"Schulte. 
Schulter. 
Schultz. 
Schulz. 
Schumacher. 
Schumann. 
Schumm. 
Schummer. 
Schunk. 
Schurtung. 
Schuster. 
Sclmtz. 
Schuyler. 
Schwab. 
Schwaegler. 
Schwarting. 
Schwartz. 
Schwarz. 
Schweigert. 
Schwendinger. 
Schv/erdt. 
Schwietering. 
Schwind. 
Schwinn. 
Schwirtz. 
Scollard. 
Scotch. 
Scott. 
Sear. 
Searles. 
Sears. 
Sea ton. 
Sebald. 
Sebek. 
Secrest. 
Seeber. 
Seeger. 
Seeley. 
Seemon. 
Siegfried. 
Segur. 
Seibel. 
Seibold. 
Seifert. 
Seit)T)el. 
Seiter. 
Seitz. 
Sleander. 
Selby. 
Selle. 
Sellers. 
Sclting. 
Seminarist. 
Semmert. 
Semper. 
Senti. 
Sessions. 
Seward. 
Sexsmith. 
Sexton. 
Seyler. 
Shabosky. 
Shaffer. 
Shambaugh. 
Shanahan. 
Shannon. 
Shattuck. 
Shaw. 



Shea. 

Sheedy. 

Sheehan. 

Sheldon. 

Sheppley. 

Sherbin. 

Sheridan. 

Sheriff. 

Sherk. 

Sherman. 

Sherwood. 

Shetler. 

Shields. 

Shine. 

Shinn. 

Shipton. 

Shiras. 

Shirley. 

Shoeinaker. 

Short. 

Shorten. 

Shorts. 

Sbuman. 

Shupoa. 

Shurley. 

Shutts. 

Sibert. 

Sichting. 

Sickel. 

Sieber. 

Siege. 

Siegele. 

Siegelmeyer. 

Siegrist. 

Siegwarth. 

Si e vers. 

Sigmann. 

Sigmund. 

Sill. 

Silvers. 

Silzer. 

Simmers. 

Simmons. 

Simon. 

Simones. 

Simons. 

Simplot. 

Simpson. 

Sims. 

Sinclair. 

Sinderdorf. . 

Singer. 

Singleton. 

Sir.grin. 

Sin hold. 

Sippel. 

Sirtl. 

Sisler. 

Sisson. 

Sitmann. 

Sitt. 

Sitterlv. 

Skelton. 

Skemn. 

Slack." 

Slade. 

Slater. 

Slattery. 

Sleight. 

Slimmer. 

Slick. 

Slr.an. 

Sloane. 

Slocum. 

Small. 

Smart. 

Smead. 



Smedley. 

Smice. 

Smith. 

Smitherum. 

Smock. 

Smyth. 

S'larr. 

Snow. 

Sn^'der. 

S.-.hl. 

Soldner. 

Somerville. 

Sommer. 

Sommerfield. 

Sommerville. 

Sonnenberg. 

Soper.~ 

Sorel. 

Sorenson. 

Sorenberger. 

South. 

Southwell. 

Souvingner. 

Soyke. 

Sozke. 

Spahn. 

Sparks. 

Spaulding. 

Spautz. 

Spear. 

Spccht. 

Spellerberg. 

Spellman. 

Spencer. 

Spensley. 

Spichtig. 

Spiegelhalter. 

Spielbauer. 

Spielman. 

Spierings. 

Spies. 

Spoden. 

Spofford. 

Spoo. 

Sprague. 

Sprengelmeyer. 

Sprossman. 

Stabenow. 

Stack. 

Stafford. 

Staheli. 

Stable. 

Stahlschmidt. 

Stampfer. 

St and fuss. 

Staner. 

Stange. 

Stanger. 

Stanley. 

Stanton. 

Staples. 

Stapleton. 

Star. 

Starr. 

Statel. 

Slates. 

Staudacher. 

Staufenbeil. 

Staufle. 

Stedman. 

Slecher. 

Steckel. 

Steckline. 

Stedman. 

Steele. 

Steen. 

Stee-' 



Steffen. 

.Steffens. 

Steger. 

Stegmeier. 

Stegmeyer. 

Steible. 

SLeichen.- 

Steifbold. 

Steil. 

Steimetz. 

Stein. 

Steinberger. 

Sieiner. 

Steinhardt. 

Steinman. 

Sleinmayer. 

Steinmetz. 

Steiver. 

Stemm. 

Stemper. 

Stephan. 

Stephens. 

Stetler. 

Steuck. 

Steuer. 

Stevens. 

StevensoTi. 

Stewart. 

Stick. 

Sticklev. 

Steiber. 

Stiefel. 

Stierman. 

Stillman. 

Stillmunkes. 

Stine. 

Stines. 

Stitz. 

Stock. 

Stocks. 

Stockwell. 

Stoeffer. 

Stoffel. 

Stokely. 

Stolfman. 

Stoller. 

Stolteben. 

Stoltenberg. 

Stoltz. 

Stone. 

Stonebraker. 

Stoner. 

Stork. 

Storey. 

Stott. 

Stotz. 

Stouhl. 

Stout. 

Stower. 

Strader. 

Strahl. 

Strain. 

Straney. 

Straub. 

Strausbaugh. 

Strayer. 

Strazinsky. 

Strppt. 

Streif. 

Streinz. 

Strelau. 

Stereletzky, 

Slreuser. 

Stribley. 

Stringer. 

Strinskey. 

Strinsky. 



HISTORY OF IOWA AND COUNTY DIRECTORY. 



283 



Strite. 

Strobel. 

Strohmeier. 

Strohmeyer. 

Strothers. 

Strotz. 

Slrubel. 

Slrueber. 

Strunsk. 

Strungart. 

Struteman. 

Stuart. 

Stubenhaver. 

Stuber. 

Stuckey. 

Stiidia. 

Stumpf. 

Sturm. 

Styles. 

Suess. 

Sughroue. 

Suiker, 

Sullivan, 

Summerly. 

Sublimit. 

Sunderhaft. 

Sunderland. 

Sundermeyer. 

Sussman. 

Sutcliffe. 

Sutherland. 

Sutliff. 

Sutter. 

Sutton. 

Suverkrup. 

Swann. 

Swanson. 

Sviartz. 

Sweeney. 

Sveetman. 

Swenk. 

Swent. 

Swift. 

SwJtzer. 

S> kes. 

T. 

Taake. 

Tackeberry. 

Tacke. 

T;is-g-art. 

Tait. 

Taken. 

Tfilcott. 

Talmadg-e. 

Talty. 

Tamil n. 

Tamsett. 

Tang-eman. 

Tanner. 

Tapelt. 

Tarnutzer. 

Taschner. 

Tatto. 

Taylor. 

Teal. 

Teitzel. 

Telser. 

Temple. 

Tompus. 

Tench. 

Tenhaaf. 

Ternes. 

Terry. 

Tetzman. 

Texter. 



Thalhammer. 


Trautmann. 


V. 


Warde. 


Thani. 


Travis. 


Van Vleet. 


Ware. 


Tharp, 


Treanor. 


Van Wagenen. 




Thedinga. 


Tredway. 


Van Wie. 


Vaiaer. 


Theel. 


Treney. 


Van Winkle. 


Valant. 


Thein. 


Trenk. 


Vath. 


Valentine. 


Theiring-. 


Trenkle. 


Va\ighan. 


Vallaster. 


Theis. 


Tresidder. 


Vert. 


Valley. . 


Theisen. 


Tressel. 


Venn. 


Van, 


Theno. 


Treveiller. 


Verhoef. 


Van Cleve. 


Theobald. 


Trew. 


Vervals. 


Vanderberg. 


Thiede. 


Trewin, 


Vey. 


Vanderbilt. 


Thiel. 


Trexler. 


Vieth. 


Vandermillen. 


Thielen. 


Ti-ibby. 


Vietzen. 


Van Driel. 


Thiemig. 


Trick. 


Vitzthum. 


Van Duelmann 


Thill. 


Trieb. 


Voelker. 


Van Duzee. 


Thillman. 


Trieloff. 


Voellinger. 


Van Dyke. 


Thilmany. 


T'ligger. 


Voels. 


Van Haltern. 


Thiltgen. 


Trilk. 


Vogel. 


Van Horn. 


Thilton. 


Triller. 


Vogelsberg. 


Vitn Nest. 


Thimmesch. 


Trimpler. 


Vogenthaler. 


Vannetta, 


Thode. 


Tviugle. 


Voggenthaler. 


Van Pelt. 


Tboeni. 


Trmity. 


Vogler. 


Van Saun. 


Thomann. 


Tripp. 


Vogt. 


Van Valkenber 


Thomas. 


Tritz. 


Vogits. 


Van Vleck. 


Thome. 


Tromley. 


Volkert. 


Waring. 


Thompson. 


Tropf. 


Vollenweider. 


Warmington. 


Thomson. 


Trost. 


Vollmer. 


\A"arner. 


Thone. 


Trousdale. 


Vollrath. 


Warren. 


Thormann. 


T'lout. 


Voltz. 


AVashburn. 


Thornburg. 


Troy. 


Vonah. 


Wasser. 


T homely. 


Trudell. 


Von Berkel. 


Wasson. 


Thorpe. 


Trueb. 


Vonderheld. 


Waterman. 


Thorsten. 


Trumm. 


Von Meyer. 


AVaters. 


Thrift. 


Truog. 


Von Wald. 


Watie. 


Thurtell. 


Tschiggfrie. 


Vormann. 


Watkins. 


Thurtel. 


Tschirgi. 


Vcrnschlag. 


Watros. 


Tinkham. 


Tschohl. 


Vorwald. 


Watry. 


Thornton. 


Tschudi. 


Voss. 


Watson. 


Tibbals. 


Tubbs. 


Vuol. 


Watters. 


'i'ibey. 


Tuegel. 


Vyverberg. 


Wearmouth. 


Tice. 


T\ieting. 




Weatherby. 


Ticketts. 


TxxUy. 


W. 


Weating. 


Tiede. 


Tuma. 




Weaver. 


Tiedtke. 


Tummond. 


Wacha. 


Webb. 


Tiernan. 


Turcotte. 


Wachenheim. 


Webber. 


Tierney. 


Turner. 


Wachter. 


Weber. 


Timmerman. 


Turnev. 


Waddington. 


Weerz. 


Tiplady. 


Tut-hili. 


Wade. 


Weglau. 


TippeTippe. 


Tuttle. 


^^'adleigh. 


Welch. 


Tirebuck. 


Twaites. 


Wadley. 


Weidenbacher. 


Tjellden. 


Twig. 


Wfigener. 


Weidlich. 


Tobin. 


Tyler. 


Wagner. 


Weiermiller. 


Todd. 




Wahling. 


Wei gel. 


Toepel. 


U. 


Wahlitz. 


Weigele. 


Toll. 




Waite. 


Weihe. 


Tolson. 




Waldo. 


Weil. 


Tcmlinson. 


I'dall. 


^A'aldorf. 


Weilen. 


Tompkins. 


Tdelhoff. 


Wales. 


Weiler. 


Toner. 


T'lber. 


TValker. 


Weimer. 


Tenner. 


I'lm. 


AVall. 


Weimerskirch. 


Toomey. 


T^lmer. 


Wallace. 


Weinberg. 


Torbert. 


I'lrich. 


Waller. 


Weiner. 


Touhey. 


I'mbreit. 


Wallig. 


Weinhappel. 


Tounev. 


T^Tiderwood. 


Wallis. . 


Weinschenk. 


Touro. 


Ungs. 


Walsh. ■ 


Weipert. 


Tous.saint. 


T'nmacht. 


Walter. 


Weirich. 


Towner. 


T'pham. 


Walters. 


Weis. 


Tfjwnsend. 


T'rpinghouse. 


Walton. 


Weisbeck. 


Tracy. 


T'pton. 


Waltz. 


Weisinger. 


Trainor. 


T>bach. 


Walz. 


Weiss. 


Tranel. 


I^rback. 


Wamptch. 


Weisser. 


Trapp. 


Uriel. 


Wanchure. 


Weiter, 


Trash. 


I-tich. 


Wanderscheid. 


Weitz. 


Traub. 


mtley. 


Wanger. 


Weitzel. 


Trausch- 


inz. 


V/ansdorf. 


Weland. 


Traut. 


Utzig. 


Ward. 


Welbes. 



284 



THE DAILY TELEGRAPH-HERALD'S 



Welch, 

Welcher. 

Welker. 

Wellhoefer. 

Wellington, 

Wellman. 

Wells. 

Welsch. 

Welsh, 

V.'elter. 

Welting. 

Welty. 

Welu. 

Wendel. 

Wendt. 

AVenzel. 

Werb. 

Wernamont. 

Werner. 

Wertenbruch. 

Wertin. 

Wesselhoft. 

West. 

TVestaby. 

Westercamp. 

Westmark. 

Weston. 

Westphal. 

Wetherbee. 

Wetler. 

Wette. 

Wetter. 

Wexter, 

Whalen. 

Wharton. 

AVhatmore. 

\A"heat. 

Wheeler. 

Whelan. 

Whitby. 

Whitcomb, 

White. 

TA^hitney. 

Whittleton. 

Whittemore, 

Wick. 



Wickham. 


Wiltgen. 


W^olfram. 


Yungen. 


Widdop. 


Wilwert. 


Wollam. 


Yunker. 


Widmann. 


Wimmer. 


WoUer. 


Yurgans. 


Wiedeman. 


AVinall. 


Wolsey. 




Wiedemann. 


Winders. 


Wombacher. 


Z. 


AViederholt. 


Wineman. 


Womelsdorf. 




Wiederkehr. 


Winers. 


Wonderasek. 


Zach. 


Wiedmer. 


Wingert. 


Wood. 


Zachina. 


Wiedmeyer. 


Winkel. 


Wcodall. 


Zahn. 


Wiedner. 


Winkelhaus. 


Woodrich. 


Zangmeister. 


Wiegand. 


Winkelmann. 


Woodring. 


Zanuck. 


Wiegel. 


Winkler. 


Woodruff. 


Zapf. 


Wiegreffe. 


Winne. 


Woods. 


Zehendner. 


Wiehl. 


Winter. 


Woodson. 


Zehetner. 


Wieland. 


AVinthrop. 


Woodward. 


Zeldman. 


Wieneke. 


Wirth. 


Woolever. 


Zeig. 


Wiener. 


Wirtz. 


W^ool worth. 


Zeimet. 


Wienold. 


TS'irzbach. 


Wootton. 


Zeller. 


Wieser. 


Wise. 


Wratten. 


Zemanek. 


Wiest. 


Wisenborn. 


Wright. 


Zener. 


Wigton. 


Wisner. 


Wullweber. 


Zengel. 


Wilberding. 


Wissel. 


Wunder. 


Zenner. 


TAilbur. 


Wissing. 


Wunderlich. 


Zernecke. 


Wild. 


AA'itiiee. 


Wurst. 


Ziebach. 


Wildebour. 


Withers. 


Wurster. 


Ziegler. 


AA ilder. 


Wi throw. 


Wyatt. 


Zlepprecht. 


W^ildhaber. 


Witry. 


Wy brant. 


Ziereis. 


Wiley. 


Witt. 


Wykoff. 


ZiUig. 


Wilkins. 


Witte. 


Wylie. 


Zimmer. 


Wilkinson. 


A^'ittenberg. 


Wy;ner. 


Zimmerman. 


VA^ilky. 


Witter. 




Zindel. 


Will. 


Witting. 


Y. 


Zinermo. 


A^'illard. 


Wittmann. 




Zink. 


AVillea. 


Wittmer. 


Yall. 


Z^nn. 


Wilier. 


Wittstock. 


Yates. 


Zion. 


WiUging. 


Witty. 


Yeager. 


Zirbes. 


Williams. 


"U'odrich. 


Yelden. 


Zogg. 


Willis. 


Woerdehoff. 


Yenter. 


Zoller. 


Willmann. 


"V^'ogan. 


Yerger. 


Zollicoffer. 


Willmers. 


Wohlert. 


Yerk. 


Zollmann. 


Willmes. 


AA'olberg. 


Yingling. 


Zook. 


Willner. 


Wolcott. 


Yoder. 


Zuber. 


Willy. 


Wolf. 


Young. 


Zugenbuehler 


T^^ilmott. 


Wolff. 


Youngwirth. 


Zumhof. 


Wllsey. 


AVolfie. 


Yount. 


Zust. 


Wilson. 


Wolford. 


Yuen. 


Zwack. 



CLAYTON COUNTY 



POST OFFICE 



DIRECTORY 



190^ 



Comprising a Complete and Alphabetically Arranged List of 

Heads of all Families, Business and Professional Firms 

Residing in Clayton County and Receiving Mail 

through the Various Post Offices in 

this and Parts of Adjoining 

Counties. 



Also a Complete City Directory of the Towns of Edgewood, 

Elkader, Guttenberg, McGregor, Monona, North 

McGregor and Strawberry Point. 



Compiled by the 
DUBUQUE TELEGRAPH-HERALD 
For the Use and Benefit of its 
Subscribers. 



CLAYTON COUNTY. 

Historical Sketch. 



Named in honor of John Middleton Clayton, Senator from Dela- 
ware, who had rendered material assistance in the passage of the Wis- 
consin territorial bill, was constituted December 21, 1837. It was 
partly taken from Dubuque County, and its original boundaries in- 
cluded nearly all of northern Iowa, and the present State of Minnesota. 
Its northern boundary was the British possessions, now Manitoba. The 
present boundaries were established in 1847, Its first county seat was 
at Prairie La Porte on the site of the present city of Guttenberg. 

The second white settlement attempted within the limits of 
Iowa was in this county. In 1795, Bazil Giard, a French-American, ob- 
tained from the Lieutenant-Governor of Louisiana a grant to a tract 
of land known as the "Giard Tract," containing 5, SCO acres, located in 
the vicinity of the present village of Giard. When the United States 
acquired the great territory of Louisiana, in 1803, it recognized the 
Spanish grants and issued a patent to Giard. This was the first legal 
title to property in the limits of Iowa. 

The first election of county officers was held September 10, 1838, 
resulting in the election of the following: S. H. Masters, county judge; 
A. Kennedy, treasurer; P. Andros, recorder; John W. Griffith, sheriff 
and assessor; C. S. Edson, surveyor; J. B. Quigley, coroner; Wm. D. 
Grant, Robert Campbell and George Calvert, county commissioners. 
The first official business transacted by this newly organized govern- 
ment was at Prairie La Porte, on October 6, 1838. In 1844 the county 
seat was moved to the site of the present town of Garnavillo. From 
this time until 1860 the county seat was tossed about between the 
towns of Garnavillo, Guttenberg "and Elkader, as the voting powers of 
the people dictated, until it was finally located in the picturesque 
town of Elkader, where it now stands. 

Clayton County is divided into twenty-two townships, embracing 
about 714 square miles of territory. There are five different railroads, 
operated by the Chicago, Milwaukee and St. Paul railway company, so 
located as to accommodate every part of the county in the traffic of 
trade and travel, there being no farm in the county that is more 
than ten miles from a station. The county has a frontage of thirty- 
five miles on the Mississippi river, with a steamboat landing every 
few miles. A large number of young and thrifty towns have sprung 
up on its broad prairies and along the bank of the river, many of which 
have grown into cities of importance in every branch of trade and 
commerce. There is a large and extensive water-power utilized by 
some of the largest flouring mills in the State. 

There are 200 school houses, and these are so advantageously 
located that, with very few exceptions, no child has to travel over a 
mile to attend school. These buildings are durably built of the best 
material and are kept neat and clean inside and out under the super- 
intendence of the efficient public officer. Superintendent Adams. 

Broad highways checker the county in every direction, which are 
always kept in good repair, and so laid out as to accommodate every 



288 THE DAILY TELEGRAPH-HERALD'S 

farm and place of business. During the last few years a policy has 
been adopted of building permanent iron and stone bridges wherever 
a highway intersects a stream. The county has a large and commo- 
dious court house, and it owns and cultivates a fine nad very produc- 
tive poor farm with a newly erected hospital where the incurable in- 
sane receive the best of care. Notwithstanding these heavy outlays 
for roads, bridges and public buildings, the county is out of debt and 
its warrants are always at par. It can be safely asserted that Clayton 
County has more rich farmers and wealthy business men out of debt 
than any other county in the state, in proportion to population. 

Three principal streams, the Turkey, Little Turkey and Volga, with 
their innumerable tributaries course through the county from^a west- 
erly to an easterly direction affording an abundance of the purest 
water. Along either bank of these streams are belts of the finest 
woodlands to be found in the state, and these, in addition to what is 
called the Mississippi timber, give to the inhabitants of the county 
an abundance of cheap fuel and building material. The absence of the 
severe, damaging storms and cyclones that have passed so near but 
around this county is accounted for by this profusion of timber skirt- 
ing the many streams. There are numerous valuable water powers on 
every stream of any magnitude in the county, some of which are 
improved by very costly flouring mills and other manufacturing in 
dustries, but by far the greatest number are unimproved, and only 
awaiting the attention of the capitalist to convert them into utility. 

The geology of the county is the Lower Silurian, and the different 
formations of this system form steps several miles wide going west- 
ward from the Mississippi, each one of which is a watershed of its 
own, thus furnishing to nearly every forty acre tract a good spring 
of pure water nearly to the highest summit level of the undulating 
prairies. The last great flow of glacial drift that spreads over so 
much of the state passed around Clayton County, with the exception 
of a few sections in Cass Township, leaving nearly the whole of the 
county with an older clay-bed and soil than in other portions of the 
state, and free from gravel, sand and boulders. 

An assortment of the finest limestone can be found throughout 
the county; this, with the great banks of clay suitable for the manu- 
facture of brick and tile, furnishes the people with cheap and durable 
building material. In former years lead mining was carried on in 
various parts of the county with more or less success. On account of 
the low price of this mineral its production has been temporarily 
abandoned. 

The face of the land is a very rich, undulating prairie soil be- 
.tween the streams, very productive, and for the last half century has 
never suffered a single year from drouth or frost without producing 
a good crop of some valuable farm material. The temperature during 
the winter months is mild, there are occasionally a few days in some 
winters when the mercury will drop down to 30, but rarely to 40 de- 
grees, usually it is about zero. The many belts of timber along the 
streams shelter the whole county from the severe cold waves that 
affect other less favored portions of the state. 

The farming products consist of wheat, corn, oats, potatoes, barley, 
flax, live stock, and dairy products. Immense creameries have been 
established and are in operation in nearly every village and town in 
the county, producing a grade of butter and cheese which brings the 
highest price in eastern cities. The rolling condition of much of its 
soil produces the finest and richest pasturage for thousands of beef 
cattle which are annually raised and shipped to other markets. 

County fairs are held annually in many of the towns, at which the 



HISTORY OF IOWA AND COUNTY DIRECTORY. 289 

farmers take pride in competing with one another in the display of the 
products of their farms. These fairs, well conducted and liberally 
patronized, enjoy a high state of prosperity. At these exhibitions may 
be seen the finest and richest productions of the soil that can be found 
anywhere in America. Also from seven to ten thousand pleasant and 
smiling agriculturalists of the most intelligent character. 

The intellectual people of the county support many newspapers. 
Nearly every town has one or more weekly publications, all enjoying 
a liberal support from business advertisers and subscribers. The estab- 
lishment of the rural free mail delivery and the installation of an 
universal telephone system throughout the county have added much 
to the pleasures of farm life, and are aiding in elevating the intellectual 
and business instinct of the farmer above the plane of the average 
city inhabitant. 

In consequence of the high elevation, the pure water, the perfect 
drainage, the variable winds, there are no malarial diseases among 
the people, and cases of fever and ague are totally unknown, except 
a few cases during certain times of the year in the low lands along " 
the Mississippi river. The population of the county according to the 
census of 1905 is 26,819. 



—^i 




'i^3^^^- 



290 THE DAILY TELEGRAPH-HERALD'S 



COUNTY GOVERNMENT, 1905. 

Court House, Elkader, Iowa, 



COUNTY OFFICERS. 

Auditor— THOMAS L. HARVEY. 

Deputy Auditor— OTTO GERMER. 

Clerk District Court— RAY WEBB. 

Deputy Clerk— PETER WHITE. 

Recorder— JAMES E. WEBB. 

Sheriff— MARTIN DITTMER. 

Deputy Sheriff— PATRICK J. RYAN. 

Treasurer — WM. F. REINEKE. 

Deputy Treasurer— JOHN G. HAGENSICK. 

Attorney— MARTIN X. GESKE. 

Surveyor — OLE OLSON. 

Superintendent of Schools— CHARLES J. ADAMS. 

Coroner — WM. J. BEERMAN. 

Steward of Poor Farm— THOMAS F. KELLEHER. 

Janitor Court House— JAMES CANADA. 

Board of Supervisors— S. H. F. SCHOULTE, Chairman, Route 2, Mc- 
Gregor. 

A. S. HOUG, Route 2, Elgin. ! 

L. S. FISHER, Route 1, Edgewood. 

Clerk of Board— County Auditor THOMAS L. HARVEY, Elkader. \ 

Commission of Insanity— President, GEO. H. FLETCHER. 

Clerk Ex-Officio— RAY WEBB. 

Commissioner— H. S. PATTERSON, M. D. 
\ 

DISTRICT COURT. 

Thirteenth Judicial District. Counties — Allamakee, Chickasaw, Clay- 
ton, Payette, Howard, Winneshiek. 

Judges— HON. L. E. FELLOWS, Lansing; HON. A. N. HOHSON, West 
Union. 

Reporters— H. B. CROSBY, Decorah; W. W. COMSTOCK, Fayette. 



HISTORY OF IOWA AND COUNTY DIRECTORY. 



291 



ARLINGTON POST OFFICE 



Andrea, Conrad. 
Andrea, George. 
Andrea, Sebald. 
Benson, George." 
Eckheart, George. 
Eckheart, W. H. 
Pitzgibbons, A. R 
Fitzgibbons, Eugene. 



(Fayette County) 

Fox, B. K. 
Fox, Daniel. 
Fox, J. G. 
Fulner, Edward. 
Hopp, John. 
Koeliler, Sigmund. 
O'Brion, Wm. 
Oldfather, Joseph. 



Putnam, Elliott. 
St. John David 
Thompson W. D. 
Walters Earl 
Walters, Elmer. 
Walters, George. 
Wellorton, Robert. 



BUELAH POST OFFICE 

A small town on the main branch of the Iowa and Dakota Division 
of the C, M. & St. P. Railway, nineteen and one-half miles from Blkader, 
the county seat, and five and one-half miles from Monona, the nearest 
banking point. Junction of the Elkader branch of C, M. & St. P. Popu- 
lation 25. U. S. Express. W. U. Telegraph. 



R. R. Russell, P. M. 

Chapck, James. 
Cunningham, Patrick. 
Curtin, John. 
Doody, Daniel. 
Kinney, Patrick. 
Klimea, Frank. 



Lestina, Frank. 
Lestina, Frank A. 
Lestina, F. E. 
Lestina, Joseph. 
Lestina, J. F. 
Lotza, Joseph. 
McCv.en, James. 



Marrovitz, Anton. 
Miller, Frank. 
Papacek, Thom^as. 
Sumak, Henry. 
Tayek, Frank. 



CLAYTON POST OFFICE 

Located on the C, M. & St. P. Railway, and on the Mississippi River, 
sixteen miles northeast of Elkader, the county seat, forty-four miles north- 
west of Dubuque, and nine miles south of McGregor, the nearest banking 
point. Ships grain, live stock, sand, wood and lumber. Population 150. 
U. S. Express. W. U. Telegraph. Telephone connections. 



Wm. H. Beacom, P. M. 
Mrs. W. H. Beacom, 
Asst. 

Alt, Charles. 
Alt, Hermxan. 
Alt, Louis. 
Anderson, August. 
Baldwin, A. W. 
Barr, Frank. 
Barr, Fred. 
Beacom, George. 
Beacom, "Wm. 
Beckett, S. P. 
Beckett Wm. 
Blake, A. L. 
Blake, Stephen. 
Bothrr.er, C. W. 
Bothmer, Henry C. 
Broderick, Thomas. 
Brown, D. P. 
Brown, John. 



Buhlman, J. H. 
Burghardt, George. 
Carrier, Fred. 
Christ, Charles. 
Christ, Lorenz. 
Christ Lorenz Jr. 
Claus, Oscar. 
Clouse, Louis. 
Crefeid, Charles. 
Dehn, John A. 
Durham, J. W. 
Duwe, William. 
Eggleston, Charles A. 
Engler, Charles. 
Engler, Louis. 
Fehlhafer, Charles. 
Fehlhafer, Edward. 
Fehlhafer, Fritz. 
Fiscb.er, Fred. 
Fischer, Henry. 
Fischer, George. 



Fischer, Wm. 
Frantz, George. 
Franz, Albert. 
Franz, George. 
Franz, George Jr. 
Fritz, Henry. 
Gilson, Patrick. 
Goss, Frank. 
Grouney, James. 
GroY/ney, John. 
Growney, J. W. 
Growney, Mishael. 
Growney, Owen. 
Hanschen, John. 
Hanschen, Victor C. 
Hav/kins, A. 
Hayden, Richard. 
Hayes, Clifford. 
Hayes, James. 
Jerome, Walter E. . 
Jenkins, G. W. 



292 



THE DAILY TELEGRAPH-HERALD'S 



Jost, Benjamin. 
Jost, Jacob. 
Kleinhaus, Fred. 
Kriesler, Fred. 
Lane, A. 
Lossing, John. 
Liters, H. J. 
McGoon, diaries D. 
Maker, Charles. 
Maker, Frank. 
Meder, Edv/ard. 
Meehan, James. 
Meehan, Richard. 



Meehan, Wm. 
Merle, John P. 
Mueller, F. Henry. 
Nichols, Charles. 
Osthoff, Edward. 
Ousley Isaac 
Ousiey, Frank. 
Pace, GranL 
Parker, Fred. 
Poesch, Henry F. 
Poesch, V/m. 
Robinson, Forest. 
Schafer, Herman. 



Sharp, Henry. 
Shepherd, Wm. 
Shepherd, Wm. S. 
Stearns, Charles D. 
Strukhoff, W. 
Teufert, John. 
TiKchler Paul. 
Tonnar, Wm. 
Tuecke, John^ 
Tuecke, Otto, 
Tuecke, Wm. 
Van Staden, John. 



CLERMONT POST OFFICE 

(Fayette County) 



Everson, Ever A. 
Gordon, William. 
Larson, N. N. 



Xygaard, Hans. 
Olson, Halvor* M. 



Steinerson, G. 
Westrick, Martin. 



COLESBURG POST OFFICE 



Barnhart, C. D. 
Barnhart, Wm. 
Barnhart, W. C. 
Blaker, John W. 
Brockmeier, J. H. 
Brown, Frank. 
Brown, Jacob H. 
Brown, John C. 
Brown, Joseph W. 
Chambers, Charles. 
Chambers, George. 
Davis, Thomas H. 
Flascher, C. F. 
Flascher, G. H. 
Flenniken, R. B. 
Flenniken, S. W. 
Franks, Michael. 



(Delaware County) 

Kurrelmeyer, H. G. 
Garlow, F. M. 
Gull, Arthur G. 
Gull, John O. 
Gull, R. A. 
Hall, D. H. 
Hammond, B. W. 
Ha.mmond, O. B. 
Harris, Freeman H. 
Henry, Frank. 
Henry, James. 
Henry, Peter. 
Hyde, Edward. 
Irinscher, Emil F. 
Keck, Bernard. 
Keneke, Herman. 
Kenton, E. A. 



Livingston, Amos. 
McDowell, John. 
Page, W. S. 
Peck, R. M. 
Phelps, A. H. 
Phelps, C. E. 
Phelps, Wilburn. 
Ridenour, E. S. 
Schwantes, Paul. 
Shaw, George W. 
Shaw, George W., Jr. 
Smith, C. M. 
Smith, James E. 
Tweedie, George W. 
Wessel, Henry. 



EAST ELKPORT POST OFFICE 

On the east side of the Turkey River and on the Volga branch of the 
C, M. &. St. P. Railway, forty-three miles northwest of Dubuque, and 
thirteen miles southeast of Elkader, the county seat, and adjacent to Elk- 
port, its banking point. Population 135. U. S. Express. W. U. Tele- 
graph. Telephone connections. 

Conrad Schnepf, P. M. 
Henry C. Schnepf, Asst. 

Baker, Charles. 
Barrett, Alfred. 



Barrett, Edgar. 
Barrett, George. 
Barrett, George H. 
Barrett, James. 
""iSarrett, Lester. 



Berns, Henry. 
Berns, Peter. 
Berns, Theodore. 
Bickford, Dell. 
Brandtman, C. F. 
Eurgin, Lester. 
Buschkofsky, Robert. 
Chaliand, Henry L. 
Curler, J. C. 



Dannenbring, Henry. 
Dannenbring, Louis. 
Davis, James. 
Doi-an, J. P. 
Downey, James. 
Ehlenfelt, Christ. 
Feidt, John. 
Flaherty, Mary A. 
Fritz, August. 



HISTORY OF IOWA AND COUNTY DIRECTORY. 



293 



Fritz, Henry. 
Gerloff, Fred. 
Goodsel, S. M. 
Grace, John. 
Graff, F. W. 
Gray, J. A. 
Haack, Henry. 
Haack, Henr5^ Jr. 
Hammond, Burt. 
Hammond, G, W. 
Hannaman, H. J. 
Hansel, David E. 
Hansel, George. 
Hansel, George W. 
Hansel, Ira A. 
Hansel, Jacob. 
Hansel, Japen. 
Hansel, John H. 
Hansel, Lyman. 
Hansel, Nelson L. 
Hansel, Strother. 
Hansel, Wm. J. 
Harbaugh, Jeff. 
Harbaug-h, Joseph. 
Hayes, Thomas. 
Heinricks, Dora. 
Horstman, Fred. C. 
Horstman, Wm. 
Jaeger, Peter. 
Jennings, Ed. C. 
Jennings, J. H. 
Xruse, Herman. 



Lindenberg, Henry. 
Lutje, Charles. 
Lutje, Clans. 
Lutje, John. 
McDonald, Alex. 
McDonald, Irving. 
McDov/ell, Joseph. 
McGa,rvey, Charles. 
McLane, James. 
McLane, Wm. 
Morley, C. W. 
Noggle, Thomas. 
Neuhring, E. F. 
Neuhring, Henry. 
O'Connor, M. J. 
Oehrle, Christ. 
Ortman, Fred. 
Purman, John. 
Purman, P. B. 
Reid, J. C. 
Reil, Herman. 
Reil. John. 
Ridenour, James. 
Ridenour Richard 
Sandusky, A. W. 
Sangston J. F. 
Sangston, Wm.. B. 
Schnepf, Conrad. 
Schnepf, H. C. 
Schultz, Herman. 
Schweickert, John. 
Seward, G. N. 



Smith, Asa. 
Smith, Reuben F. 
Stiefel, Christian. 
Stone, F. A. 
Stroube, Rudolph. 
Swisher, Mrs. Mary. 
Thayer, Polk. 
Thein, Jacob. 
Thein, Joseph. 
Thein, Joseph L. 
Thein, Mark. 
Thein, Peter. 
Thien, A. H. 
Thien, Michael. 
Towle, B. A. 
Voss, Henry. 
Voss, Joseph. 
Walters, A. J. 
Walters, J. G. 
Waterman, Henry E. 
Waterman, "Wm. 
Wathen, Burt. 
Wathen F. J. 
Wathen "Wm. 
White, George. 
Winch, Ernst. 
Woods, C. E. 
Zearley, John H. 
Zearley. L. A. 
Zittergruen, Charles. 



EDGEVVOOD POST OFFICE 

(Inside Town) 
An enterprising town on the Cedar Rapids and Calmar branch of the 
! C, M. & St. P. Railway, part in Clayton and part in Delaware county. 
It is eighteen miles south of Elkader, the county seat, and seven south- 
east of Strawberry Point. Has two churches, a public school, and a bank. 
Population 585. U. S. Express. W. U. Telegraph. Telephone connec- 
tions. 



Sears T. Richards, P. M. 
Miss Verda L. Hill, Asst. 
Arthur, Alfred J. 
Ashline, George. 
Bacon, W"m. E. 
Barr, George. 
Basquin, Francis. 
Basquin, Wm. 
Beyer, Charles E. 
Beyer, Henry F. 
Bixby, Ransom J. 
Blachley, Mrs. Hulda. 
Blanchard, Charles. 
Blanchard, Lewis, M. D. 



Blanchard, Louis B. 
Borton, Arthur. 
Branch Fred E. 
Brov.-n, George 11. 
Burgin, Ellen. 
Clem.ens, Lincoln. 
Combs, Job A. 
Cook Martin S. 
Coolidge, Abbie. 
Coolidge, Doc. 
Coolidge, Verd. J. 
Coolidge Zenus G. 
Coolidge & Barr. 
Cooper, Hiram L. 



Cree, Wm. W. 
Dearth, Mrs. Eliza. 
Densmore, Anton. 
Densmore, Frank. 
Densmore, Fred. A. 
Densmore, George. 
Donaldson, E. S. 
Duncan, Wm. F. 
Durston, Elmer E. 
Duscheng, Nicholas. 
Easton, Waldron. 
Eaton, Henry R. 
Eckert, Charles E, 
Eckert, Elmer E. 



294 



THE DAILY TELEGRAPH-HERALD'S 



Eckert, Emily. 
Elliot, Alvorn J. 
Firman, Royal E. 
Fisher, Thomas. 
Fisher, Vernon V. 
Fleming, George W. 
Flenniken, J. Frank. 
Forward, Joseph W. 
Galer D. F. 
Garrison, Vernon L. 
Garrison, Wm. H. 
Gates, Elijah. 
Gates, George E. 
Gates, Isaac. 
Gilchrist, A. W. 
Gilchrist, "Wm. E. 
Glazier, Adelbert. 
Glazier, Anna. 
Glazier, Delbert S. 
Glazier, George G. 
Hageman, John. 
Halfhill, George. 
Hall, Frank A. 
Hammond, Alex. D. 
Hammond, Charles. 
Hammond, Hannah. 
Ham.mond, Mrs. Sarah. 
Hanson, Ed. B., M. D. 
Harris, Irvin N. 
Hatch, Austin P. 
Hatfleld, Edv/ard. 
Hatfield, Sophia, 
Hawley, Mrs. Cynthia. 
Hays, G. W. 
Heatly, Rev. Frank T. 
Hesner, Charles F. 
Hesner, Henry. 
Hill, Edv/ard H. 
Hill, Mary A. 
Hindal, John C. 
Hooker, Robert. 
Hotel Richards. 
Hubbell, Alonzo D. 
Hnbbell, Lewis. 
Ingersoll, Joseph. 
Interstate Telephone Co. 
James, Henry E. 
James, Jefferson. 
James, Lavina. 
Jones, George S. 
JORUNAL (THE) 
King, Mary J. 
Kirk & Hatch. 
Kirk, John C. 
Klotzbach, Emory. 
Knickerbocker, John. 



Kramer, Wm. 
Kriebs, Frank D. 
Lain, Emily T. 
Lain, Ernest Q. 
Lamphiear, Charles H. 
Lillibridge, Oren S. 
Lundin, Gustave W. 
Lynde, George W. 
McDonald, James. 
McGarvey, Arthur. 
McGarvey, Henry M. 
McMahan, James. 
McMillan, Catharine. 
Madison, Curtis B. 
Madison, Lee C. 
Mad' son, Wm. C. 
Masters, Harry. 
Maxson, Christian S. 
May, Frank H. 
May, Orinda. 
Mellen, Myron M. 

Minkler, Alanson L. 

Mitchell, James C. 

Mulvaney, John. 

Newman Millard M., M. 
D. 

Noble Ed. L. 

Noble, Eliza J. 

Noble, Evlon L. 

Noble, Mrs. Ida. 

Noble, Rose. 

Orcutt, Abiel N. 

Orcutt, Charles H. 

Parson, Morgan. 

Peck, Miss Tid. 

Peet, C. T. 

Peet, Floyd A. 

Peet, Frederick B. 

Peet, John L. 

Peet, Rebecca. 

Perry, Amos. 

Peter, Carl. 

Richards, Emily. 

Richards, John A. 

Richards, Sears T. 

Richards, W. Earl. 

Robinson Frank 

Robinson, James M. 

Robinson, Sherd W. 

Robinson, Wm. D. 

Robison, James H. 

Rosenkrans, Hezekiah. 

Rosenkrans, Jane. 

Royden, Fred. 

Royden, Fred W. 

Ryan, Mary J. 



Sadler. George. 

Schacherer, Joseph. 

Scovel, Nancy. 

Sevey, John O. '| 

Seward, George W. ;i 

Shaffer, Bert. 

Shaffer, Edgar B. 



Sherman, John. 
Shipton, Philip C. 
Sickles, Daniel E. 
Sim, Mrs. Maria. 
Smith, Alvina. 
Smith, Ashley L. 
Smith, B. H. 
Smith, Charles A. 
Smith, C. P. 
Smith, Cynthia. 
Smith, Daniel A. 
Smith, Dv/ight T. 
Smith, Howard A. 
Smith, Mary Ette. 
Smith, Mrs. Neva. 
Snover, Wm. 
State Bank of Edgewood 
Steele, Almond W. 
Steele, John. 
Steele, Margaret. 
Steele, Wm. W. 
Stone, Charles H. 
Stone, Myron L. 
Story, Charles B. 
Thing, Rev. Milo J. P. 
Thurber, J. S. 
Tinker, F. B., D. D. S. 
Todd, Charles S. 
Tomkins, Ira. 
Tomkins, Wm. M. 
Towslee, Mary J. 
Tripp, Mrs. Effie L. 
Tubbs, Albert F. 
Tyrrell, George. 
Ullman, Frederick. 
Ullman, F. A. 
Wallace, S. M. 
Wan dell, Ethan. 
Wandell, John W. 
Webb, L. 

Wheeler, Charles E. 
Whipple, Edgar. 
Whipple, House. 
^Whipple, James D. 
Vk^hitehead, Richard. 
Wiley, Frank. 
Wilcox, Abraham. 
Zenner, B. 



HISTORY OF IOWA AND COUNTY DIRECTORY. 



295 



EDGEWOOD POST OFFICE. 
(Outside Town) 



Ackmann Bernard. 
Acord, Hugh. 
Adams, James F. 
Alcorn, D. L.. 
Alcorn, W. K. 
Appleton, Wm. H. 
Ash, G. W. 
Ashline, Wm. 
Bacon, Charles H. 
Bacon, S. M^ 
Bagby, T. Hv 
Bailey, Fred. 
Bailey, Jesse. 
Bassett, C. H. 
Beckner, C. H. 
Beddow, Charles. 
Berens, Herman. 
Beyer, Ira R. 
Bissel, Arthur. 
Boone, E. E. 
Bower, I. S. 
Brady, Frank E. 
Brady, Wm. 
Brockmeyer, John G. 
Brown, George. 
Burgin, Ellen J. 
Burgin, Herbert. 
Burgin, Lester. 
Burroughs, L. A. 
earner, Howard, 
earner, Roswell. 
Culbertson, G. D. 
Culbertson, W. H. 
Dempster, Wm. 
Derr, Nancy. 
Dodds, E. E. 
Durfey, A. B. 
Elliott, Clarence. 
Elliott, G. H. 
Elliott, G. W. 
Elliott, U. G. 
Emerling, J. 
Emerling, Joseph. 
Fensterman, Bernard. 
Fensterman, Fred. 
Fensterman, Henry. 
Fishel, Jacob. 
Fishel, L. W. 
Fishel, Robert. 
Fisher, Leonard. 
Fisher, Lyle. 
Fisher, L. S. 
Flem.ming, Perry A. 
Flemming, S. D. 
Freeman, Luther. 



Fridley, Fred. 
Galer, A. J. 
Grove, M. W. 
Haddeman, H. H. 
Halfhill, Wilson. 
Hamlett, Elias. 
Hamlett, Elias T. 
Hamlett, John. 
Hamlett, Thomas. 
Hansel, Allen. 
Hatfield, Martin. 
Hawley, L. F. 
Hesner, Charles. 
Hesner, George. 
Hilgendorf, E. C. 
Hindal, G. W. 
Hindal, Ira. 
Hines, Albert. 
Hines, Edward. 
Hines, T. W. 
Hitchcock, Wm. 
Holland, Mrs. Alvina. 
Joys, Henry. 
Kellogg, Frank. 
Kelly, John. 
Krieg, Gustave. 
Kurrelm.eyer, B. 
Lighty, Charles W. 
Lighty, David. 
Luense, E. C. 
Martin, Harry. 
May, F. H. 
Merkl, John. 
Minkler, George. 
Nelson, J. B. 
Parkinson, George. 
Peter, A. J. 
Peters, H. L. 
Phelps, R. L. 
Pilgrim, G. G. 
Plagman, Henry. 
Plagman, Wm. 
Pogue, A. J. 
Pogue, John. 
Purdy, W. I. 
Rabe, Albert. 
Rich, S. W. 
Richards, L, A. 
Rizer, H. A. 
Robinson, C, K. 
Robinson, Fred.- 
Robinson, J. M. 
Robinson, Worthy. 
Rosenkrans, B. 
Ross, Andrew. 



Schultz, John, 
Scovil C. H. 
Sevey, John. 
Sevey, W. D. 
Shaw, James P. 
Sherman, Fred. 
Slierm.an, George S. 
Sherman, H. E. 
Smith, Everett. 
Smith, George. 
Smith, H. J. 
Smith, J. W. 
Smith, Lincoln. 
Smith, W. J. 
Southwick, A. F. 
Steefer, Roland. 
Steele, A. R. 
Steele, Guy. 
Steele, H. E. 
Stevens, Albert. 
Stone, A. J. 
Stone, Charles. 
Stone, C. H. 
Stone, H. A. 
Stone, H. O. 
Stone, J. A. 
Thurn, Frank. 
Thurn, Frank J. 
Thurn, James. 
True, C. H. 
True, C. L. 
Tylp James 
Ullm.an, Margaret. 
Vantalge, Herman. 
^Wait, G. W. 
Wait, J, S. 
Waldo, H. A. 
Wathen, John. 
Watson, Mary M. 
Wessel, Herm.an. 
Weyant F. L. 
Weyant, F. R. 
Weyant, M. J. 
Wheeler, G. L. 
Wheeler, R. C. 
"White, Myron. 
TA^hitehead, Richard. 
Wilcox, Abraham. 
Wiley, Henry. 
Witt, Henry. 
Wooldridge, Earl. 
Wooldridge, F. I. 
Wooldridge, J. A. 
Wooldridge, S. B. 
Zahrndt, L. D. ' 



296 



THE DAILY TELEGRAPH-HERALD'S 



Anderson, A. J. 

Ask, Kettel B. 

Ask, Nils B. 

Bailey, Wilber, 

Baumg-artner, A., R 2. 

Baumg-artner, Alex, B 

Baumg-artner, John, R 

Beigler, Henry, R 3. 

Benson, B. M. 

Benson, Thomas. 

Berg, Magnus. 

Berg, Olaf O. 

Biegler, G. 

Bilden, B. F., R 2. 

Bilden, H. T., R 2. 

Bilden, J. E. 

Bilden, Martin, R 2. 

Blockhus, C. J. 

Bloekhus, Swen. R 3. 

Braker, Andrew. 

B^itikofer, Jacob. 
Butikofer, John. 
Chapman, A. J, 
Cliristianson, C. O. 
Christianson, Ole. R, 
Christen, John. 
Cold, Nels J. R. 2. 
Dennler, G. 
Dennler, Jacob. R. 2. 
Doty, C. W. 
Ekeren, Carl. 
Ekeren, Hulver. 
Ekeren, H. R. 
Ekeren, James. 
Engen, Peter. 
Erickson, Christ. 
Frieden, Anna. 
Frieden, Ben. 
Frieden, Fred. 
Frieden, Gottfried. 
Frederick, John. 
Gehring, Jacob. R 2. 
Gilbert, Halgrin. 



ELGIN POST OFFICE 

(Fayette County) 

Gregorson, G. R 2. 

Grimm, Edward. R 2. 

Grim.m, John. R 2 
" Grinde, Bertha J. 

Groth, H. S. R 3. 
2. Gulbram.son, H. 
2. Halstenson, John. 

Hanni, Fred. R 2. 

Hanson, Adolf. 

Hanson, Thomas. 

Haug-, A. S. R. 2. 

Haug, E. S. R 2. 

Haug, K. K. R. 2. 

Haug, K. S. R. 2. 

Hertig, John. 

Hofer, Eliza. 

Holden, Margaret. 

Jenson, Jens. R 2. 

Johnson Gunder 

Kerr Henry 

Kerr James 

Kerr John 

Kerkberg K. R., R. 2 

Klingman, Albert. 
2. Klingman, C. L. 

Klingm.an, C, M. 

Klingman, L, 

Klingman, Martin. 

Koland, T. A. 

Knutson, O. T. R. 2. 



Minihan, M, ' 
Mork, K. E. R 2. 
Mork, P. E. R 2. 
Nelson, Beriner. R 2. 
Nelson, S. E. R 2. 
Olson, Asle. R 2. 
Olson, Nils S. 
Olson Ole 
Ostgaard, E^ N. 
Pagen, Alexander. 
Paulson, G. R 2. 
Peters, Robert. 
Peterson, O. K. R 2. 
Pollock, Helen. 
Pulfer, R. R 2. 
Pulfer, Rudolf. 
Reinhardt, Andrew. 
Reinhardt, Fritz. R. 2. 
Reinhardt, Jacob. 
Ritz, Fred. 
Ritz, John. 
Robbins, James. 
Robbins, M. J. 
Ruroden, Marins, O. 
Ruroden, O. A. 
Schlupp, Alfred. R 2. 
Schmid, F. W. 
Schneider, Ben. 
Schneider, Joseph. 
Schneider, J. V. R 2. 



Landsgaard, E. E. R 2. Schupbach, Fred. 
Larson, Joseph A. R 3. Skarshaug, Angelina, r 



Lentz, Joel. R 2. 
Lentz, John. 
Lentz, Wm. R. 2. 
Leuchtenm.acher, 
Linde, Oscar. 



Skarshaug, H. O. R 3. 
Syverson, H. 
Thorson, Ole, 
John. Thorson, T. H. 
Tollefson, Iver 



Loftsgaard, H. T. R 2. Torkelson, Ole. 



R 2. 

R 2. 



Loftsgaard, N. T. R 2. Wettleson, Ambjar. R 2. 

I^oftsgaard, T. T. R 2. Wettleson Lars, R. 1 

Lundt, E. M. R 2. AVikan, Halvor H. 

Marti, Emma. ^Vilson, Charles. 

Meyer, Christ. Yost, Samuel. 



ELKADER POST OFFICE 

(Inside Town) 
A flourishing town of 1,300 inhabitants situated on the C, M. & St. P. 
Railroad and on the Turkey River, which affords a good and reliable water 
power. It is eightj^-three miles from Dubuque by rail, and nineteen from 
Beulah. It is the judicial seat of Clayton county. It is located near the 
center of the county and the scenery surrounding its location is possessed 
of much natural beauty. It contains three churches — Methodist, Catholic 



HISTORY OF IOWA AND COUNTY DIRECTORY. 



297 



and Universalist; two banks, a fine system of schools, Catholic school, 
two hotels, an extensive flouring mill, an electric light plant, creamery, 
and four newspapers. The Argus, Clayton County Democrat, and Register 
are English weeklies, and the Nord Iowa Herold, a German weekly. The 
principal shipments are grain, live stock, flour and butter. Telephone 
connections. U. S. Express. W. U. Telegraph. 



G. M. Gifford, Postmas- 
ter. 
Kit C. Gifford, Asst. 
Adams, Charles J. 
Adams, Nicholas. 
Adams, Grin. 
Alitz, Frederick. 
Allen, Albert. 
Allen Bros. 
Allen, Ole 
ARGUS (THE) 
Atwood, Clara. 
Bachtell, Marshall W. 
Bahi , John. 
Baker, John R. 
Bandow, Carl. 
Bandow, Godrried. 
Barnard, Harrison H. 
Barth, Ludov/ika. 
Barton, Thomas. 
Bauer, Y/m. 
Baxter, George W. 
BAYLESS & OEIIRING 
Bayless, Mrs. Harriett. 
Bayless, John R. 
Becker Bros. 
Becker, John. 
Becker, John F. 
Becker, Wm. 
Beer, Christian 
Bell & Chamberlain. 
Benchneider, Henry. 
Berg, Adam. 
Bink, Leonard M. 
Bishop, Hiram C. 
Bock, John. 
Boettcher, INIinnie. 
Boots, Samuel. 
Borman, Mina. 
Branch, John E. 
Breitsprecher, Edward. 
Brown & Bahr. 
Brown, Harrison D. 
Canada, James. 
Carpenter, Arthur J. 
Carpenter, Homer R. 
Cassiday, Jeremiah. 
Cassiday, Patrick J. 
Cassutt, Christina. 
Cassutt, Miss Mary A. 



Chamberlain, Wm. 
Cheeseraan, Absalom C. 
CLAYTON COUNTY 

DEMOCRAT. 
Clift, Annetta M. 
Clough, Harvey M. 
Collins, Joseph C. 
Connell, Miss Jane. 
Cook Almeron 
Cook, Marvin. 
Cooper, Emm.a. 
Cooper, Mary. 
Cooper, Wm. G. 
Cords, Euv/ard F. 
Corlett, James E. 
Corlett, John E. 
Corts, Dorothea. 
Costigan, Jam.es. 
Crov/, Wm. 

Davidson, Thomas M. 
Davidson Wm. W. 
Davis, Oakley F. 
Dinan, Jam.es W. 
Dinan, John J. 
Dinges, Sarah. 
Dittmer, Martin. 
Dohr, Henry. 
Dohrer, Henry V. 
Donlon, Joseph P. 
Downey, John. 
Drallmeier, Louis H. 
Dunn, John. 
Earhardt, George. 
Eberhart, Adolph. 
Eberhart, Lobidina, 
Eberhart, Minnie. 
ELKADER REGISTER 
Elkader State Hank. 
Elvidge, Albert O. 
Elvidge Creamery Co. 
Ernst, Carolina. 
Everall & Schulte. 
Everall, John. 
Everall, John C- 
Falkwenhainer, Benj. F. 
Farrell, Michael. 
Feldman, Charles. 
Fennell, John. 
FIRST NATIONAL 

BANK. 



Fitzpatrick, Matthew. 
Fitzpatrick, Patrick. 
Flanagan, Martin. 
Flavin, Michael J. 
Fletcher, George H. 
Floete Lumber Co. 
Foderberg, B. H. 
Foster, John. 
Freund, John H. 
Gemmell, John W. 
Gifford, Gideon M- 
Gilbert, Charles. 
Gilje, Villis L. 
Gleason, Daniel E. 
Glesne Bros. 
Glesne, John O. 
Glesne, Nels E. 
Glesne, Riley. 
Gmelin, Rudolph. 
Goldberg, Max. 
Griflith, David G. 
Griffith, D. G. & Son. 
Griffith, Harry L. 
Grube, Wm. E. 
Hadrick, Hannah. 
Hadrick, John. 
Hagensick, Miss Anna. 
Hagensick, Christian 
Hagensick, Henry H. 
Hagensick, John. 
Hagensick, Miss Louise. 
Hagensick Sisters. 
Hale, De Witt C. 
Halstensen, Embert. 
Hartmann, Caroline. 
Hartman, Otto. 
HARVEY, THOS. L. 
Hasner, Rudolph. 
Havens Arthur 
Heckmaster, Miss A. 
Heiden, Fred L. 
Heitkamp Wm. 
Hempel, John G- 
Hennes, John. 
Hennes, Peter. 
Hennes & Wacker 
Hertrick, Caroline. 
Hill, John H. 
Himes, Marshall L. 



298 



THE DAILY TELEGRAPH-HERALD'S 



Hofer, Frank. 
Hook, John. 
Horan, David, 
Hotel Bayless. 
Howard, Miss A., M. D. 
Humke, George. 
Humphrey, James. 
Hyde, Catharine. 
Hyde, James T. 
Hyde, J. T. & Bro. 
Hyde, Patrick J. 
Hyde, Thomas F. 
Jack, S, Vernon. 
Jeffers, W. J. 
Jensen, Michael J. 
Johnsen, Charles. 
Johnson, John B. 
Johnson, Olavus. 
Johnson, Ole. 
Johnson, Ole & Son, 
Jnngblut, Frederick. 
Jungblut, John H. 
Kaltenbach, Josephine. 
Kann, Joseph. 
Katschkowsky, Adolf. 
Kauffman, John J. 
Kelleher, Celia A. 
Kelleher, Thomas. 
Kister, Herbert. 
Kister, Hubert & Sons. 
Kister, Wm. 
Kleinpell Otto 
KLEINPELL, WM. F. 
Klinkenberg, August. 
Klutzbach, Edward. 
Klutzbach & Gemmell. 
Koehn, Henry. 
Koehn, Wm. H. 
Kohn, Henry. 
Kopp, Cornelius. 
Kottmann, Henry C. 
Kramer, Anton. 
Kramer A. Fred. 
Kramer, A. F. & L. J. 
Kramer, Fred A. 
Kramer, John A. 
Kramer, Joseph. 
Kramer, Louis J. 
Krogman, Wm. 
Lambert, Edmund H. 
Lamm, Joseph. 
Landon, Frank. 
Landon, Mrs. R. M. 
Lange, Ray. 
Layton, John D. 
Layton, Matilda, 



Leach, Susan S. 

Leary, James, Commis- 
sion Co. (The). 

Leibrock, Frank G. 

Leibrock, Mrs. F. G. 

Lembke, Franz. 

Lemke, Wm. 

Lenth, Fred. 

Lenth, George J. 

Lenth, Henry J. 

Liddy, Frank. 

Livingood, David, 

Livingood, David E. 

Lloyd, Marienne. 

Long, Charles. 

Losch, George. 

Losch, John. 

Luers, Miss Dora. 

Luers, Miss Sophia. 

McGrath, AVm. J., M. D. 

McLaughlin, John W. 

McLaughlin & Hum- 
phrey 

McSperrin, Wm. 

Magnuson, John M. 

Maher, Patrick J. 

Mahr Ella. 

Maley, Kate. 

Matthews, Thomas B. 

Mecklenberg, Charles. 

Meckelberg, John. 

Merchants Hotel. 

Merritt Mrs. Ella H. 

Merritt Isaac H. 

Meyer Elizabeth 

Miller AVm., M. D. 

Miller MVm. A. 

Molumby John 

Moran Wm. J, 

Morse J, N, 

Muegge Clara 

Muller Chas. T. 

Munger, Ebon R. 

Munger, George W. 

Munger, Jane. 

Munger, Milo E. 

Murdock, Louisa. 

Murphy, Daniel D. 

Muschewske, Eliza. 

Nehls. August C- 

Nichols, Robert D. 

Niemeyer, Anna. 

Niemeyer, Frank A. 

Niemeyer, Michael. 

Niemeyer, Theodore. 

NORD IOWA HEROLD 



O'Brien, Wm. H, 
Oakley, Wm H, 
Oehring, Charles C. 
Olsen, Hattie, 
Opitz, Max. 
Orr, Catharine. 
Pahlas, Henry C. 
Partch W. V. 
Patterson, H. S., M. D ; 
Patterson, Ida. 
Paul, Edward M. 
Perry, Charles W. 
Place, Luke H. 
POULL & BINK. 
Poull, Michael J. 
Powell. John C. 
Powell, Sidney. 
Preston & Fletcher. 
Preston, Wm. A. 
Price, Realto E. 
Price, R. E. & V. "S. 
Price, Valmah. 
Procter, Harry. 
Prouty, Marshall M. 
Pupke, Louise. 
Quinn, Robert. 
Quinn, Robert F. 
RadlofC, Fred. 
Rathman, Fred. 
Regan Michael 
Regan & Witt. 
Reilly, Rev. John F. 
Reineke & Walser 
Reineke, Charles. 
Reineke, Wm. F. 
Richardson, Ross. 
Rinkle, Frank C. 
Riordan, Edward. 
Roach, John. 
Roach, Margaret. 
Rogers, Michael. 
Rohn. Minnie. 
Rourke, Michael. 
Russell, George. 
Ruegnitz, Emma. 
Russell, Edward. 
Ryan, Hanora. 
Ryan, Patrick J. 
Schecker, Charles. 
Scheer, Frederick. 
Schmidt Bros. & Co. 
Schmidt, Caroline. 
Schmidt, Christ G. 
Schmidt, Fred. 
Schmidt, Paulina. 
Schmidt, Robert F. 



HISTORY OF IOWA AND COUNTY DIRECTORY 



299 



Schneider, John L. 
Schoch, Charles C. 
Schroeder, Victor H. 
Schulte, G. Henry. 
Schumacher, Peter. 
Scobel, Charles N. 
Sheckelton, Kate. 
Shelhamer, Catherine. 
Shellsmith, Otto. 
Siebertz, Catherine. 
Smith, Wm. 
Snediger, George M. 
Snedig-er, Miranda B. 
Soil, Fred H. 
Stanton, E. W. 
Stebor, John. 
Steen Fred 
Stemmei, Jacob C. 
Stemmer & Dittmer. 
Stich, Theresa. 



Stoops, John W. 
Switzer, Charles. 
Switzer, Charles H. 
Talley, Grant. 
Templeman, Thomas. 
Tewes, Henry W. 
Thomxpson, Mrs. Laura. 
Toutsch, John. 
Tschudi, John H. 
Tyler, Lila. 
Uecker, Albert. 
Uecker, August. 
Uriell, Francis J. 
Uriell, Sarah. 
Vv^acker, Henrj*. 
Wagner, Ernest. 
Walser, Charles W. 
Walter, Adam. 
Webb, J. E. 
Wells. Mrs. Myrtle. 



Wertley, Gottli"!.. 
West, Wm. 
Westcott, Fred H. 
Whitcomb, Franklin H. 
White & Miller, M. D. 
White, G^.enn G., M. D. 
White, Peter. 
Wieland, Wm. 
Wilke, Gustav H. 
Wilke, Henry W. 
Wilke, H. W. & G- H. 
Wing, Matthew. 
Witt, Wm. E. 
Witte, George F. 
'Wolf, Fred L. 
Wolf, F. L. & Co. 
Wolf, George C. 
Wolff, Elizabeth. 
Wolter, Wm. 
Zahrndt, Louis F. 



Adams, Henry. 
Adams, James. 
Ahrens, Carl. 
Atwood, Alva. 
Baars, Fred. 
Baars. Wm. 
Baldwin, Thomas. 
Barghahn, Frank. 
Barghahn, Henry. 
Barghahn, John. 
Barske, Wm. 
Barthel, A. L. 
Bauer, Fred. 
Behrens, Henry. 
Behrens, Otto. 
Bergan, Michael. 
Benson, August. 
Bente, Ernest. 
Bente, Frank. 
Bente, George. 
Bente, Henry. 
Bente, John. 
Bente, Louis. 
Bente, Louis, jr. 
Bente, Michael. 
Bente, Samuel. 
Bente, William. 
Berg, Henry. 
Berg, Wm. 
Berse, Mary. 
Best, Charles. 
Best, William. 



ELKADER POST OFFICE 

(Outside Town) 

Beyer, Fred. 
Boden, Henry, R 1. 
Boden, John, R 1. 
Boland. C M. 
Boland, James. 
Boland, J. J. 
Boland, J. L. 
Boland, T. A. 
Breitsprecher, Alf. 
Breitsprecher, Fred. 
Breitsprecher, John. 
Broel, John P. 
Broel. Peter. 
Brust, Henry. 
Brust, John. 
Buchheim, August. 
Buckman, A. C. 
Bunting, Herman. 
Bunting, John. 
Bunting, Wm. 
Cain, J. F. 
Cain, P. J. 
Cameron, Guy, 
Cameron, James. 
Cassidy, A. J. 
Cassidy, Margaret. 
Cassidy, Thomas, 
Cassutt, Joseph. 
Cheeseman, Daniel. 
Christelheit. Julius. 
Clark, U. S; 
Connell, James, 



Cook, A. J. 
Cook, J. D. 
Cook, F. A.' 
Cook, Wm. 
Cords Philip 
Crane, Ernest. 
Crowe, W. H. 
Dahling, Wm. 
Dinse, Fred. 
Dohrer, August. 
Dohrer, A. A. 
Dohrer, Charles. 
Dohrer, Henry. 

I 'jaaqoa 
Donahue, James. 
Donahue, Michael. 
Donahue, homas. 
Donlon John F. 
Donlon Wm. 
Dorwager, Charles. 
Doty, Bert. 
Downey, John, 
Downey, John W. 
Downey, Michael. 
Downey, Patrick. 
Downey, Wm. 
Eggimann, Jacob. 
Ehrhardt, Charles. 
Ehrhardt, John. 
Ehrhardt, John, jr. 
Elfert, Henry. 
Ellsworth, C. 



500 



THE DAILY TELEGRAPH-HERALD'S 



Erickson, A, J. 
Erickson, E. J. 
Erickson, John. 
Fanbee, Ole. 
Farrell, Frank. 
Farrell, John. 
Fasher, Wm. 
Feeney, Jermiah. 
Feeney, John L. 
Feeney, Peter. 
Feller, Charles. 
Feller, Henry. 
Feller & McKellar. 
Finnegan, James. 
Finnegan, Joseph. 
Foran, James. 
Frank, Maria. 
Franke, Henry. 
Freitag-, Henry. 
Funk, Carl. 
Funk, John. 
Geraghty, James, 
Geraghty, John. 
Geraghty, Thomas. 
Gerdes, Jacob. 
Glawe, Fred. 
Glawe, Henry. 
Glawe, Wm. 
Gossman, Charles. 
Gossman, Fred. 
Gossman, Henry. 
Gottschalk, Charles. 
Gottschalk, Wm. 
Gottschalk, Wm. jr. 
Gregorson, L. 
Gusta, Gustaf. 
Gusta, Hugo. 
Hagensick, Wm. 
Halvorson, E. G. 
Hannon, Thomas. 
Harding, Catharine. 
Harding, Daniel. 
Harnack, H. 
Hartman, Wm. 
Header, August. 
Heiden, Barney. 
Heiden, Fred. 
Heiden, Friederick. 
Heitkamp, George. 
Heuer, Ludwig. 
Hilchert, Christ, R 1. 
Hill Darwin. 
Hochhaus, F- L. 
Hofer, Edward. 
Hoover, M. W. 
Hopp, George. 



Horstman, Henry. 
Hoth, John. 
Huebner, Wm. 
Hueckstadt, Albert. 
Hulverson, C. O. 
Johnson, John. 
Jungblut, Henry, 
Jungblut. John, 
Kaber, Nicholas, 
Kahlbaum, Wm, 
Kalke, Fred. 
Kalke, Henry. 
Katschkowsky, George. 
Katschkowsky H. C. 
Kann, William. 
Keleher, F. J. 
Keleher, J. E. 
Keleher, John D. 
Keleher, Wm. 
Kelley, Wm. J. 
Kelly, Edward. 
Kelly, John, 
Kelpien, Charles. 
Kelpien, George, 
Kennedy, P. J. 
Kill, John F. 
Kill Peter, 

Kimball, Mrs. Laura. 
Klink, Henry. 
Klink, Louis, 
Klink, Peter. 
Klink, Walberg. • 
Koehn, August. 
Koehn, Wm, 
Kramer, Vallie. 
Kruse, John; C. 
Kruse, Wm. 
Kuehl, Joseph. 
Lahrs, Charles. 
Lahrs, Christ.- 
Lahrs, Fred. 
Laird, George. 
Larson, Albert. 
Larson, Albert, jr. 
Larson, A. M., R 3. 
Larson, C. 
Larson, Ed. P, 
Larson, Halvor, 
Larson, L. H- 
Larson, L. P. 
Larson, M.' C, R 3. 
Larson, Peter. 
Larson, R. C. 
Latteyer, Simon. 
Lei, Carl. 
Lei, Peter. 



Lei, Wm. 
Lembke, Carl, 
Lembke, Fred. 
Lembke, George. 
Lembke, John. 
Lempke, Ludwig. 
Leonard, Frank. 
Leonard, Joseph T. 
Leonard, Richard. 
Leonard, Wm. H. 
Liddy, Bridget. 
Lindemann, Henry. 
Lindemann Wm. 
Lindenbauer, John. 
Linnenberger, Fred. 
Litchfield, James. 
Losch, Allie. 
Losch, David. 
Losch, Henry, 
Losch, Peter, 
Lynch, Michael. 
Lynch, M. J. 
McCormack, Joseph. 
McCormick, Lyman. 
McGee^ James. 
McGee, John. 
McGee, Peter, 
McKellar L. W. 
McLain, A. 
Maggart, Clai'ence. 
Maggart, Martin. 
Mahnke, August, 
Marti, Joseph, 
Marxer, John, 
Marxer, Oscar. 
Mayville, Lena. 
Mayville, Leonard. 
Mecklenburg, Charles. 
Meenen, John. 
Meisner, Charles. 
Meisner, Ed. 
Meisner, Ed., jr. 
Meisner, Frank. 
Meisner, Fred. 
Meisner, L. R. 
Meisner, Ranhalt. 
Meisner, Wm. 
Meisner, "Wm. E. 
Melary, Dennis. 
Melary, John. 
Mentzel, Richard. 
Merkel, George. 
Merkel, Henry. 
Mertens, Fritz. 
Mertens, Wm. 
Meyer, A. C 



HISTORY OF IOWA AND COUNTY DIRECTORY 



301 



Meyer. Charles, 
Meyer, C. J. 
Meyer, Edward. 
Meyer, Ernest. 
Meyer. F. E. 
Meyer, Georg-e. 

Meyer, Henry. 

Meyer, Herman. 

Meyer, John. 

Meyer. John F. 

Meyer. Joseph. 

Meyer, Joseph, jr. 

Meyer, J. P. 

Meyer, Max. 

Meyers, Albert. 

Meyers, Christ. 

Meyers, Emma. 

Meyers, H. K, 

Miller, Dominick. , 

Miller, George. 

Miller, Joachim F. 

Miller, Nicholas. 

Miller, Pcier. 

Miller, Peter, jr. 

Miller, Philip. 

Mirnhan, Patrick. 

Mueller. G. F. W. 

Mueller, Herman. 

Mueller, Wm. 

Munch, Bernard. 

Munch, Wm. 

Munch, Wm., jr. 

Munger, Charles. 

Neylon, John. 
\ Nugent, Frank. 

Nugent, Joseph. 

O'Connor, Eugene. 

O'Connor, Martin. 

O'Niell, Michael. 
I Olson, O. G. 

Opitz, Fred. 

Opitz, Max. 

Opitz. Richard. 

Paige, F. W. 

Paige, O. R. 

Patow, Wm. 

Peake, Elmer. 

Peake. John. 

Phelan, John. 

Pieck, ^Charles. 

Penneton, Patrick. 

Perry, C. W. 

Peterson, Julius. 

Peterson P. M., R. 

Polkow, Godfried. 

Polkow, Henry. 



Polkow, Otto. 
Possehl, Christian. 
, Possehl, Henry. 
Pulfer, Charles. 
Putzier, Charles. 
Quinlan, Peter. 
Radloff, Georgia. 
Radloff, Herman. 
Reinhardt, Jacob. 
Rice, John. 
Rieckhoff, Maria. 
Riemer, Henry. 
Roach, M. J. 
Roach, Wm. J. 
Robbins, F. K. 
Robbins, J. N. 
Roethlisberger, J. 
Roethlisberger, R. 
Rothmeyer, C. 
Rothmeyer, M. 
Rothmeyer. George J. 
Rourke, Morgan. 
Russell, James A. 
Schiefelbien. A. 
Schmidt, Albert. 
Schmidt, C. F. 
Schmidt, Julius. 
Schmidt. Wm. 
Schneider, Frsd. 
Schoepf, Charles. 
Schoepf, David. 
Schrampfer, Christ, 
Schulte, Edmond. 
Schrampfer, George. 
Schulte, Herman. 
Schulte, Joseph, 
Schwencke, J, H. 
Seifert, Fred. 
Seifert, F.' W. 
Seifert, Otto. 
Shaw, Henry. 
Shaw, Oscar. 
Siege, Theodore. 
Smith, Fred. 
Smith, L. D. 
Spencer, James, 
Stahl, Can, 
Stahl, Edward. 
Stahl, George. 
Stahl, Louis, 
Stahl, Mary. 
Stallljaum. John. 
Staub, Louis. 
Steckelberg, John. 
Steen, J. F. 
Steen, J. W- 



Stence, John. 
Stence. Martin. 
Stendel Godfried 
Stendel, Wm, 
Storbeck, August. 
Storbeck, Henry. 
Strom.me, Charles. 
Stromme Olaf 
Summers, Christ. 
Taake, August. 
Taake, Fred. 
Taake, George. 
Taake, Henry, 
Taake. Wm. 
Tait, Eliza. 
Tangeman, A. F. 
Theodore, Wm. 
Thillen, Fred. 
Thillen. Henry. 
Thillen, Nick. 
Tieden, Anna. 
Tieden, Frank. 
Tieden, George. 
Tieden, Jans. 
Tieden, Louis. 
Tiffany, Mrs. Ella, 
Tollefson, Anna, R 
Torkelson, H. L- 
Torkelson, T. L. 
Toutch, Henry. 
Tresch, John J. 
Tujetsch, Albert. 
Tujetsch, Andrew. 
Tujetsch, George. 
Tujetsch. Thomas. 
Uecker, John. 
Upton, Charles. 
Upton, John F. 
Uriell, Joseph. 
Uriell, Wm. P. 
Vogt, F. W. 
Vulgraff, Dora. 
Wagner, Charles, 
Wagner, C. G. 
Wagner, Fred. 
Wagner, John G. 
Wagner, L. E. 
Walters, James. 
Wareham, George. 
Wells, A. H. 
West, John, 
West Thomas 
West, Wm. 
West, W. E. 
Wilke, Arthur. 
Wilke, Louis. 



302 



THE DAILY TELEGRAPH-HERALD'S 



Williamson, H. C 
Williamson, H. H. 
T^^illmes Dominick 
Willmes, Nicholas. 
Willmes, Simon. 



Wing-, Ben. 
Wing-, Paul. 
Wistrick, Fred. 
Wistrick, Henry. 
Woods, Al. 



Woods, Forest. 
Yearous, Andrew. 
Yearous, W- F. 



ELKPORT POST OFFICE 

Is located on north side of Elk Creek and west side of Turkey River. 
On the C, M. Sc St. P. Railroad, surrounded by rich and fertile farm 
lands. It is forty-three miles northwest of Dubuque and thirteen miles 
southeast of Elkader, the county seat. It has good public schools, three 
churches, flour mill, bank, etc. Population 250. W. U. Telegraph. U. 
S. Express. Telephone connections. 



N. Costigan, P. M. 
Emma Costigan Asst. 

Amling, Charles. 
Amling, Frank. 
Amling, Fred. 
Amling, Fred, jr. 
Amling, George W. 
Amling, Jacob. 
Amling, Nettie. 
Amsden, Whitney. 
Appleton, Mrs. Edith. 
Appleton, W. W. 
Bahr, Peter. 
Bals, John. 
Beatty, James H. 
Beck, D. C. 
Beck. Edward. 
Beck, J c. 
Becker, H(;nry. 
Becker, Hejiry, jr. 
Beeh, Chris. 
Beeh, Henry. 
Benschneider, Louis. 
Blanchaine, Charles. 
Bloodworth, M. P. 
Boehm, Henry. J. 
Boehm, Wm. J. 
Bowman, Aaron. 
Bowman Lovett 
Bowman, Watson. 
Brandtman, Henry. 
Brookshier, J. p. 
Brookshier, W. W. 
Buckley, Jeremiah. 
Buschkofsky, Martin. 
Challand, C. F. 
Combs, John, 
Coonfare, James. 
Costigan, Michael. 
Costigan N. 
Costigan, Patrick. 



Costigan, Wm. 
Curran, Wm. 
Darrow, Newell. 
Darrow, Sylvester. 
Dennis, Frank. 
Derr, Martin. 
Dietrich Peter 
Doran, Edward. 
Doran, Francis. 
Doran, John. 
Doran, Julia. 
Eggerth, Edward. 
Fineckle, John. 
Fritz, Aug-ust. 
Gayler, Daniel. 
Gifford, George. 
Gifford, P. P. 
Gleason, C. H. 
Gleason, Clarence D. 
Godden, Charles. 
Godden, Herbert N 
Godden, Joseph. 
Godden, Wm. 
Hafner, Henry. 
Hageman, B. 
Hageman, Frank. 
Hageman. Max. 
Hall, Mrs. Elias. 
Harbaugh. Daniel. 
Harris, Wm. 
Heiden, Charles, 
Hoffman, Casper. 
Hohman George 
Hohman Anna 
Holman, John. 
Horstman, C. H. 
Horstman, Fred. 
Hunt, Jonas. 
Jaster, A. C 
Jaster, John, 
Jenkins, Wm. 



Jones, Abe. 
Jones, John J. 
Jones, Wm. 
Kafer, John. 
Kautz, Otto. 
Kieber, John. 
Kircher, Charles. 
Knospe, Wm. 
Koehn, Wm. 
Kriebs, Asa. 
Kriebs F. J. 
Kriebs George 
Kriebs, L. E. 
Krieg, Adolf, 
Krieg, August, 
Krieg, Charles, 
Krieg, Charles, jr. 
Krieg, Fred. 
Kruse, John. 
Kuehl, Charles, 
Kuehl, Joachim 
Kuehl, John, 
Lovett, Appleton. 
Lundt, August. 
Lundt, Fred. 
Lundt, Henry, 
McDonald, George. 
McEvers, Francis E. 
McEvers, Isaac. 
McMonigal, Selden, 
McMorrow, Michael, 
Mathews, John. 
Menge, Agnes. 
Menge, Louis. 
Meyer, ^Villiam. . 
Michael, Elmer E. 
Mueller, Herman. 
Mueller, H. F. 
Mueller, Ida. 
Murphy, John, 
Musfeldt, Henry. 



HISTORY OF IOWA AND COUNTY DIRECTORY 



303 



Musfeldt, Wm. 
Nimmo, Wm. 
Noggle, Milton. 
O'Meara, John J. 
Ortmann, John. 
Ortmann, William. 
Peick, Fred. 
Phelan, P. A. 
Phelan, Thomas. 
Phelan, T. T. 
Plagman, Charles. 
Plagman, Christ. 
Preston, Willard. 
Putz, Charles. 
Putz, Conrad. 
Putz, Henry. 
Putz, John. 
Putz, Joseph. 
Renschel, A. C. 
Rentschler, Michael. 
Rhines, Charles. 
Rhines, J. H. 
Roeder, George. 
Rogers, John. 
Ross, Squire. 
Ruegnitz, George. 



Ruegnitz, G. G. 
Smith, Winfrey. 
Smothers, Daniel. 
Smothers, Martha A. 
Soil, Charles. 
Soil, Sigmund. 
Stadelmeier, Casper. 
Stansberry, Warren. 
Stewart, George. 
Stover. Philip. 
Stroschen, Wm. 
Sullivan, Daniel. 
Thien, Frank M. 
Van Sickle, Charles. 
Waterman, C. C. 
Waterman, G. W. 
Waterman, Henry. 
Waterman, John. 
Waterman, W. T. 
Wenkstern, Charles. 
Wentz, Christoph. 
Wetz, Christ.. 
Willo, Henry. 
Williams, F. F. 
Younkm.an, Samuel. 
Zapf, Albert. 



Zapf, Hubert. 
Zap!', Michael. 
Zoarley, John, jr. 
Rulon, Philip. 
Schmidt, Henry. 
Schmidt, John. 
Schmill, Fred. 
Schmill, Fred, jr. 
Schnack, Henry. 
Schnack, John. 
Schnack, P. W. 
Schroeder, Henry. 
Schultz. Charles. 
Schultz, Henry. 
Schwartz, Joseph. 
Schweikert, Christ. 
Schweikert, Jacob, 
Scovel A. L. 
Shadle, Joseph. 
Shepard, B. W. 
Sierks, Peter. 
Smith, David. 
Smith, Edward, 
Smith, Samuel J, 



FARMERSBURG POST OFFICE 

A thriving village beautifully located on the C, M. & St. P. R. R-, 
seven and one-half miles from Elkader, the county seat, and seventy miles 
by rail from Dubuque. Population 200. W. U. Telegraph. U. S. Express. 
Telephone connections. 



Christian F. IVleier, 

Postmaster. 
Claudia M. Meier, Asst. 
Adams, James T. 
Adams, Nancy. 
Acams, W. Q. 
Aulerich, George. 
Aulerich, Henry. 
Baade, John. 
Eaade. Joseph. 
Baade, Louis. 
Baade, William. 
Barnhard John, R 1 
Bartels, P. M. J. 
Beales, W. A. 
Benzing, Lewis. 
Bernhardt, Clarence. 
Bernhardt, John. 
Boiler, Charles. 
Boiler, Ernest. 
Boiler, Henry. 
Botsford, W. F. 
Brandt, G. A. 



Brown, Leslie, 
Brown, W. A. 
Buck, August. 
Buckman, Fred. 
Buckman, W. E. 
Burnham, Francis. 
Burnham Minnie 
Burnham, Ray. 
Butts, C. M. 
Butts, Frank C, R 1. 
Christenson, August. 
Church, J. P. 
Cook, Daniel. 
Cook, Mrs. Ella. 
Cook, George O. 
Corlett F. J. 
Darrow, G. H. 
Debs, August. 
Drahn, Fred. 
Drahn, Henry W. 
Drallmeier, Wm. 

raves. John. 
Egger, Wm. 



Embretson, O, G. 
Engelhardt, Mary. 
Engelhardt, Rudolph. 
Everall, John. 
Faber, " Fritz. 
Faber, Louis. 
Fasher, Fred. 
Fuelling, Ernest. 
Fuelling, L. C. 
Fuelling, Wm. F, 
Gall, Herman. 
Gilster, Henry. 
Gilster, Henry A. 
Gritzmacher, A. J, 
Haltmeyer, Ernest. 
Harnack, Henry. 
Hauschen, Wilhelmine. 
Hendershot, J. D. 
Henkes, Adam. 
Henkes, Arthur. 
Henkes, Cy. 
Henkes, George. 
Henkes, J. J. 



;o4 



THE DAILY TELEGRAPH-HERALD'S 



Helming-, Henry. 
Hinsch, Charles. 
Hinsch, C. H. 
Hinsch, H. D. 
Ihde. Christ. 
Jauert, Rud. 
Jones, Willis. 
Kallmorgan, John. 
Kamp, Henry. 
Kishman, A. A. 
Klasen, Fred. 
Klefoth, J. C. 
Klinge, Fritz. 
Kling-e, F. J. 
Klinge, Henry. 
Kluth, Ernst. 
Kluth, John J. 
Knight, Eben L. 
Knudson, Henry. 
Knudson, Herbrand. 
Koth, Wm. 
Kruse, Henry F. 
Kucke, Fritz. 
Kurth, Fred. 
Kurth, Wm. 
Kuthe, Charles. 
Kuthe, Richard. 
Kutzback, Henry. 
Lenth, Carl. 
Lenth, Wm. 
Lewis, Andros. 
Little, J. M. 
Little, John M. 



Looby, Edward. 
Luepker, Fred. 
Luepker, Wm. 
McNamara, John. 
Marfllius. Charles. 
Marks, Wm. 
Marting, J. F. 
Mathews, Bert. 
Mathews, Edward. 
Mathews, James. 
Meier, C. F. 
Meier, C. W. 
Meier, George F. 
Meier, John D. 
]>,Iertens, William. 
Meyer, Henry C. 
Miller, Jacob. 
Moon, W. B. 
Mueller, Henry. 
Neilson, Peter. 
Neverman, Fritz. 
Oelke, A. H. 
Oelke, C. W. 
Oelke, E. C. 
Oelke, Helmuta. 
Oelke Henry 
Oelke, Henry, jr. 
Oelke, W. H. 
Palas. Mrs. John. 
Pettit, Vern. 
Pixler, J. M. 
Possehl Reka 
Radloff. C. F. 



Reardon Daniel 
Reinke Charles 
Reinke, Ferdinand. 
Reinke, Herman. 
Rogers, A. F. 
Rollins, Charles. 
Rubach, Maria. 
Russow, Michael. 
Paake Louis 
Scherf, Robert. 
Schmalfeldt, Christ. 
Schmalfeldt. J. C. 
Sebastian, F. 
Seeland, Fred. 
Seeland, Wm. 
Shepperd, George. 
Sickel, Lambert, 
Strien, Charles. 
Suddendorf, G. H. 
Suddendorf, Henry. 
Thompson, H. W. 
Thoreson, Haaken. 
Thoreson, Ole. 
Tielber, Gustav. 
Tiess, Wm. J. 
Verhoti, Jacob. 
Voelker, Mrs. Fred. 
Voelker, ^^illiam. 
Vogt, John. 
Vulgraft", Henry. 
Vulgraff Wm. 
Wahls, Fred. 
Zuercher. Gottlieb. 



FROELICH POST OFFICE 

A station on the C, M. & St. P. R. R. in the northern part of Clayton 
county, twelve miles north of Elkader the county seat, and sixty-five 
miles from Dubuque by rail. Population -50. U. S. Express. W. U. 
Telegraph. Telephone connections. 



Edwin T. Froehlich, Hamann, Charles. 



Postmaster. 
E. A. Burlingame, Asst. 
Allert, W. J. 
Baade, John. 
Drahn, Fred. 
Drahn, Henry. 
Elfert, Henry. 
Froelich, E. T. 



Havilicek, Mathias. 
Melwig, Conrad. 
H el wig, Wm. 
Hoth, Henry. 
Lampker, John. 
Lange, Adam. 
Lange, Fred. 
Schiff, Louis. 



Seeland, John. 
Snyder, John L. 
Splies, John H. 
Ulrich, George. 
Vendt. John D. 
^Vickersheim, H. J. 
Wickersheim, Wm. B. 



GARNAVILLO POST OFFICE 

An inland village six miles west of Clayton, and about twelve miles 
east of EH.ad:-r, the county seat and nearest banking place. The nearest 
railroad is the C, M. & St. P. R. R., which has stations six miles distant 
in every direction. The village is located on a beautiful and very pro- 



HISTORY OF IOWA AND COUNTY DIRECTORY. 



505 



ductive prairie, and there is an abundant supply of timber in the vicinity. 
Has good public schools, convent, churches, milling company, etc., and 
enjoys a prosperous farm trade. Stages daily to Blkader and Clayton 
with mail; fare 50 cents to either place. Telephone connections. Popu- 
lation 300. 



Henry Luehsen, Post- 
master. 
M. H. Luehsen, Asst. 

Allyn, TVm. M. 
AUyn, Wm. M., jr. 
Auer, Edward. 
Auer, Frank. 
Auer, Frank, jr. 
Auer, Joseph. 
Bah Is, Albert. 
Bahls, Alax. 
Baier, George. 
Bauer, Christ. 
Beck, Otto. 
Beckett, S. W. 
Berns, Frank. 
Berns, Otto. 
Berns, Peters. 
Berns, Peter J. 
Biederman, George. 
Bierderman, Jacob. 
Biederman, Joseph. 
Biederman, Joseph, jr. 
Blunk, Herman. 
Blunk, Wm. 
Brandt, Hehiiuth. 
Brandt, Henry. 
Braun, K. W. 
Bruns, F. H. 
Bruns, George L. 
Brideweser, W. J. 
Bunge, John G. 
Butts, G. W. 
Butts, Henry. 
Carrier, Glint R. 
Clair, Charles H. 
Clair, D. B. 
Clefisch, Henry. 
Cooper, Charles. 
Crawford, A. N. 
Crosby, J. O. 
Day, F. L. 
Dehn, John. 
Dettmann, C. A. 
Dettmer, Henry. 
Dettmer, H. H. 
Dickman, C. W. 
Dickman, H. W. 
Duede, Chris. 
Espolt, Louis. 
Fallon, Sarah. 



Fascher, Carl. 
Fehlhafer, H. H. 
Fritz, M. W. 
Fry, John. 
Fry, Theodore. 
Georges, Carl. 
Grieniann, Herman. 
Gruel, Henry. 
Gruel, John. 
Gruel, Wm. F. 
Gruetzmacher, J. H. 
Guth, Herman. 
Hademan, Charles. 
Hagensick, Frank. 
Hainz John 
Hamann, Christ G. 
Hammann, August. 
Hanimann, John. 
Hammann, John, jr. 
Hand, W. W. 
Harberg, Fred. 
Harnack, Bernard. 
Harnack, G. L. 
Harnack,' John. 
Harnack, John, jr. 
Harnack, M. F. 
Hartwig, L,. C. 
Havill, Louis. 
Havill, Martin. 
Hedeman, C. G. 
Hempeler, C. H. 
Hempeler, Wm. 
Henning, Charles. 
Henning, John. 
Hildenbrandt, Carl. 
Hill, George. 
Hill, TVm. 
Hinzman, Richard. 
Hohman, Frank M. 
Hudson, J. W. 
Ihde, August. 
Ihde, Fred. 
Ihde, John F. 
Ihde, Joseph. 
Ihde, TVm. H. 
Jahnke, Ferdinand. 
Jahnke, Wm. 
Joels, E. 
Kainz, Joseph. 
Kaiser J. G. 
Kaiser, W. E. 



Kann, F. W. 
Keelmer, Gottlieb. 
Kirschner, August. 
Kister, Joseph. 
Koehn, Ferdinand. 
Koss, John. 
Kranel, Edward. 
Krasinsky, Theodore. 
Kregel, Alvin J. 
I-Iregel, C. F. 
Kregel, Dietrich. 
Kregel, E. W. 
Kregel H. D. 
Kregel, J. D. 
Kregel, Wm. 
Kregel, W. A. 
Krouse, Fred. 
Krueger, M. P. 
Kuenzel, H. C. 
Kuhlman, F. W. 
Kuhlman, George. 
Kuhlman, H. H. 
Lembke, Fred. 
Lembke, John. 
Limbach, Henry. 
Limbach, Joseph. 
Lindman, W. F. 
Lockridge, W. C. 
Luehsen, Henry. 
Mach, Constantine, 
Marting, C. J. 
Marting, L. J. 
Matt, Theresa. 
Meier, Charles. 
Meier, L. H. 
Meyer, Arthur. 
Meyer, August W. 
Meyer, Carl. 
Meyer, Charles G. 
Meyer, Joseph. 
Meyer, Joseph, jr. 
Meyer, Theodore L. 
Meyer, Wm. C. 
Meyer, Wm. F. 
Miller, C. F. 
Miller, Herman. 
Milwesky, Frank. 
Moellering, Wm. 
Mohrman, Wm. , 
Mueller, F. D. 
Mueller, F. H. 



30G 



THE DAILY TELEGRAPH-HERALD'S 



Mueller, H. J. 
Mueller, H. L. 
Neubauer, Otto. 
Nieter, J. H. 
Oelkers, Prank A. 
Petersen, Albert. 
Petersen, Peter. 
Petersen, Peter, jr. 
Petschauer, Andrew. 
Petschauer, Ferdinand. 
Possehl, Fred. 
Possehl, Henry. 
Possehl, John. 
Preuse, Herman. 
Putz, F. J. 
Rademacher, Ed. 
Rademacher, Wm. F. 
Raedler, Louis. 
Rantzow, C. H. 
Rantzow, Paul O. 
Rehberg, Wm. 
Reim.er, John. 
Reinke, Louis. 
Rhoda, Fred. 
Roeben, Fritz, 
Roebken, Abner. 
Roebken, Fred. 
Roebken, Orville. 
Rogg-man, Charles. 
Rohde Reimer 
Rohwedder, Frank. 
Rohwedder, Henry. 
Rohwedder, Herman. 
Sack, Frank. 
Schaefers, Henry. 
Schaefers, Xavier. 
Schaefersmeyer, H. 
Schaub, Fred. 
Schaub, Traugott. 
Siebertz, John. 



Siebertz, Wm. H. 
Splies, Wm. J. 
Steemann, Matt. 
Steinfadt, F. H. 
Stickford, A. H. 
Stickfort, Benjamin. 
Stickfort, C. G. 
Stickfort, Fritz. 
Stickfort, P. J. 
Stiehl, J. H. H. 
Suckow, Fred. 
Suckow, Herman. 
Suelter, Henry. 
Tackman, Henry. 
Tackman, Louis. 
Tackman, Wm. 
Tangeman, A. F. 
Tangeman, B. G. 
Tangeman, Edward. 
Tangeman, George. 
Tangeman, Henry. 
Tangeman, H, H. 
Tangeman, J. H. 
Tangeman, Othmer. 
Tangeman, W, A. 
Theodore, Wm. 
Thiese, Henry. 
Thiese, Herman. 
Thiese, John. 
Thoma Christ 
Thoma Fred 
Thoma C. J. 
Thompson, Peter. 
Thorp, Fred. 
Tuecke, J. G. 
Tuecke, Wm. Julius. 
Wagner, Albert. 
Walleser, Emil. 
Walleser, J. H. 
Walter, A. J. 



Wendt Fritz 
Werges, H. L. 
Werges, L. W. 
Werges, Wm. H. 
Wiedow, August. 
Wilke, Henry. 
Willmann, E. A. 
Wirkler, Alfred J. 
Wirkler, Erwin. 
Wirkler, John. 
Wirkler, Joseph. 
Zaph, Christ. 
Schenk, August. 
Scherf, John. 
Schlake, Henry. 
Schmelzer, Otto. 
Schmidt, A. A. 
Schmidt, Carl J. 
Schmidt, C. T. 
Schmidt, F. J. 
Schmidt, Michael. 
Schroeder, E. C. 
Schroeder, Rudolph. 
Schuldt, Henry. 
Schulte, C. H. 
Schulte, Henry. 
Schultz, F. A. 
Schumacher, C. W.. 
Schumacher, H. C. 
Schumacher, J. F. | 

Schumacher Orlando \ 
Schumacher, R. O. 
Schumacher, Wm. 
Schumacher, Wm. F. 
Schumacher, Wm. H. 
Seidel, Fred. 
Seidel, John. 
Seidel, John jr. 



GRAHAM POST OFFICE 

A post office six miles southwest of Turkey River, its nearest railway 
and shipping point. Population 25. Telephone connections. 



Geo. P. Burgess, Post- 
master. 
Clara L. Burgess, Asst. 

Andregg, Robert. 
Bolsinger, Norman. 
Bowers, B. F. 
Bowers, Solomon. 
Burgess, G. P. 
Coon, L. M. 
Cornwell, John A. 
Cornwell, P. A. 
Cornwell, Thomas. 
Craig, Miss Edna C. 



Funk, Elmer. 
Goldsmith, Edward. 
Graham, C. H. 
Graham, G. J. 
Haggard, Freeman. 
Knickerbocker, Anna. 
Livingston, Samuel. 
Lockoff, John. 
Lockoff, Peter. 
Mast, Earl. 
Mast, George W. 
Mast, Henry. 
Parsons, Wm. 



Radabah, Charles. 
Radabah, Jonathan. 
Ray, Isaac. 
Ricker, Melvin M. 
Rippey, George. 
Schrunk, W. H. 
Sickels, Daniel. 
Smith, A. J. 
Smothers, James. 
Staebler, Charles. 
Welch, G. W. 



HISTORY OF IOWA AND COUNTY DIRECTORY. 



307 



GUNDER POST OFFICE 

A post office about six miles east of Elgin (Fayette County), and 
twelve miles northwest of Elkader, the county seat. Population 95. Tel- 
ephone connections. 

Marie Halvorson, Post- 
master. 
M. J. Halvorson, Asst. 

Amundson, Adolph. 
Amundson, Hans. 
Amundson, H. J. 
Amundson, Louis. 
Bergan, Margaret O. 
Christianson, Ole jr. 
Erickson, Mrs. Andrew. 
Frederick, A. H. 
Gulbranson, Halvor. 
Gulsvig-, Wm. E, 
Halvorson, Maria J. 
Holm, Nels O. 
Holm, T. A. 
Jenson. Maren. 



Johnson, August. 
Johnson, Carl. 
Johnson, Nic. 
Jurgenson, Jens. 
King, George H. 
Knudson, G. 
Knudson, Nils. 
Koland, G. A. 
Lien, E. L. 
Mork, Thomas E. 
Xass, Mrs. G. G. 
Nelson, C. L. 
Nelson N. 
Nelson, Ole. 
Nelson, Ole G. 
Nelson, Ole L. 
Nj^borg, A. O. 



Olson, Asgrim. 
Olson, Halvor. 
Olson, Olavus K. 
Olson, Ole K. 
Olson, T. J. 
Peterson Henry 
Peterson, Kittel. 
Reirson R. L. 
Riser, Herman. 
Rugland, Ben. 
Rugland, Gunder, 
Ruroden, A. 
Ruroden, T. C. 
Simpson. Knut. 
Surby, Olaf. 
Wellersven, P. P. 
Wetleson, Tov. 



GUTTENBERG POST OFFICE 

(Inside Town) 
This flourishing, incorporated town is pleasantly situated on the west 
bank of the Mississippi River, and on the C, M. & St. P. R. R., and this 
with the steamers running regularly on the Mississippi, affords unusually 
good shipping facilities. It is thirty-five miles from Dubuque, twenty-two 
southeast of Elkader, the county seat, and nineteen south of McGregor. 
It contains German-Lutheran, German-Catholic and Methodist churches, 
public and Catholic schools. The manufacturing industries are repre- 
sented as follows: A sawmill with a cutting capacity of 125,000 feet of 
lumber per day and which employs about 175 men from early in Spring 
till late in the Fall, a hardwood lumber mill, a steam roller flouring mill 
with a capacity of 100 barrels of flour per day, two grain elevators, planing 
mill, lumber yards, soda water factory, brewery, pearl button and excelsior 
factories, fine water works, and a number of special and general stores, 
and supports two weekly newspapers, the News and Press. It maintains 
two banks, one state and one private, the latter being one of the strong- 
est in Iowa. The location of the town is on a handsome prairie, extend- 
ing from the base of the bluffs one-half mile eastward to the river and 
about three miles in length. Has a fine public park and first class hotel. 
Principal shipments, grain, flour, lumber and live stock. U. S. Express. 
W. U. Telegraph. Telephone connections. Mail daily. Population, 2,000. 



James Schroeder, P. M. 
Mrs. J. Schroeder Asst. 

Abitz, Fred. 
Adam, Peter. 
Amann, Henry. 



Amann, John. 
Andregg John 
Ary, Levi D. 
Aulwes, Fred W. 
Aulwes, John. 



Aulwes, Louis. 
Ball, Carl. 
Ball, Ludwig. 
Baltes, Constance. 
Balzer, Fred. 



;o8 



THE DAILY TELEGRAPH-HERALD'S 



BarJ^knecht, Charles. 
Bartlett Rev. E. C. 
Barton, Henry. 
Baumgartner, Joel. 
Bechler, Jacob. 
Beck, Baptiste, 
Beernian, Benjamin. 
Beermann, Louis H. 
Beermann, Wm. 
BEERMAN, WM. J. 

(See Ad back cover). 
Behm, Adolph. 
Behrens, Elizabeth. 
Behrens, Helmuth H. 
Behrnd, V\^ilhelniina. 
Beutel, Bros, 
Beutel, Charles. 
Beutel, Charlotte. 
Beutel, Gustav. 
Beyer Arthur E. 
Bierbaum, Albert L. 
Biederman, John P. 
Block, Fred H. 
Bock. Francisca. 
Boder, Elizabeth. 
Borcherding, Wm. 
Borcherding, Wm. jr. 
Borman, August H. 
Bosecker, Fred. 
Brandtman, Lizzie. 
Braun, Lena. 
Brinkmann, Rev. J. H. 
Brock, John, 
Bruening, Wm. 
Buechel, Henry. 
Bunke, Lena. 
Burns, Mrs. Alice. 
Burr, Elizabeth. 
Burr, Mathias. 
Carter, Miss Lizzie. 
Casanova, John. 
Casanova, Joseph. 
Caspar, Mathias. 
Cassutt, Emma. 
Cassutt, John. 
Cassutt. Thomas. 
CENTRAL HOUSE. 
Chase. Edwin W. 
Cherne, Charles. 
Class, Gustav A. 
Class, Mrs. Louisa. 
CLAYTON COUNTY 

BANK. 

(See Ad front cover). 
CLAYTON COUNTY 

JOURNAL. 
Coleman, Eliza. 
Coleman, Robert H. 



CoUett, Fred. 
Commercial House. 
Connors, John. 
Cooper, Harry. 
Daacke, Henry. 
Daacke, Henry W. 
David, Fred. 
Dent, Fred J. 
De Sotel, John C. 
De Sotel, J. M. 
De Sotel, Louis. 
Dietrich, Carl. 
Dittmer, Gustav. 
Dittmer, Martin. 
Doerweiler Anton 
Doney, Alfred. 
Dortland, Joseph. 
Drenkhahn, Charles. 
Drenikahn Wm. 
Drollmann, Walburga. 
Dubbels, John. 
Duffln Bros., M. D. 
Duffin, Charles W. 
DUFFIN, EARL J. 
DufRn, William L. 
Duwe, Dietrich. 
Duwe, Edward. 
Eberhard, Edward P. 
Eberhardt, Catharine. 
Eckart, Henry. 
Sckart, Miss Ida. 
Eckart, John P. 
Eggerth, Casper. 
Eilers, Bernard H, 
Filers, Hermann G. 
Eilers, Henry. 
Eilers, Margaret. 
Emch, Nicholas. 
Ennen Edmund 
EPPENS MARGARET. 
Erdmann, Wm. 
Erhardt, Fred. 
Erie. Ferdinand. 
Esser, Amelia. 
Fahling, Henry. 
Fahling, Wm. F. 
Falkenhainer, Charles C. 
Fassbinder, Gottfried. 
Fassbinder, Henry. 
Fehlhafer, Fred A. 
Felder, August. 
Felder, Joseph. 
Felder, Julia. 
Felder, Margaret, 
Felsch, Otto. 
Fest, John. 
Fister, Lena. 
Flechsig, Miss Christina. 



Flenkje, Wilhelmina. 

Floeder, B. Henry. 

Follmann, Jacob. 

Follman, Wm. 

Franks, Wiley W. 

Fredelake, Henry. 

French, George. 

Frey, Emil. 

Frey, Mrs. Tillie. 

Friedlein, Fred. 

Friedlein, Fred N. 

Friedlein, George. 

Friedlein, George F. 

Friedlein, Harriett. 

Friedlein, Nicholas. 

Friedlein, Wiley E. 

Friedlein, Wm. L. 

Fricke, August. 

Fricke, Henry. 

Fricke, Jessie. 

Pritsche, Andreas. 

Frommelt, Frank. 

Frommelt, Louis. 

Fry, Hannah. 

Pry, Theodore. 

Fuellemann, Agatha. 

Fuerste, Charles. 

Fuerste, Mrs. Louise. 

Garretson, J. W. 

Gelof, Mary. 

Geuder, Ernst. 

Geuder, Helena. 

Geuder, Leonard. 

Geuder, Louis. 

Geuger, Henry. 

Giencka, Carl. 

Gilbertz, Michael. 

Gobell, Henry. 

Gobell, Miss Mattie E. j 

Goers, Mrs. Annie. 

Goers, Dora. 

Goetz. Bdvv^ard L. 

GOSSARD, ALBERT A. 

GOSSARD & WOL- 
FORD. 
(See Ad back cover). 

Gray, Otis E. 

Greenley, Frank. 

GreenwgLldt, Henry. 

Guss, George. 

Gussmann, Johanna. 

Guttenberg Excelsior 
Mfg. Co. 

Guttenberg Pearl But- 
ton Co. 

Guttenberg Printing Co. 

Guttenberg State Bank. 

Hagen, Fred. 



HISTORY OF IOWA AND COUNTY DIRECTORY. 



309 



Hag-en, Ule, 
Hagensick, Mathias. 
Harris, Elwyn. 
Harter, Edward. 
Harter, Frank J. 
Harvey. Charles S. 
Haubach, Wm. 
Hausler, Joseph. 
Heiden, August. 
Heiller, August. 
Heine, Wm. H. 
Heitmann, Henry J. 
Heitmann, J. H. 
Herboldsheinier, B. 
Herboldslieimer, John S. 
Hermann, George. 
Hesse, Ella. 
Hilstob, Jacob. 
Hinners, Frank. 
Hirschbuchler, John. 
Hodges, Thomas J. 
Holtz, Henry. 
Homann August 
Homann August jr. 
Horsch, Emma G. 
Horsch, Jacob H. 
Horsch, Louisa. 
Horsch, Robert. 
Horsch, Wm. P. 
Howe, Louisa. 
Huene, August. 
Huene, John E. 
Huene, Mary. 
Ihm. Emil. 
Ihm, Herman. 
Ingwersen, David. 
Ingwersen. John. 
Ives Thomas S. 
JACOBS GEORGE M. 
Jacobs, Henry. 
Jaeger, Joseph. 
James, Benj. W. 
Janzig- Rev. John 
Jenkins, Charles B. 
Jenkins, Charles W. 
Jenkins, Horace G. 
Johnson, Charles P. 
Johnson. George H. 
Johnson, Wm. 
Jost. Fred. 
Jungblut, Wm. J. 
Jungk, Mary. 
Jungk, Mathias. 
Jung-k, Nick. 
Junk. Charles. 
Junk, Mathias. 
Junk Peter P. 
Junk Vincent 



Junk, Wm. 
Junk, W. H. 
Kaiser, Joseph. 
Kampmeyer, Henry. 
Kann, Anna M. 
Kann, Wm. H. 
Kappen, Albert. 
Kappen, Clemens. 
Kappen, Henry. 
Kappen, Hubert. 
Kellett, Thomas A. 
Kennicker, Joseph. 
Kennicker, Mrs. Mary. 
Kickbush, Wm. 
Kipper, Frank jr. 
Kirch, Philip. 
Klinkenberg, Carl. 
Kloser, George. 
Kluth, George F. 
Kluth, John, 
Knoch, Emil. 
Kohler, Anna. 
Kohler, Conrad. 
Kohler, George. 
Kohler, Innick. 
Kords, Margaret. 
Kords, Wm. L. 
Kramicr, Jacob. 
Kregel, Henry. 
Kregel, John. 
Kregel, Wm. 
Kriebs, Lena. 
Kriese, Christina. 
Kriesler, Catharine. 
Kriesler, John. 
Kruse, Edward. 
Kruse. Fritz. 
Kruse, John. 
Kruse, Louis. 
Kuempel, Bros. 
Kuempel, Edward. 
Kuempel, John. 
Kuempel, John C. 
Kuhl, Bernard. 
Kurtz, Charles. 
Lake, Benjamin. 
Lake, Frederica. 
Lake, Otto H. 
Lancaster, Grant. 
Langmann, Wm. 
Leigh, Wm. 
Leitgen, Fred C. 
Leliefeld, Gerhardt. 
Leliefeld, Henry. 
Lewis, John A. 
Lindroth, Wm. 
Link, John jr. 
Litchfield, J., D. D. S. 



Loeseke, Wm. 
Lorenz, Anton. 
Lueck, Annie. 
Lueck, Henry. 
Luther, Calvin P. 
Luther, John. 
McErlain, J. A.. D. D. S. 
McGuire, Catharine. 
Madden, Edward. 
Maier, Maria. 
Maier, Nicholas. 
Marmann, Henry. 
Marmann, Nicholas, 
Matt, Henry. 
Meisser, Andrew. 
Mell, John. 
Merz, Balthasar. 
Meyer, Adolph G. 
Meyer, Alfred. 
Meyer, A. & Bro. 
Meyer, Martini. 
Miller, Diederich. 
Miller, Henry. 
Miller, John H. 
Miller, John R. 
Miller, Sumner. 
Minger, Ann. 
Minger, Benjamin. 
Minkel, Louis. 
Mitrucker, Christian. 
Mohrhauser, George. 
Mohrmann, Herman. 
Monaghan, Cornelius. 
Montgomery, Pearl But- 
ton Co. 
:Morris, Harvey E. 
Mueller, Wm. H. 
Need ham, Mrs. Julia. 
Needham, Michael B. 
Needham & Flechsig. 
Nieland, Mary. 
Niemeyer, Charles. 
Niemeyer, G. H. 
Nigg, Joseph. 
Nolte, Mrs. Emma. 
Nolte, Wm. 
Norton, Milton. 
Nute, Edward. 
Osius, Lorenz, 
Overbeck, Henry J. 
Patcner, Alois. 
Pauli Thomas 
Pelcer, Charles. 
Pelcer, Magdaline. 
Perrott, Mrs. Augusta. 
Petters, Charles W. 
Pfiffner, Gust. • 

Pink, Andrew. 



310 



THE DAILY TELEGRAPH-HERALD'S 



Pins, Bernard H. 
Pins, John. 
Pins, J. & Co. 
Pins, Margaret. 
Pins, Peter. 
Pluemer, Minnie. 
Pohle, Ed. J., D. D. S. 
Powers, John. 
PRESS (THE). 
Pufahl, Gottlieb. 
Purnhag-e, Henry. 
Purnhag-e, John. 
Purnhage, Mathias. 
Putzier, August. 
Pye, Charles E. 
Radach, John. 
Radach, Wm. 
Rademacher, George. 
Rademacher, Mary. 
Redemann, Wm. 
Redemann, Wm. jr. 
Redwisch, Jetta. 
Reinhardt, Jacob. 
Riesselmann Bernard 
Riesselmann, Joseph. 
Riverview Hotel. 
Rodenberg, August. 
Rodenberg, Wm. 
Rolfes, Frank. 
Roth, Andrew. 
Roth, Benjamin. 
Roth, Huber. 
Roth, Theodore. 
Runkel, Eva. 
Ruskaop, Henrietta. 
Ruthop, John. 
Sadawasser, Albert. 
Sadawasser, Herman. 
Sadawasser, Philip. 
Saeugling, Frank C. 
Saeugling, Fred J. 
Saeugling, Henry. 
Saeugling, John. 
St. Clair House. 
Scheldt, John J. 
Scherling, Conrad, 
bcherman, Henry. 
Schmell, Wm. 
Schmidt, Fred. 
Schmidt, Henry B. 
i^'chnieder, Henry. 
Schoenauer, Edward. 
Schoenauer, John. 



Schoenauer. Theresa. 
SCHOLZ, CHAS. E. 
Scholz, Helena. 
Scholz, Robert H. 
Scholz, Wm. H. 
Schord Frank 
Schroeder, August. 
Schroeder, Fred. 
Schroeder, Henry. 
Schroeder, James. 
Schroeder, Louis. 
Schroeder, Mina. 
SCHROEDER R. E. 
Schulte, Katie. 
Schumacher, Charles. 
Schute, Bernard. 
Schute Henry 
Schute, Herman. 
Schutte, Eliza M. 
Schutte, Henry B. 
Seippel, Catharine. 
Seippel, Mary. 
Seippel, Wm. 
Siege, Henry. 
Sieling, Christian. 
Smart, Frances. 
Smith, C. W. 
Smith, Fred J. 
Soltau, John. 
Stamm, Charles W. 
Stamm, John W. 
Standard Telephone Co. 
Stoeffler Andrew 
Stoeffler Frank 
Stoeffler, John P. 
Stoeffler Joseph 
Stoeffler Louis 
Stoeffler Philip 
Stoeffler & Siege. 
Studt, Amelia. 
Talley, Ambrose E. 
Thamann, Elizabeth. 
Thiese, August. 
Thiese, Louis. 
Thomas, Frank. 
Thomas, John C. 
Thome, Charles. 
Thorp, Fred. 
Tieke, Bernard. 
Tieke, Mary. 
Timm, Mary. 
Tindell, Isaac N. 
Tinkey, David. 



Tinkey, John M. 
Tonnar, Peter. 
Tschohl, Emil. 
Tscholl, John B. 
1 ucke, Ernestine. 
Tujetsch Julius 
Uehle, Joseph. 
Ullrich, Gottfried. 
Valant, John. 
Voggenthaier, John. 
Vogt, Frank J. 
Vogt, Joseph, 
vv^alke, Fred. 
Walke, Herman. 
Waike, John. 
Walke, Wilhelmina. 
Walter, Christina. 
Waltz Victor 
Wayside Inn (The). 
Weber, Peter J. 
Weidemann, Fred. 
Werb, Harry. 
Werner, Richard. 
Wesemann, Wm. 
Wick, Nancy A. 
Wiesinger, Wilhelmina 
Wiles, David H. 
M^illiams, Joseph. 
Witte, Henry. 
Wock, Julius. 
Wolf, Fred. 
Wolford, Edward G. J 
Wolter, Benjamin O. 
Wolter, Ernest. 
Wolter, Frank X. 
Wolter, Henry. ' 

Wolter, John. 
Wolter, Matt. 
Wolter, Rudolph E. 
Wooldridge James E. 
Wulfekuhle, Gerhardt. 
Wulfekuhle, Katharin 
Yager, Joseph. 
Yunk, John P. 
Yunk, John P. jr. 
Yunker, Charles. 
Zachmann, August. 
Zapf, Mrs. Anna B. 
Zapf, Frank J. 
Zengel, Frank C. 
Zimmermann, Charlesj 
Zimmermann, Joseph. 
Zimmermann & Ives. 



Anderegg, Alfred. 



GUTTENBERG POST OFFICE 
(Outside Town) 
Anderegg, C. G. Anderegg, Edwin. 



HISTORY OF IOWA AND COUNTY DIRECTORY. 



311 



Andereg-g, John. 
Aulwes, Ben. 
Aulwes, Helmuth. 
Aulwes, Henry. 
Aulwes, Otto. 
Aulwes, Wm. 
Backes, Charles. 
Backhous, A. G., R 1. 
Backhous, Carl, R 1. 
Backhous, H. C, R 1. 
Backhous, H. D., R 1. 
Ball, Charles H. 
Ball, Samuel. 
Ball, Wm. 
Bauer, Frank. 
Bauer, Joseph. 
Bauer, Wm. 
Becker, Christ. 
Behrns, Max, R 1. 
Berns, Henry. 
Berns, Theodore. 
Bierbaum, G. H., R 1. 
Bierbaum J. C, R. 1. 
Bittner, Emanuel. 
Blietz, Wm. 
Blume, Herman. 
Borcherding, C. W. 
Borcherdlng, Fred. 
Borcherding, Henry. 
Borcherding, Henry C. 
Brandenburg, Charles. 
Brase, Fred. 
Brase, Henry. 
Brase, Wm. 
Brown, James. 
Bruening, Charles. 
Burr, Peter. 
Chettinger, John. 
Clefisch, Fred. 
Cleflsch, John. 
Cleflsch, J. J. 
Coleman, Eliza. 
Dannenbring, Fred. 
De Sotel Maxim 
Dittmer, Gustav E. 
Dorweiler, Henry. 
Dorweiler, John. 
Dorweiler, Paul. 
Dorweiler, Peter. 
Duwe, August. 
Duwe, Diederich. 
Duwe, Fred. 
Duwe, Herman. 
Duwe, John L. 
Duwe, Wm, 
Egelseder, Frank. 
Egelseder, John. 
Egelseder, John jr. 



Eilers, Bernard. 
Eilers, John. 
Eilers, Peter. 
Essman, Arthur. 
Essman, Diederich. 
Frey, Peter. 
Friedlein, Emil. 
Friedlein, Harriett. 
Friedlein, John. 
Gerner, Lorenz. 
Groth, Fred. 
Groth, John. 
Haas, Paul. 
Hagen, Henry. 
Hagen, Joachim. 
Hagen, Theodore. 
Handke Oswald, R. 1 
Harnisch, Charles. 
Harnisch, Wm. 
Harter, Henry. 
Harter, John. 
Harris, Samuel. 
Heck, George. 
Heck, John. 
Hoeger, Clemens. 
Hoeger, John. 
Holtz, Henry. 
Jareger, Jacob. 
Junk, John. 
Junk, Joseph. 
Junk, Peter. 
Kahle, Friederich. 
Kann, Arthur. 
Kann, Frank J. 
Kann, G. H. 
Kann, Gottfried M. 
Kann, Henry. 
Kann, H. W. 
Kann, John. 
Kann, Richard. 
Kipper, Frank. 
Kitto, Wm. 
Klein, Jacob. 
Kottke, August. 
Kottke, Louis. 
Kregel, Fred. 
Kregel, Fred H., R 1. 
Kregel, Henry. 
Kregel, W. F. 
Kriese, John. 
Kuehl, Wm. 
Kuehner, Henry. 
Kuehner, Wm. 
Lewin, John. 
Lewis, Lyman. 
Lieliefleld, Ben. 
Loesicher, Henry. 
Mahowald Frank 



Mahowald, Peter. 
Mahowald, Wm. 
Mardaus, Fred sr. 
Matt, Albert. 
Matt, Peter. 
Meier, H. W., R 1. 
Meyer, Anton. 
Meyer, Charles. 
Meyer, Elizabeth. 
Meyer, Joseph. 
Meyer, Otto. 
Miller, Charles. 
Miller, W. H. 
Mohrmem, Mathis. 
Morarend, August. 
Morarend, Diederich. 
Morarend, Wm. 
Mueller, C. C. 
Mueller, Fred. 
Mueller, Fred jr. 
Mueller, Helmuth. 
Mueller, Henry. 
Mueller, John W. 
Mueller, Louis. 
iNeedham, Patrick. 
iNiehaus, Henry. 
Nieland, Bernhard. 
Nieland, Gerhard. 
Nieland, Henry. 
Nieland, Herman. 
Nieland, Herman jr. 
Nieman, G. H. W. 
Noack, James. 
Nuehring, John. 
Nuehring, Wm. 
Ohlendorf, John. 
Overbeck W. A. 
Petchauer, Joseph. 
Petsche, John. 
Petsche, Joseph. 
Peuker, Charles. 
Peuker, John. 
Pufahl, Julius, R 1. 
Reimer, Charles. 
Reimer, Charles jr. 
Reimer, Henry. 
Reinitz, Charles. 
Reinitz, Gustav. 
Reinitz, Henry. 
Reinitz, Louis. 
Rodenberg, John. 
Rodenberg, Wm. 
Rodenberg, Wm jr. 
Rohner, Matt. 
Rohwedder, Herman. 
Satran, Thomas. 
Schall Carl 
Schall, Fred. 



312 



THE DAILY TELEGRAPH-HERALD'S 



I 



Schall, Joachim. 
Schaal, John. 
Schaefers, Joseph, R 1. 
Schloetzer, Hubert. 
Schloetzer Wm., R. 1 
Schorg, Henry. 
Schrank, Franz. 
Schroeder, Calvin. 
Schroeder, F. R. 
Schroeder, Henry. 
Schroeder, Herman. 
Schuette, Henry. 
Seeman, Gustav. 
Seidel, Joseph. 
Simmons, Mathias. 
Sodawasser, Frank. 
Sodawasser, Walter. 
Stoecker, George, R 1. 
Tackman, Fritz. 
Thiese; Ferdinand. 



Thiese, Fred. 
Thiese, Wm. 
Tuecke, Henry. 
Tuecke, Herman. 
Tuecke, John, 
Tuecke, John H., R 1. 
Tuecke, Louis. 
Tujetsch, Christ. 
Vorwald, Edward. 
Vorwald, G. J. 
Voss, Benjamin. 
Voss, Bernard. 
Voss, Bernard jr. 
Voss, Gottfried. 
Voss, Henry. 
Voss, Herman. 
Waldinger, H. 
Walke, August. 
Walke, Herman. 
Walker, David. 



^Valter, John C. 
Walter, Wm. 
Waltz, Frank. 
Weber, Charles. 
Weber, C. W. 
Weber, George. 
^Veiling. Henry. 
"White, Edward. 
^Vilker, H. J., R 1. 
Wilker, J. F., R 1. 
Wille, Anton. 
Vv'illman, Joseph. 
Vv^ittman, Fred. 
Wittman John 
AVittman, John jr. 
Wolter, George. 
Wolter, John. 
Wulfekuhle B. H. 
Zapf, Joseph. 



LITTLEPORT POST OFFICE 



Situated on the Volga River and on the C, 
miles from Dubuque, and nine miles south of 
and nearest banking point. Population 165. 
Express. Telephone connections. 



Alloway, Arthur. 
Anton, Nicholas. 
Athen, D. 
Barber, G. W. 
Battle man, Henry. 
Beal, Frank. 
Beatty, E. R. 
Beatty, John D. 
Becker, Charles. 
Becker, H. F. 
Beckman, Fred. 
Beckman, Louis. 
Behrens, Christian. 
Behrens, Fritz. 
Behrens, Henry. 
Behrens, Wm. 
Behrns, Christian. 
Bendschneider, August. 
Bendschneider, Charles. 
Brick, J. J. 
Buechel, Anton. 
Clark, H. S. 
Clinton, John. 
Clinton, Wm. 
Conley, Patrick. 
Conley, W. W. 
Conway, Daniel. 
Conway, Maurice. 
Coolidge, George. 
Cornelius, Henry. 



Curran, Philip. 
Dahling, Henry. 
Dill, Elmer E. 
Dinan, Lawrence. 
Dinan, Michael. 
Donke, Fred. 
Eggerth, Albert. 
Enderes, Ernest. 
Enderes, John W. 
Enderes, Wm. 
Finkenkiller Christ 
Fritz, Ludwig. 
FuUman, Michael. 
Gifford, Elmer. 
Gifford, H. L. 
Gotschalk, John. 
Gould, George. 
Gusta, Otto. 
Hakert, Charles. 
Hathaway, Guy. 
Hildebrandt, Christ. 
Hildebrandt, Wm. 
Hochhaus, F. W. 
Hughes, A. M. 
Hughes, Burrows. 
Hughes, Warren. 
Kafer, Anton. 
Kane H. A. 
Kellogg, Alf. 
Krieg, Adolph. 



M. & St. P. R. R., fifty-one 
Elkader, the county seat 
W. U. Telegraph. U. S. 



Krieg, Louisa. 
Krouse, Henry. 
Krouse, John, 
i^enhart, John. 
Liddy, F. J. 
Lillibridge, O. S. 
Lucy, Daniel. 
Lucy, John. 
Lucy, Michael. 
McDonough, M. 
McKinnis, John. 
Madden, Thomas. 
Maier, Emil. 
Meese, Edward. 
Meese, Fred. 
Meese, W. C. 
Meier, John. 
Meyer, George. 
Meyer, Jacob. 
Meyer, Joseph. 
Meyer, Rudolph. 
Meyer, Wm. E. 
Mierson, John. 
Miller, Charles. 
Miller, TVm. E. 
Murphy, Timothy. 
Musfeldt, H. H. 
Musfeldt, John. 
Xading, A. J. 
Xading, Flore. 



HISTORY OF IOWA AND COUNTY DIRECTORY 



313 



Nading, Forest. 
Nacling, James. 
Nading-, Jasper. 
Nading-, Jolm^. 
Nading, M. M. 
Nading, W. H. H. 
O'Connor, E. F. 
O'Dea, Michael. 
O'Loughlin, Patrick. 
Oiinger, George. 
Ortmann, Henry. 
Osborne, John. 
Parsons, Thon^as. 
Piehl, Charles. 
Piehl. Wm. 
Pilkington, F. T. 
Porter G. W. 
Pust, Christian. 
Pust, Henry. 
Reffle, Joseph. 
Reichart, Henry. 



Reichart, Wm. 
Reichert, Charles. 
Reichert, Fred. 
Reick, Charles. 
Reick, Wm. 
Reimer, F. C. H. 
Reimer, George. 
Reimer, Paul, 
Reimei% Wm. 
Robbins, John. 
Rodas, Henry. 
Rodas, John. 
Rodas, John jr. 
Rumbaugh, A. L. 
Schlie. Herman. 
Schlie, Otto. . 
Schuldt, Frank, 
ischuldt, Wm. 
Scovel, "Walter. 
Shepard, W. F. 
Shine, Daniel. 



Shine, Timothy. 
Stalnaker, S. M. 
Stemmer, W. J. 
Sullivan, James. 
Tate, B. F. 
Towle, W. C. 
Wach, Anton. 
Warneeke, Henry. 
Warnecke, John. 
Wegner, Charles A. 
Wenkstern, Henry. 
Wenkstern, Henry jr. 
White, George B. 
White, Thomas. 
\\^hipple, Darwin. 
^Yhittle, John. 
Wiley, John. 
Wiley, Michael. 
Winch, Louis. 



LUANA POST OFFICE 

On the C, M. & St. P. R, R., eighteen miles north of Elkader, the 
county seat, and three west of Monona, the nearest banking point. Has a 
church, good schools, large cheese factory, creamery, grain elevator, etc. 
Here can be seen on the farm of Burgess and Hansen, the largest herd of 
buffalo in captivity in the world. Population 200. U. S. Express. W. U. 
Telegraph, Telephone connections. 



James W. Chapman, Engelhardt, Louis. 

Postmaster. 
Mrs. J. W. Chapman, 



As?t, 

Ames Frank W. 
Anderson. Gilbert. 
Backhaus J. H, 
Becker. Henry, 
Biegler,- Ernest, 
Bigler, Louis, 
Brandt. Charles, 
Brandtraan, Wm, 
Bray. Charles, 
Buckman, Wm, F. 
Bugenhagen, Wm. 
Burdick, E, E. 
Burgess, Helen. 
Burgess, T. W. 
Candee, J, F, 
Candee, Selden. 
Chapman, J, M. 
Coon, A. P. 
Daubenberger, Fred. 
Daubenberger, George. 
Doerring, Charles, R 1. 
Doerring, Wm. 
Dohms, J, R, 



Engelhardt, Otto. 
English, Thomas. 
Eno, John L. 
Ernst, A, 
Ernst, J, M. 
Ernst. Lloyd. 
Evans, Willis. 
Farnham, F. F. 
Frey, H. 
Fuller, F. E. 
Funk, Fred. 
Garms, Albert. 
Gentz, Henry. 
Glawe, George. 
Gruel, Herman. 
Hanson, John. 
Haslip, Clara M. 
Heins, George. 
Heins, Henry. 
Heins, Herman. 
Heins. Julius. 
Heins, J. H. 
Henderson, Frank. 
Henkes Henry 
Hines, C. F. 
Hinman, C. A. 



Hinman, W. E. 
Houn, H. C. 
Hubacher, John P. 
Hupfer, Edward. 
Johanningmeier, Chas. 
Kamia, Lewis. 
Kamin, Henry. 
Kamin, John. 
Kamous, Henry. 
Kishnian, Alfred. 
Kishman, George, 
Kishman, Henry. 
Kliefoth, Fred J. 
Kliefoth, Henry. 
Kliefoth, John F. 
Knuth. H, L, 
Koss, John, 
Krambier, Jno, 
Krambier William 
Krueger, H, D. 
Kugel, August, 
Lambert, G, M, 
Landt, Charles. 
Landt, Charles jr. 
Landt, Wm. 
Lange, August. 
League, T. M. 



314 



THE DAILY TELEGRAPH-HERALD'S 



Lein, John H. 
Lemke, Wm. 
Lenth, J. P. 
Lenth, J. W. 
Lindroth, Frank. 
Lindroth, a. F. 
Looney, Edward. 
Looney, Thomas. 
Lubbers, Enno. 
Lytle, John. 
McNally, Lewis. 
McNally, Richard. 
Marting, H. G. 
Martins, John. 
Meyer, Wm. 
Miller, Ed. 
Miller, Robert. 
Montour, Ed. 
Montour, E. L. 
Moritz, Herman. 
Muellers Ferdinand. 
Oathout, G. W. 
Oathout, Lee. 
Oldag, George. 
Oldag, Henry. 
Oldag, L. J. 
Oldag, Wm. 
Oldag, Wm. H. 
Overbeck, August. 
Overbeck, C. H. 



Palas, Fred. 
Palas, Henry. 
Palas, John F. 
Paulsen, John. 
Pauncke, Fred. 
Perkins, Henry. 
Pries, Joachim. 
Pufahl, G. F. 
Radloff, Charles F. 
Raymond, Stephen. 
Roberts, Wm. 
Rupp, J. Q. 
Ryan, Edward. 
Sauger, Philip. 
Saueresslg, Henry. 
Sauerssig, John. 
Scheffert, Edward. 
Schrader, August. 
Schrader, Henry E. 
Schrader, John. 
Schroeder, Carl. 
Schroeder, Henry. 
Schultz, Charles. 
Schultz, Henry. 
Schutte, Charles. 
Schutte, Fred. 
Sheffert, E. H. 
Shepperd, Eli. 
Smith, Horace. 
Splies, Fred. 



Splies, Wm. 
Stackpole, Henry. 
Stadtmiller, Ed. 
Steglich, August. 
Stettler, W. W. 
Thies, George. 
Thiese, Charles. 
Turner, E. L. 
Turner, H. N. 
Uebelhoer Lewis 
Vaughn, Jess. 
Von Berg, Rosa A. 
Waalk, Henry. 
Walch, Edward. 
Walch, John. 
Walch, Joseph. 
Walch, Sebastian. 
Walter, D. P. 
Walter, Ernest. 
Walter, Fred. 
Walter, George. 
Walter, Geo. jr. 
Walter, Henry. 
Walter, Philip. 
vValter, Wm. F. 
Waskow, Ed. 
Zeigler, Henry. 
Ziegler, George. 
Zieman, Albert. 



McGregor post office 

(Inside Town) 
A flourishing town, beautifully situated on the west bank of the Mis- 
sissippi River and on the C, M. & St. P. R. R., fifty-four miles north of 
Dubuque, 229 from Chicago and 17 northeast of Elkader, the county seat 
It is advantageously located, being one of the principal business centers 
on the railroad between Dubuque and La Crosse. It is best noted as a 
marketing and lumbering point; shipping large quantities of grain, hay, 
live stock, lumber, butter, poultry and other farm produce. It is just 
across the river from Prairie du Chien, Wisconsin, with which place and 
North McGregor it is connected by telephone and ferry boat, which makes 
regular trips daily. The leading religious denominations are represented 
b}^ five church edifices; has a convent and an extra fine system of graded 
public schools, two banks, an opera house, two grain elevators, brick and 
lumber yards, a large creamery, two hotels, public hall, and electric light. 
The press is represented by two weekly newspapers — the News (Rep.) 
and North Iowa Times (Dem.) Population 1,450, U. S. Express. W. U. 
Telegraph. Telephone connections. 



'.\ 



Homer N. Boyle, P. M. 
Miss Fay Allen, Asst. 
Adams, George D. 



Adams, John Q. 
Adams, Leonard L. 
Allen, John W. 



Allen, Margaret. 
Andrews, Mary. 
Anderson, Gustavus A. 



HISTORY OF IOWA AND COUNTY DIRECTORY. 



315 



A.nderson (The). 
A^twood, Friend. 
Bachtell, Charles A. 
Bachtell, Ray D. 
Bailey, Oliver W. 
Baird, Josephine C. 
Banze, Adam. 
Barnhart, Delia. 
Barron, Charles H. 
Baylis, H. Covil. 
Beck, Andrew. 
Becker, Catharine. 
Bell, Fred G. 
Bell, Henry. 
Benjamin, Dayton G. 
Benton, Elmer E. 
Berg-emyer, Embert. 
Berg-man, Albert. 
Bergman, Alfred F. 
Bergman, A. F. & F. C. 
Bergman Bros. 
Bergman, Edward. 
Bergman, Edward L. 
Bergman, Frank C. 
Bergman, Fred. 
Bergman, Henry J. 
Bernatz, Louis. 
Bernhard, August T. 

Bickel John D. 

Bickel, J. D., Produce 
Co. 

Bicknell. Martha M. 

Billings, Augusta. 

Bird, Bernard. 

Bliss, George W. 

Blodel, Sophia. 

Bonson, Leslie J. 

Bowen, Charles. 

Bowen, Henry T. 

Boyle, Alonzo C. 

Boyle, Henry. 

Boyle, Lee. 

Boyle, Milton. 

Boyle, Owen. 

Boyle, Robert. 

Bradley, David D. 

Brennan, Michael J. 

Brooks, Charles M. 

Brooks, Henry P. 

Bi-own, Hugh A. 

Brown, Miss Jessie. 

Brown, J. Emmett. 

Bryan George W. 

Bryant, Charles. 

Buck, Charles L. 

Buck, Fred. 

Buck, Olive E. 

Buck, Orville M. 



Buckman, H. H. 

Burrows, George A. 

Bush, Wm. E. 

Chapin, Asahel. 

Church, Gill. 

Church, W. L. 

Clark, Miss A., M., M. D. 

Clark, Edward. 

Clark Henry H., M. D. 

Clark, Hospital. 

Clark, H. H. & A. M., 

M. D. 
Clarke, Sarah A. 
Claudy, Wm. 
Clemens, Albert. 
Clemens, August. 
Clemens, Emma S. 
Clemens, Marguerite. 
Cleveland, Charles M. 
Cleveland, James. 
Cleveland, Martha. 
Coffman, David B. 
Cooper, Irvin E. 
Cornish, Peter. 
Cotter, Daniel. 
Cox, George A. 

Cox, Richard. 

Cowles, Anna H. 

Crawford, James R. 

Cronan, Daniel G. 

Dahlman, Lena. 

Dalton, Anna. 

Darrow, Mary. 

Daubenberger Bros. 

Daubenberger Frank 

Daubenberger, John F. 

Daubenberger, Wm. F. 

Davis, Daniel. 

Davies John W. 

Davies Adam 

Davis, Charles F. 

Davis, James O. 

Davis, Jane. 

Day, James E. 

Dayton, Nellie A. 

Dean, George P. 

Derby, Wm. L. 

Dewing, Frank A. 

Donaldson, Gilbert. 

Donovan, Timothy L. 

Doran, Patrick. 

Dornbach, Clara. 

Dornbach, Frank. 

Douglas, George F. 

Durr, Arthur J. 

Durr, John. 

Eckert, Leonard. 

Eckert, Philip H. 



Eckert, Solomon J. 
Edward, James. 
Eichendori', John. 
Elblin^;, John. 
Elder, David W. 
Ellis, Columbus C. 
Ellsworth, Eugenia. 
Ellsworth, John H. 
Elmore, Lizzie. 
Elwell, W. H. C. 
Eno, Charles. 
Eno, Louis. 
Eull, Gertrude. 
Evans, Martha. 
Evans, Miss Susan K. 
Farnum, Louis C. 
Fessman, Charles W. 
B'essman & Allen. 
Fette, Catherine. 
Fette, Christian. 

Fiete, Evora. 

Filber, Magdaline. 

First National Bank. 

Fischer, Frank. 

Fitzsimmons, John J. 

Flack, John N. 

Flanders, Henry H. 

Flanders, Henry M. 

Fordney, Hiram. 

Foster, Margaretha. 

Foster, Stephen. 

Fox, Silas, 

Fox, Wm. C. 

Francis, George A. 

Freeman, George B. 

Freeman, George F. 

Frese, G. H. 

Frese, G. H. & Bro. 

Frese, John C. 

Frese, Mary J. 

Gallagher, Charles. 

Galland, Mrs. Elizabeth. 

Gardner, Eli. 

Gavan, Daniel. 

Gemmell, Eliza. 

Genz, Henry F. 

Genz, Johanna. 

Gerich, Joseph C. 

Gerndt, Charles T. 

Geske, Henry. 

Geske, Marie. 

Geske, Martin X. 

Giese, Wm. T. 
Gilchrist Miss Cath. 

Gilchrist, Frank R. 

Gilchrist, James N. 

Gilchrist & Co. 

Gile, Joshua K. 



316 



THE DAILY TELEGRAPH-HERALD'S 



Gilman, Frank C. 
Gilmartin, Wm. 
Glennon, Miss Julia. 
Goddard, Herbert J. 
Goddart, Bert. 
Goedert, John. 
Gray, John K. 
Griswold, Fred A. 
Gutheil, Caroline. 
Hag-ensick, John L. 
Hag-ensick, Wm. H. 
Haight, Elizabeth L. 
Haislet, John R. 
Hall Vernon E. 
Hammond, John B. 
Harned, Archie L. 
Harran, Edward J. 
Hasting, Charles. 
Hatch, Catharine. 
Hatch, Frank D. 
Haven, James W. 
Heberlein, Fred C. 
Heberlein, John F. 
Heberlein & Son. 
Heck, Philip. 
Heilmann, Henry F. 
Hellberg, Frank. 
Hellberg-, John H. 
Hellberg, Rose. 
Hendrickson, Benjamin. 
Herbert, Elizabeth. 
Hescott, Philip. 
Holden, Edward D. 
Home, Henry B. 
Horning, Alamando A. 
House, Samuel. 
Hoxsie, Elial. 
Huebsch, Anton. 
Hughes, Harriett A. 
Huntting, Charles. 
Huntting Elevator Co. 
Huntting, Fred H. 
Huntting, Harry S. 
Ind, Walter G. 
Jacobs, Edward H. 
James, Olive. 
Jensen, Hans. 
Johnson, Anna. 
Jones, Benjamin. 
Jones, Richard T. 
Jones, Wm. L. 
Jones & Welder. 
Jordan, Charles A. 
Jordan, Edwin B. 
Jordan, Frank. 
Jordan, Mary A. 
Kennedy, Marshall T. 
Kennedy, M. T. & Co. 



Kenyon, Ann A. 
Kicherer, Mrs. Ida. 
Kicherer, John G. 
Kiley, Julia. 
Kinsley, Benjamin A. 
Kinsley, Guy. 
Kinnaird, Wm. R. 
Kipp, Fred. 
Klein, George H. 
Koop, Jennie. 
Korte, John G. 
Korte, Wilhelmina. 
Kossack, Herman. 
Kramer, Charles F. 
Kramer, Jacob. 
Kramer, Jacob C. 
Kramer, John. 
Kramer, John F. 
Kramer, Louis M. 
Kramer, Miss Minnie. 
Kramer, Wm. F. 
Kramers. 
Kranert, August. 
Kranert, Wm. 
Kurz, Charles. 
Kurz, Johanna. 
Kurzrock, Edward F. 
Kurzrock, Sophia. 
Larrabee, Frank. 
Larson, Henry. 
Larson, John H. 
Laufer, August. 
Leary, Ann. 
Leasure, Daniel. 
Leasure, Luther. 
Leasure, Mrs. Zula. 
Lee, Hans. 
Lewis (The). 
Liebold, John. 
Lull, C. R. & Co. 
Luthe, Catharine. 
Lyons, Mary. 
McDonnell, Michael. 
McGregor Cigar Co. 
McGregor Electric Light 
and Power Co. 

McGregor news. 

McHale, Cecelia. 
McHose, Cordelia A. 
McLanahan, George W. 
McLaughlin, James. 
McMichael, F. 
McMichael, Thomas. 
McWilliams, John. 
Manke, Wm. J. 
Mann, Lucy. 
Marsh, Marshall L. 
Mason, Martin L. 



Matt Bros. 
Matt, Joseph. 
Matt, Wm. 
Matzeck, Joseph. 
Mehlm Miss Ella 
Mehsling, Charles M. 
Merritt, Wm. W. 
Metzger, Christ. 
Miles, I. H., M. D. 
Millard, Howard W. 
Miller, Nancy. 
Miller, V. R. 
Minchk, Mrs. Alice. 
Minchk, Jacob. 
Minney, George O. 
Minney, John. 
Minney, Mathilda. 
Minney, Rose. 
Minney, Wm. T. 
Moody, Samuel H. 
Moore, Emma H. 
Mossey, Clarence V. 
Murray, Miss Mary. 
Neibrand, John W. 
Nelson, Elizabeth. 
Nelson, Marien. 
Noble, Harriet C. 
NORTH IOWA TIMES 

(THE). 
O'Brien, Edward J. 
O'Brien, Patrick H. 
O'Donnell, Ellen. 
O'Donnell, Rev. Thomas. 
O'Rourke, Thomas W. 
Oehring Bros. 
Oehri ng, Chai^les C. 
Oehring, Fred. 
Oehring, Fred J. 
Olson, Ben. 
Payne, George W. 
Pearsall, Amelia. 
Peai'sall, Charles. 
Peickert, Christian T. 
Peikert, Joseph. 
Peterson, Samuel J. 
Phillips, Jacob F. 
Phillips, Jesse H. 
Plumbe, Edwin P. 
Pokorny, Anna. 
Prindle Dorleski 
Prindle, George E. 
Quigley, Robert. 
Quigley, Wm. 
Quinn, Samuel. 
Ramage, Joseph A. 
Ramage, Mary J. 
Reed, Emilie. 
Reynolds, Harry E. 



HISTORY OF IOWA AND COUNTY DIRECTORY. 



317 



Rice, Elbert N. 
Richards, Fred F. 
Riordan Hanora 
Robinson, Elizabeth. 
Rouser, Jeremiah. 
Rueg-nitz, Max J. C. 
Ryan, Jeremiah. 
Saacke, August. 
Schall, Mary, 
Scharfenstein, Mary. 
Scheffert, Charles. 
Scheffert, Ernest. 
Scherlin, Julius A. 
Schnieder, Amalia. 
Schott, John. 
Schumacher, Mary K. 
Schumaker, Peter. 
Scofleld Michael 
Scott. Jennetta. 
Scott, Sarah. 
Seeley, Cyrus. 
Sharrow, Mary. 
Sherlin, Julius. 
Shrake, John E. 
Sieg-ele Fred A. 
Singer Sewing Machine 

Co. 
Skellinger, Henry. 
Skelling-er, Samuel. 
Sloane, Frank C. 
Sloane Quincy A. 
Sloane, Q. A. & Son. 
Smith, Frank A. 



Smith, Wiley. 
Snyder, Anton. 
Somerville, David J. 
Sparks, Edward D. 
Spaulding, Clarence F. 
Specht, Anna. 
Speers, Julia M. 
Stafford, Otis J. 
Scott, Mrs. Elizabeth. 
Standard Telephone Co. 
State Bank of McGreg- 
or. 
St-evens, Theresa. 
Stone, Wm. S. 
Stow, Edward. 
Sullivan, John. 
Sullivan, Timothy J. 
Sweeny, Patrick. 
Sweet, Julius J. 
Thier, Rev. Bernhard. 
Thomas, Mary. 
Thomas, ^Ym. H., M. D. 
Thompson, Nellie. 
Townsend, Gideon. 
Troutfetter Charles E. 
Troutfetter Wm. 
Troutfetter, Wm. & Son. 
Trygg, John. 
Turner George R. 
Updegraff Hon. Thos. 
Van Sickle, A. L. 
Walker, Charles S. 
Walker, Charles W. 



Walker, C. W. & Son. 
Wallis, Sarah. 
Walter John A. 
Walter, Margaret. 
Walter, Peter. 
^Valter & Bro. 
Warner, Benjamin R. 
Washburn, Hiram P. 
Watson, Joseph W. 
TYebb, John E. 
Washburn Hiram P. 
Watson Joseph W. 
Webb John E. 
Webb Lemuel G. 
ATelter Charles 
Wentworth Ernest 
Wetzel John 
White Caroline 
Widman John F. 
Wilder Orville E. 
Williams Charles M. 
Williams Thomas 
AVillson Elizabeth 
Wilson Charles H. 
Winter Rukard H. 
Winterlin Joseph A. 
Wood George N. 
Wooden Alfred 
Yager Oliver M. 
Young Margaret 
Zeigler Sarah 



McGregor post office 



Adney Alonzo 
Adney Alvin J. 
'Adney Arthur 
Adney Austin 
Adney John 
Adney Johnson 
Adney Wm. 
Albrecht Robert. 
Allen Andrew, R. 3. 
Allen Anna, R. 3. 
Allen H. O., R. 3. 
Allen Lemuel, R. 3 
Allert George 
Allert Herman 
Allert John W., R. 1 
Allert Wm., R. 1 
Anderson Andrew, R. 3 
Anderson H. H. 
Anderson Solon, R. 3 
Bachtell Vernon, R. 3 
Balzell C, R. 1 • 



(Outside Town) 

Barnhard John H., R. 1 
Barnhard Wm., R. 1 
Barnhouse Allen, R. 3 
Barnhouse Samuel, R. 3 
Barker Sarah 
Barnett Patrick 
Barr A. J. 
Bass George R., R. 3 
Bass John 

Becker Fred S., R. 1 
Becker Oscar, R. 1 
Beckett Fred., R. 3 
Beckett J. T., R. 3 
Bensing J. H., R. 1 
Bentley A. H. 
Bernhard William, R. 1 
Berts inger Edward 
Beyer Ferdinand, R. 1 
Bickel D. F., R. 1 
Bickel John S., R. 1 
Bickel Ray S., R. 1 



Bierbaum F. G., R. 3 
Blaha Frank, R. 1 
Blaha Frank V., R. 1 
Bonza Edward. 
Bonzer John, R. 1 
Bonzer Joseph, R. 1 
Bovee Myron. 
Boynton Oscar 
Bruckner Lorenz, R. 3 
Bucholtz Julia 
Burghardt G. H., R. 3 
Carlson Carl 
Carroll Michael, R. 1 
Claudy Daniel 
Claudy Wm. 
Chase Beecher 
Connors John 
Cottrill John 
Crawford Marshall, R. 1 
Cropp E. D. 
Dahm J. N. 



318 



THE DAILY TELEGRAPH-HERALD'S 



Danielson M. 
Davies G. W. 
Davies James A, R. 1 
Davies James G,, R. 1 
Davies Louise 
Davies Richard 
Davies W. L. 
Davis George, R. 3 
Davis John 
Debes Adam 
De Haven Samuel 
Demo Abraham 
Demo Frank 
Demo John 
Dettman H. H., R. 3 
Dettman J. F. W., R. 3 
Dettman Julius 
Dickens Clayton 
Diem George 
Doug-lass Homer 
Duer Charles 
Duer M. L. 
Duer Washington 
Eckle George 
Eckle Geo. Jr. 
Eckle Jacob 
Edgerton L. 
Eggen Embret, R. 3 
Eggen Ernest, R. 3 
Eggen Ole E., R. 3 
Elet Fred, R. 1 
Ellenbolt Henry 
Ellenbolt Retus, R. 1 
Ellenbolt Stewart, R. 1 
Erbe Adam 
Erbe Henry 
Erickson Erick, R. 3 
Erickson Ole, R. 3 
Erickson Peter 
Faber Mrs. Mary, R. 3 
Figgie Henry, R. 1 
Figgie Wm., R. 1 
Fischer Henry, R. 3 
Flexman Arthur 
Flitsch Richard 
Flower G. L., R. 3 
Flower John, R. 3 
Forster Ernest 
Fox Henry, R. 1 
Fox Jacob, R. 1 
Fritz John, R. 1 
Gardner Eli 
Gardner Wm. 
Gebhardt Wm. C, R. 1 
Geraghty James, R. 1 
.Geraghty John, R. 1 
Geraghty John F., R. 1 
Geraghty Michael, R. 1 



Gerloff H. L. 
Gronquist Alfred 
Gutheil George 
Guthrie Wm. 
Haefner Chas., R. 1 
Haislett B. W. 
Hallberg August 
Hallberg Charles, R. 3 
Haltmeyer Herman 
Halvorson Erick, R. 3 
Halvorson Gertrude, R. 

3 
Hampshire George 
Hampshire Wm., R. 3 
Hampton Arthur 
Hampton Isaac 
Hanson Henry 
Hanson Peter 
Harrington James 
Hartwick John, R. 1 
Hartwick Theodore, R. 1 
Hass Herman, R. 1 
Hastings Charles 
Havlicek Albert, R. 1 
Havlicek John, R. 1 
Hedeman Fred., R. 3 
Heilman John 
Heilman J. J. 
Heimbrodt A. E., R. 1 
Heimbrodt Charles, R. 1 
Heimbrodt Fred, R. 1 
Heinrichs John, R. 3 
Hendrickson Joseph 
Henry A. D. 
Henry John 
Henry J. J. 
Henry Louis, R. 3 
Hirsch John, R. 3 
Hirsch Wm., R. 3 
Hohman Frank 
Holly John, R. 1 
Howe Frank 
Hubacher George 
Hubacher John 
Hubacher Wm. 
Huebsch John 



] 



Kadlec Joseph, R. 1 
Kahls E. E. 
Kahls John 
Kaiser J. F. W. 
Kelly Dennis, R. 1 
Kersten Fred 
Klein Michael 
Klein Otto 

Klotzbach H. J., R. 1 
Klotzbach John, R. 1 
Klotzbach Levi, R. 1 
Klotzbach Nicholas, R. 

1 
Klotzbach Theodore, 

1 
Knabel Anton 
Knapp John 
Knapp Myron 
Knight Homer 
Knowles W. J. 
Koether George, R. 1 
Kruetter Charles, R. 3 
Kurtzrock George 
Larson Alfred, R. 3 
Larson Carrie, R. 3 
Larson Frank 
Larson Fred, R. 3 
Larson L. J. 
Larson Matt., R. 3 
Larson Ole 
Laufer August 
Laufer John 
Laufer Simon 
Leibrand George 
Lenth Alfred 
Lenth John 
Lestina Albert, R. 1 
Lestina Albert Jr., R. : 
Lewis C. H., R. 3 
Lewis James, R. 3 
Liebner Robert 
Lindberg Gustav, R. 3 
Lindquist M,, R. 3 
Lindquist Oscar, R. 3 
Lindgrain Wni., R. 3 
Long Clara G. 



Hultgren Andrew, R. 3 Long Henry, R. 3 



Huseby Carl, R. 3 
Irwin Wm., R. 1 
Jennings Lawrence 
Johnson Erick, R. 3 
Johnson Lester 
Johnson Ole, IJ. 3 
Johnson S. J. 
Jones E. J. 
Jones John 
Jones L. R. 
Kadlec Frank, R. 1 



Long Ole, R. 3 
Lorang John 
Love Jacob 
Lucas Fred 
Luckerman Charles 
Luther E. B. 
McGill D. L. 
McGuire James, R. 3 
McMillan A. S. 
McMillan Frank, R. 1 
McReynolds H. M. 



HISTORY OF IOWA AND COUNTY DIRECTORY. 



319 



Macha Mary, R. 1 
Marlett Hiram, R. 3 
Marlett John, R. 3 
Marlett Wm., R. 3 
Matt Theodore 
Mene Wm. 
Merritt Warren 
Meyer L. W., R. 3 
Meyer Wm. A., R. 1 
Miene H. W. 
Miller Charles, R. 3 
Miller Henry 
Miller Louis 
Miller V. R, 
Miller W. A. 
Mitchell S. W., R. 1 
Mohning F. J., R. 3 
Moody A. D. 
Moody Charles 
Moody David 
Moody Ira 
Moody Riley 
M.oody Ross 
Moody S. H 
Moore Harvey 
Moore V/illiam, R. 1 
Mueller John, R. 3 
Mueller J. H., R. 3 
Neill C. J., R. 1 
Xelson A. J. 
Nelson Nels 
Nichols C. E., R. 1 
Nichols C. P., R. 1 
Nichols C. J„ R. 1 
Noeding Carl, R. 1 
Ormsby R. J., R. 1 
Orr Albert 
Orr Clarence 
Orr John 
Olson Gustav 
Olson Ole B. 
Otting H. P., R. 3 
Otting J. P., R. 3 



Parker Frank, R. 1 
Parker James, R. 1 
Peck Joseph 
Peterson Albert 
Peterson Peter 
Peterson Thron. 
Pixler Amos 
Pixler S. .N. 
Pixler Wm. 
Piatt Albert 
Regal Prank, R. 3 
Reidel Charles, R. 1 
Reidel John G., R. 1 
Rhoda Alfred 
Rieley Daniel O. 
Riley M. J. 
Ronquist Betsey O. 
Ronquist P. C. 
Ronquist John 
Russell E. P. 
Russell H. S. 
Sass Fred, R. 1 
Sass John, R. 1 
Sass William 
Suetter Wm. 
Sawvel Charles 
Sawvel Hiram, R. 3 
Sawvel John 
Schelhamer Chris., R. 1 
Schmeiser John, R. 1 
Schmidt Frank, R. 1 
Schmidt Henry, R. 1 
Schoulte Prank Jr. 
Schoulte G. H. H. 
Schoulte S. H. P. 
Schoulte Wm. 
Schriver C. W., R. 1 
Schriver G. R. 
Schroeder Albert, R. 1 
Schuldt Charles, R. 1 
Schulte August, R. 3 
Schulte J. H., R. 3 
Schultz Albert 



Schwisow C, R. 1 
Scott J. H. 
Shaw David, R. 3 
Sheffert John, R. 1 
Simpson Ole, R. 3 
Smith Ash 
Sparks J. W. 
Straus Charles 
Subdal Frank, R. 1 
Subdal Jacob, R. 1 
Theviot Albert 
Tischler John, R. 3 
Trappe Charles, R. 1 
Troutfetter Barbara 
Troutfetter Charles 
Troutfetter Frank 
Trygg Andrew, R. 3 
Trygg A. A. 
Trygg Erick, R. 3 
Trygg J. D., R. 3 
Ulisch Philip, R. 1 
Verhoti John, R. 1 
Voss Bernhard, R. 1 
Walters Irving 
Washburn Charles 
Washburn George P., R. 

1 
Washburn Herbert 
Waters P. C. 
Weigand Henry 
Weir David H. 
Weir Ithiel. 

Welch Charles H., R. 1 
Weller Charles 
Werges E. C, R. 3 
Wickersheiai Fen, R. 1 
Wilson Wm., R. 1 
Witter B. S. 
Wolfe Charles J., R. 3 
Wright John 
Yearous L. M., R. 1 
Youngberg Ernest 



MEDERVILLE POST OFFICE 

In Clayton County on the C, M. & St. P. R. R., seven miles from 
Elkader, the county seat and bank location, and fifty-five miles from Du- 
buque by rail. U. S. Express. W. IT. Telegraph. Telephone connections. 
Population 100. 



Miles Marshall, P. M. 
Charles Meder, Asst. 
Adams Fred 
Albrecht A. B. 
Behrens August 
Bente Wm. G. 
Brinkhous John 



Brinkhous Wm. 
Carnicle T. G. 
Childers David 
Childers Hannah 
Conerton Joseph 
Coonfare Daniel 
Coonfare David 



Coonfare Wm. 
Donath Edward 
Dunn Peter 
Farmer Francis 
Farmer Henry 
G en V A. J. 
Gorkow Charles 



320 



THE DAILY TELEGRAPH-HERALD'S 



Handel Paul 
Handel Wm. 
Helg-erman Charles 
Hines Henry 
Hines Hiram 
Hines John 
Kahrs John 
Kellogg Mary J. 
Kellog-g Wm. 
Kellogg Wm. H. 
King Henry 
Klahr Charles 
Klahr Henry 
Koester Theodore 
Kramer Harry 
Kramer Valmah 



Landis A. J. 
Lane Frank 
Lange Charles 
Leonard Michael 
Leonard Richard 
Leonard William 
McCarron Thomas 
Marshall Miles 
Meder Albert 
Meder Barney 
Meder Charles 
Meder Henry 
Nugent Henry 
Parker W. H. 
Patrick F. E. 
Patrick Leodicy 



Peake C. E. 
Pugh Wayne 
Schuldt Wm. 
Scott Wm. 
Sturm Henry 
Thurber J. W. 
Thuber Wm. 
Vohs John 
Vohs Mary 
Wacker Christ 
Wacker Fred 
Wenzell J. F. 
Wiesner Oscar 
Wilberg August 
Zahrndt F. W. 



MILLVILLE POST OFFICE 

On the C, M. & St. P. R. R., and on the Little Turkey River in the 
southeastern part of Clayton County, six miles from Guttenbsrg, the near- 
est banking point, and thirty southeast of Elkader, the county seat. 
Mail daily. Population 100. U. S. Express. W. U. Telegraph. Tele- 
phone connections. 



F. E. Meckel, P. M. 
Ch. J. Meckel, Asst. 

Ayers Len. 
Beatty Bert 
Becker J. H. 
Berger Henry 
Blume Charles 
Blume Karl 
Bolsinger George 
Brockman August 
De Sotel James 
Donnan E. C. 
Farris Alex 
Ferris Charles 
Ferris Joseph 
Fisher Amel 
Friedlein Henry 
Friedlein Louis 
Friend E. E. 
Friend W. A. 
Gibbons George 



Graybill Charles 
Graybill George 
Graybill Herman 
Graybill Joseph 
Grose Joseph 
Hall John 
Heckel F. E. 
Henkels John 
Kaufman J. E. 
Kenyon Edward 
Kickbush Charles 
Kickbush H. 
Marshall J. C. 
Marshall W. B. 
Martin S. A. 
Meyer Benjamin 
Meyers Fred 
Minger Albert 
Minger Benjamin 
Minger Charles 
Minger Frank 



Minger John 
Palmer Henry 
Jr-atrick W. W. 
Penhollow Ansel 
Peyton Martha 
Smith C. E. 
Smith John 
Smith Leeson 
Smith Leeson Jr. 
Sprague C. C. 
Thatcher W. M. 
Thompson E. C. 
Torrey Edward 
Torrey Henry 
Troester Louis 
Troester Paul 
Truesdell Daniel 
Ward J. P. 
Ward W. H. 
^White F. P. 
White W. A. 



MONONA POST OFFICE 

(Inside Town) 
The gaiden city of Clayton County is on the C, M. & St. P. R. R., 
sixteen mil-s north of Elkader, the county seat, and fourteen northwest 
of McGregor and sixty-nine miles from Dubuque. Has a private bank 
and state bank, brick and tile works, good public school, four churches, 
an opera house and park. Population 800. W. U. Telegraph. U. S. Ex- 
press^ Telephone connections. 



HISTORY OF IOWA AND COUNTY DIRECTORY. 



321 



Geo. H. Otis, P. M. 
Miss Marian R. Otis, 
Asst. 

Al--; I cvriir.hnd G. 

Abel Julius C. 

Anderson Charles J. 

Anderson John 

Barker James A. 

Barkley Ira 

Beeler Hannah 

Beeler Nelson H. C. 

Bell Georg-e H. 

Bellows Walter D. 

Bellows Mrs. W. D. 

Bernhardt Wm. C. 

Bierbauni Christ 

Bierbaum John F. 

Bothel Harry 

Bothel Rachel 

Briar Joseph 

Briar Joseph A. 

Brown AVm. 

Brownson Jason D., M. 
D. 

Buckley John 

Bunker Henry 

Burgess Wm. H. 

Burnham Horace 
Campbell Annie 
Carlson John A, 
Casaday Warren 
Christen Ernst 
Clarke Miss Anna 
Collins Ebenezer R. 
Conway Thomas 
Cook George W. 
Cummings Charles 
Currie A. L., D. D. S. 
Davis Miss Angelina 
Davis Melvin 
Davis & Gilbert 
Deering August 
Donahue Ellen 
Doody Wm. E. 
Douglas Nelia 
Dull Daniel J. 
Eddy Melvin S. 
Egbert Clamanda C. 
Egbert David 
Egbert Hester 
EGBERT RAY 
Egbert Thaddeus S. 
Eibel Adam 
Eibel Charles G. 
Eiffert Elizabeth 
Elmore Wm. E. 
English Patrick 
Entvrisle Caleb H. 



Entwisle Orion C. 

Everall Bruce B., M. D. 

Fair Amanda M. 

Fair Ann 

Farley Wm. C. 

Farris Daniel H. 

Farris & Johnson 

Ferguson Wilbert 

Fick Charles 

Fillenwarth Mary 

Fillenwarth Peter 

Flaherty Richard 

Fonda Robert M. 

Fonda Robert M. Jr. 

Fosha George 

FOX HARRY C. 

Frohwein George 

Garms Wm. 

Geraghty Patrick 

Geraghty Richard 

Gilbert Frank 

GILBERT GEORGE L. 

Gilbert Miss Lottie 

Gilbert Wm. T. 

GILBERT G. L. & CO. 
(See Ad front fly leaf) 

Grady Joseph J. 

Graening Rev. John 

Green Mathilda 

Gregg Gustavus 

Griffin Patrick PI. 

Grinnell Rev. Joel E. 

Grinnell Melissa 
Grube Peter 
Gurtisen Jacob R. 
Habliech John C. 
Haggerty Daniel E. 
Halley George W. 
Halley Wm. T. S. 
Hammond John W. 
Hancock Morrison N. 
Hanson Wm. H. 
Hardin Sarah 
Haworth John L. 
Hemen Henry L. 
Henkes Edward 
Henkes John 
Hicks Joshua. M. D. 
Hicks Samuel 
Hogan Rev. Michael J. 
Holly Frank A. 
Hopkins Orrin D. 
Hotel Arlington 
Howard Frank H. 
Howe Henry C. 
Humphrey Agnes 
Humphrey James 
Humphrey Michael J. 



Humphrey Richard 

Humphrey Wm. F., D. 
D. S. 

Hupfer Frank 

lapp Henry 

Ingalls Jacob 

Irwin James 

Jenkins Fred W. 

Jenkins George H. 

Jenkins George H. Jr. 

Johnson Christ 

Johnson John 

Kaiser Herman H. 

Kaiser George J. 

Kascel Charity 

Kascel John 

Kean Andrew 

Kelly John 

Kennedy John 

Killen Alexander G. 

Killen John 

Killen & Co. 

Kinsley Rufus G. 

Kinsley & Fonda 

Kleinpell Eug-ene 

Klingle Elizabeth 

Klingman Caroline 

Klingmann Charles H. 

Kluts Henry 

Kregel August 

Kregel Wm. 

Kurdelmeyer Fred C. 

Kurdlemeyer John D. 

Ladd Horace H. 

Lembke Joseph 

Lenth Aug-ust W. 

Lenth Frank 
Lenth Reka 
Liebenstein Mina 
Littler John J. 
Long John H. 
Love Wm. 

McClelland Percival W.. 
McGonigle John H. 
McGuire Peter 
McNamara John L. 
Macdonald Mrs. Belle 
Magoon Henry 
Maiers John A. 
Maiers J. A. & Co. 
Markley Frank 
Mason Cassius 
Massey Emma 
Meskimen George P. 
Miller Charles 
Miller George M. 
Milliman Mathilda 
Mista John 



322 



THE DAILY TELEGRAPH-HERALD'S 



Mitchell Charles A. 
Monona Bank (The) 
Monona Iron Works 
MONONA LEADER 

(THE) 
MONONA LUMBER CO 

(See Ad front cover) 
M O Tsi O N A STATE 

BANK 
(See Ad front fly leaf) 
Montgomery Agrretta 
Montgomery Frank 
Moore Wm. M. 
Mueller Andrew J. 
Mulligan John 
Mulligan Thomas 
Murphy Mary 
N^lings Wm. H. 
Nelings & Killen 
Nichols Luther 
Nichols Marvin W. 
Norton Charles B. 
Norton Laura A. 
O'Neill Michael 
Oathout Mary 
Oliver Clarence J. 
Oliver Edward W. 
Oliver R. P. 
Oliver Wm. 
•"^'msted Ida N. 
r RFi FRANK M. 
C tis Edmund R. 
Otis George H. 
Cttis & Co. 
C)vven Charles G. 
P£ ynter Harkless 
Peters George 
Peters John 
Peterson Harold B. 



Abel August 
Abel E. H. 
Anderson Andrew 
Appel J. 
Arnold J. S. 
Arnold S. M. 
Aulrich George Jr. 
Baade Fritz 
Bender Ward 
Benthien Henry, R. 1 
Bentien Ernest 
Beynon John 
Beynon Martha E. 
Bleitz Charles, R. 3 
Bonker C. J. 



Peterson Harry B. 
Possehl Frank M- 
Randall Robert W. 
Reardon Wm. J. 
Renshav,' Leslie L., M. 

D. 
Renshaw «& Everall, M. 

D. 
Renziehausen Mary 
Rice Edward L. 
Rittenhouse Harley S. 
Robertson Jas. E.,V. S. 
Rohloff Charles A. 
Rowland Lucinda 
Rupp Elizabeth 
Russell Frank E. 
Russell Wilson H. 
Ryan Miss Catharine 
Ryan Margaret 
Schadd Eleanor 
Schefert Arnold 
Schv/ab Adam E. 
Scott Bartamous 
Sebastian Charles E. 
SEE CARL F. 
Shantz Herman F. 
Sheppard John 
Sherman Frank T. 
Sherman Theodore 
Shirholtz Herman 
Siglin Fred S. 
Slitor Edv/ard F. 
Smith Horace H. 
Smith Pamelia 
Spies John 
Steele Bros. 
Steele Frank J. 
Steele Joseph A. 
Steiert Anna M. 



Stratton Charles 
Taake Henry W. 
Taake Johanna 
Tangeman Mrs. Frances 
TAPPER DAVID B. 
Tapper Ellen 
Tapper James E. 
Tapper John H. _ 
TAPPER & EGBERT 
(See Ad front fly leaf) 
Thomas Hugh G. 
Thomas Mary C. 
Tiede Ludwig 
Turner Henry W. 
Turner John 
UHsh Lou's 
Voelske Albert C. 
Walch Linus A. 
Walch & Geraghty 
Warren Orland W. 
Waugh Sarah 
Wellman Fred L. 
Wellman Louis A. 
Wellman V^^m. W. 
Wellman & Son 
Wheeler Elva F. 
Wheeler Ira J. 
White Alexander F. 
White Martha 
TVhite Wm. 
Wiechmann Ida 
Wiegand Conrad H. 
Williams Rev. Hadwen 
Wilson Henry M. 
Winkley Elizabeth 
Wirkler Arthur J. 
Wirkler Mary 
Wirkler Orville H. 
Ziegler Maria E. 



MONONA POST OFFICE 

(Outside Town) 

Brom.melkamp B. 
Bywater Wm. 
Carroll James 
Clifford Ellen 
Clifford William 
Collignon Julius, R. 3 
Connell Mathew, R. 3 
Connell Patrick, R. 3 
Connell Thomas 
Cunningham Daniel 
Curtis H. S. 
Davis S. G. 
Degraw Ernest 
Degraw E. V. 
Degraw R. E. 



Demo William 
Downing Charles, R. 3 
Downing Claude, R. S 
Duell S. B. 
Duwe Henry 
Duwe Herman 
Engelhardt Wm. 
Ferguson Alfred 
Ferguson A. C. 
Ferguson John 
Fick Albert 
Frohwein W. H. 
Garms J. C 
Gilster Fred E., R. 1 
Grady John, R. 3 



HISTORY OF IOWA AND COUNTY DIRECTORY 



323 



Grady Joseph 
Gruell Wm. 
Gutheil Eva, R. 3 
Gutheil Henry, R. 3 
Haberichter Charles 
Haberichter R. H. 
Hag-g-erty Daniel, R. 3 
Hag-gerty Jeremiah, R. 

3 
Hakes Frank, R. 3 
Hamann John 
Hargesheimer Ed., R. 3 
Hazlett George, R. 3 
Hazlett Wm., R. 3 
Henkes Louis 
Henkes Melvin 
Henkes W. H. 
Hertrampf Wm. 
Hofke Joseph, R. 3 
Humphrey James T. 
Humphrey L. B. 
Humphrey L. J. 
Humphrey Mary 
Humphrey Matt 
Humphrey P. H. 
Huekstadt August 
Hupfer Charles F. 
Hupfer H. A. 
Ihde Wm. 
James Horace 
Jarms F. L. 
Jarms F. J. 
Jarms Henry J. 
Kaiser A. F. 
Kaiser C. F. 
Kaiser Henry H. 
Klingeman F. C. 
Knoebel Edv/ard 
Koehler Alvis, R. 8 
Kohler Christ 



Kohler Edward 
Koth Fred 
Koth Herman 
Krambier Henry 
Krambier Louis 
Krambier Robert 
Kruse August 
Kruse Henry 
Kurdelmeier L. H. 
Lamker W. H. 
Landt W. F. 
Lembke C. J. 
Lembke Henry 
Lembke H. J. 
Lenth Frank 
Lenth Joseph 
Lenth Louis 
Lestina John, R. 3 
Licht Henry 
Licht John 
Licht John Jr. 
McClelland P. W. 
Melcher N. 
Miller Wm. H. 
Miller W. J. 
Moon Harry. C. 
Mueller Wm. 
Neubauer Henry 
Neverman Fred. 
Newcomb D. C. 
O'Leary Daniel 
O'Leary Joseph 
O'Leary J. P. 
Plozell Joseph, R. 3 
Plozell Thomas, R. 3 
Roth Ed. 
Russell Isaac 
Sass George 
Schafers Ed, R. 1 
Schierholz H. P. 



Schiff Smil, R. 3 
Schmidt John H., R. 3 
Schmidt Wm. M., R. 3 
Schneider Henry 
Schneider James 
Schroeder Henry 
Schroeder J. H. 
Schroeder Rudolph 
Snell Edward 
Snell Henry 
Snell Wm. 
Stafford Wm., R. 3 
Stoehr Henry • 
Switzer C. H. 
Tapper Roy, R. 3 
Tayek Anton, R. 3 
Tayek Benjamin, R. 3 
Tayek Joseph, R. 3 
Tewes ^Wm. J., R. 3 
Thomas Roy P. 
Thompson Alexander 
Thompson Larry 
Thompson Walter 
Thornton C. 
Thornton W. O. 
Trappe Henry, R. 3 
Ulrich Arthur 
Ulrich James 
Ulrich William, R. 3 
Vlazna Martin, R. 3 
Wagner Albert 
Wagner George 
Wagner J. F. 
Walch Andrew 
Weithorn H. J., R. 3 
Whittle M. F., R. 8 
Wiedeman Matt. 
Wilson H. M. 
Witt C. E. 
Witt Fred 



NATIONAL POST OFFICE 

A live town of 125 inhabitants in Clayton County, nine and one-half 
miles southwest of McGregor, the usual banking and shipping point. 
Stage daily to McGregor and Giard. Telephone connections. 

Cornelius Morgan P. M. 
Jos. G. Morgan Asst. 

Anderson Arthur 
Anderson G. D. 
Bachtell E. H. 
Bachtell T. D. 
Bean C. W. 
Berns Herman 
Berns Herman Jr. 
Berns Joseph 
Berns William 
Brownson Freeman 



Bruckner Barney 
Clark Victor 
Freeman Joseph 
Kramer Fred 
Kreutter John 
Marlett Lorenzo 
Marty Matt 
Matt Louis 
Meier Char'es F. 
Miller Fred 
Moeller Henry J. 
Moeller John 



Morgan C. 
Morgan H. B. 
Morgan James G. 
Mueller L. J. 
Nieland Ben 
Smith Barton 
Werger August 
Werger Herman 
Werges Fred 
Wright D. A. 
Wright John T. ' 



324 



THE DAILY TELEGRAPH-HERALD'S 



NORTH BUENA VISTA POST OFFICE 

This is the post office name for the town of Buena Vista, which is 
beautifully situated on the Mississippi River and on the C, M. & St. P. 
R. R., in the extreme southeastern part of Clayton County, twenty-four 
miles north of Dubuque, the nearest banking location. Ships large quan- 



tities of grain, live stock and cord wood, 
graph. Population 65. 
Rudolph Meuth, P. M 



U. S. Express. W. U. Tele- 



Robert Meuth, Asst. 
Allen B. L. 
Atchison Fred 
Atchison James 
Atchison John S. 
Atchison Wm. I. 
Bakula Michael 
Birch D. E. 
Blaser George 
Blaser John 
Brada Simon 
Brandenburg J. C. 
Bredt John M. 
Brimeyer Nicholas 
Bronson Seymour 
Carter G. W. 
Carter Jaines 
Connelly J. J. 
Connelly Terrance A. 
Dean V/m. 
Demill Mrs. E. 
Dietrich Albert 
Edwards John B. 
Engling Henry 
Eng^ing John 
Fabert Ernest 
Freiburger Benjamin 
Friedman George, R. 1 
Greve August. 
Groehlinger Joachim 
Hefel George 
Hefel John 
Hefel Joseph 
Hefel Martin 
Henkels John 
Hommes Anthony 



Hommes Math. 
Huffman I. T. 
Johnson Joseph 
Johnson Joshua 
Kallmerten Ferd. 
Kamm Henry 
Kasel B. 
Kelsey George 
Kelsey Ira 
Keppler A, C. 
Keppler Gustav 
Koennecker Christ 
Koennecker Frank 
Kohnen John 
Krapf Joseph 
Kuykendall John L. 
Kuykendair Mrs. 

J. 
Lance Cieo. 
Lance McC. 
Ley Nicholas 
Ley Peter 
Lund I. A. 
McCaffrey Catherine 
McCaffrey Edward 
McCaffrey Emma 
McCaffrey John 
McCaffrey Michael 
Maier Christ 
Merkle Ernest 
Meuth C. A. 
Meuth Robert 
Meuth Rudolf 
Meuth R. A. 
Mulhall Thomas 
Nagel Arthur E. 
Nagel Carl 



Nagel Fred 
Noggle A. C. 
Noggle Ellis 
Oberbroeckling F. W. 
Orcutt Daniel 
Osthoff Chr. 
Osthoff Math. 
Pierce Frank 
Potter J. M. 
Regner Andrew 
Relchman Ferd. 
Reichman John 
Rlnicker John 
Rinicker J. L. 
Roe John M. 
Sawyer E. P. 
Susie Saylor Jacob 

Schmidt Anthony P. 
Schmidt John G. 
Spielbauer Joseph 
Stoddard M. C. 
Sweeney Joseph A. 
Taschner Carl 
Taschner Christian 
Tinkey George 
Tinkey Michael 
T'ttle John 
Tittle Lemuel 
Tucker E. R. 
Tweedie Thomas 
^Vachendorf Anton 
Wachendorf Wm. 
Wick George 
Wick Jacob 
Woodward Edward 
Zimmer Joseph 
Zimmer Mrs. Rosa 



NORTH McGregor post office 

(Inside Tov/n) 

A flourishing incorporated town, very pleasantly situated on the Mis- 
sissippi River, and C, M. & St. P. Railway, fifty-six miles north of 
Dubuque; one mile north of McGregor, its nearest banking point, and 
twenty-seven miles by rail from Elkader, the county seat. It is ex- 
clusively a railroad town, being the junction of the I. & D. and the Du- 
buque divisions of the C, M. & St. P. Railway. It is connected with 



HISTORY OF IOWA AND COUNTY DIRECTORY. 



325 



Prairie du Chien bj' a pontoon bridge which spans the river at these 

points. Has water worlds, an electric light plant, and a good hotel. 

Population GOO. U. S. Express. W. U. Telegraph. Telephone connec- 
tions. 



Ole Nielsop., P. M. 
Miss Jorand Nielson, 
Asst. 

Allen Thomas 

Barr Hannah 

Barr Thomas D. 

Barton Frank J. 

Bell Mrs. Anna 

Berry James M. 

Berry John 

Berry (The) 

Beyl Fred A. 

Blake Wm. H. 

Boleyn Martin C. 

Bromley Adelaide 

Brown Wm. R. 

Budde August 
Burke John J. 
Camion Jeremiah 
Carroll Mary 
Casey Cathar'ne 
Casey Wm. J. 
Cassidy Patrick 
Clem.ents Rollins S. 
Cole Wm. W. 
Coleman T^^alter L. 
Collins M. E. 
Contell Mrs. Ida 
Contell Wm. D. 
Cotant Clarence H. 
Curran Jesse H. 
Dahmen Jerry H. 
Dahmen Oscar 
Dccy Charles 
Delaney Frank 
Deye Seville 
Diamond Frank 
Dickson George 
Donahue Daniel 
Doyle James F. 
Doyle Liza 
Drown Charles A. 
Eeker Charles 
Edgar Malinda 
Edgar Robert 
Emsly John 
Ennis Cornelius S. 
Ennis Wm. C. 
Ferguson Leonard 
^erris Edward C. 
Fields Charles E. 
Fields Wm. H. 



Fox Frank T. 
Gallagher John 
Gilmore Frederick C. 
Golke Charles 
Gordon Fred 
Grady Anthony 
Grady Michael E. 
Graf Michael C. 
Graham George H. 
Hagensick John 
Hahn Aloysius B. 
Hahn Francis 
Hanley Patrick J. 
Harrington Mrs. Betsy 
Hart James E. 
Hart James P. 
Haugen Martin 
Haupt Milton J. 
Hav/thorne Johnson C. 
Hendrickson Carl J. 
Herverson James 
Hoffman John J. 
Holz Gottfried 
Hook George 
Hopkins Florence 
Huffman George 
Jennings Mrs. Nancy 
Johnson Charles A. 
Kalen George M. 
Kean Robert 
Keen Frank G. 
Keen Henry A. 
Keen Louis 
Kelly Anthony 
Kelly James 
Kelly Thomas L. 
Kelsey Samuel H. 
Kiesewetter Wm, 
Krohn George W. 
Lange Ernest 
Lange Fred 
Lange Henry 
Langlie Anton B. 
Langlie Bros. 
Langlie Christ 
Larson Karen 
Lewis Andrew E. 
Lewis Ralph A. 
Luthers Nancy 
Lynch Wm. F. 
McCoy Isabella 
Monty Lewis A. 



Moore Amos L. 

Motheral Esther 

Murphy Margaret 

Nielson Miss Jorand 

Nielson Ole 

O'Brien James 

O'Brien John 

O'Brien Patrick H. 

O'Brien P. H. & Son 

O'Donnell John 

O'Donnell Thomas J. 

Oehring Caroline 

Ploog Henry C, 

Prouty James M. 

Pi-esho John H. 

Rehm George J. 

Richards Frank O. 

Richards Frank R. 

Ridgeway Otto B. 

Rudolf Alexander K. 
Schaffer Christina 
^chaffer Henry 
Schaffer John 
Schott Henry F. 
Schurtzman Herman A. 
Scrogun George E. 
Shafer Henry 
Sievers Joseph L. 
Sloan Wm. H. 
Soarn Ole A. 
Soulli Anna 
Stasel Gustav 
Tanner Gordon R. 
Thompson Hugh 
Thill Frank 
Trewin Robert W. 
Trumle Nancy 
Van Hooser Giles 
Vaughn John 
Veit Frank B. 
Veitenheimer Mina 
Vite Joseph A 
Wellner Charles G. 
Wells Noble E. 
Westcott Mrs. Mary T. 
Whalen John 
Whalen John F. 
Wheeler Wm. G. 
Williamson James 
Winegar H. Frederick 
Winegar James A. 
AVingen Christian 



326 



THE DAILY TELEGRAPH-HERALD'S 



Wingren Gerhardt 
^Vingen G. & Sons 



Wingen Herman J. 
Wngen Wm. F. 



Wooden Mary J. 
Wyman Elizabeth M. 



NORTH McGregor post office 



Anderson John 
Baldwin Charles 
Baldwin Charles Jr. 
Bergemeyer B. 
Bergemeyer Joseph 
Bock Albert 
Bohan James 
Bohan Peter 
Boots Bert 
Boots James 
Brechler Peter 
Cahoon R. A. 
Cannon J. 
Carlson Albert 
Carpenter A. J. 
Casey John 
Chase James 
Clement Abe 
Clement Claude 
Cochran C. M. 
Collins Mary E. 
Connell M. D. 
Crimmins Daniel 
Crimniins Jeremiah 



(Outside Town) 

Crimmins M. D. . 
Demming James 
Demming Orin 
Erickson Evan 
Faber Ernest 
Gallagher Frank 
Gallagher Henry 
Grady Anthony 
Hahn A. B. 
Hahn I. 
Hahn Vincent 
Hook George 
Houck E. J. 
Kersten Emil 
Kinsley Frank 
Knapp Frank 
Knapp George 
Knapp M. C. 
Knapp M. J. 
McAndrew Thomas 
McGuire Philip 
Mitchel J. W. 
Monahan Patrick 
Motherall Anna 



Motherall Wm. B. 
Ruddy Daniel 
Sawvel A. A. 
Sawvel John 
Schneider Wm. 
Schurtzman H. A. 
Scott Charles 
Scott E. G. 
Scott S. A. 
Scrogum Charles 
Scrogum J. H. 
Starkey Thomas 
Vansickle C. A. 
Walker Wm. 
Walsh Joseph 
Walsh Martin 
Whalen John 
TS^ieland Ernest 
Wilson A. H. 
Wilson O. C. 
\Vilson William 
Yaeger Robert 
Zahn Peter 
Ziska Thomas 



OSBORNE POST OFFICE 



Located on the C, M. & St. P. R. R., and 
miles from Elkader, the county seat and nearest 
four miles from Dubuque by rail. Population 60, 
Telegraph. Telephone connections. 
Charles J. Cross, P. M. Feller George 



Behn Henry 
Casey Bernard 
Connelly J. M. 
Connelly P. M. 
Cords C. J. 
Cords Henry D. 
Debes Albert 
Debes Gregor 
Debes James 
Debes Peter A. 
Dunn James S. 
Elvers Adolf 
Farmer James 



Fick Ludwig 
Galer M. M. 
Heiden Charles 
Heiden Fred 
Hines Lester 
Hines Sylvester 
Ivory D. J. 
Kaiser Christian 
Kenneally David 
Kenneally Michael 
Kenneally Thomas 
McDermott Bridget 
McDermott J. J. 



on the Volga River, six 
bank location, and sixty- 
, U. S. Express. W. U. 



McDermott J. P. 
McDermott Wm. 
Mentzel Gustave 
Mentzel G. E. 
Moyna Patrick 
Osborne Robert 
Osborne Thomas 
Palmer E. -.^. 
Robbins C. H. 
Robbins C. H. Jr. 
Stahl August 
Stahl Fred 
Sturm John 



OSTERDOCK POST OFFICE 



A prosperous village of 105 inhabitants, on the C, M. & St. P. R. R., 
twenty-one miles from Elkader, the county seat, and thirty-five miles from 
Dubuque. W. U. Telegraph. U. S. Express. Telephone connections. 



HISTORY OF IOWA AND COUNTY DIRECTORY. 



327 



John Moser, P. M. 
T. J. Walters, Asst. 

Balsinger P. J. 
Barnhart Albert 
Barnhart Fred B. 
Barnhart George B. 
Barnhart George T. 
Barnhart James F. 
Barrett D. A. 
Barton Frank 
Barton John 
Benschneider A. W. 
Blaker B. B. 
Blaker James G. 
Bowman Catharine 
Bowman Charles 
Bowman Harry 
Bowman S. W. 
Bowman W. W. 
Brown Bruce E. 
Brown Ben. 
Brown Charles 
Brown George W. 
Brown Harry 
Brown James W. 
Brown John H. 
Brown Milton S. 
Brown O. P. 
Brown Wm. 
Burr Frank 
Burr Peter M. 
Bush E. A. 
Bush Frank E. 
Bush Frank R. 
Bush H. D. 
Bush James 
Bush Joseph H. 
Bush R. H. 
Bush Warren 
Butters John W. 
Cox F. M. 
Cox S. I. 
De Sotel A. J. 
Dodge George A. 
EUedge D. B. 
Elledge Jasper 
Elledge J. E. 
Elledge J. R. 
Every Roscoe 
Finnegan John H. 
Finnegan Michael 
Flaegel John 
Flaegel Louis 
Flagel Fred 
Fogle David M. 
Friedlein Charles 
Friedlein John G. 
Funk Ellwood 



Funk J. E. 
Garkow Gustave 
Geick Frank 
Geick Wm. 
Geiselman Joseph 
Gore Hannah 
Gore J. S. 
Gray W. A. 
Guinn Samuel R. 
Guinn Scott 
Guinn Thomas 
Hall H. W. 
Hammond J. H. 
Hammond Wm. 
Hansel Alex 
Hansel Edward 
Hansel George L. 
Hansel Jacob 
Hansel Jacob G. 
Hansel James E. 
Hansel James P. 
Hansel John P. 
Hansel John G. 
Hansel John W. 
Hansel P. E. 
Hansel P. L. 
Hansel Squire 
Hansel S. E. 
Harbaugh Charles 
Harbaugh P. T. 
Harbaugh Henry 
Harbaugh John 
Harbaugh J. B. 
Harbaugh J. J. 
Harris Fuller 
Harris Lucius 
Harris L. M. 
Harris Wm. 
Harry James M. 
Harry John T. 
Haught Ira P. 
Haught James E. 
Hunt D. J. 
Hunt Henry M. 
Hunt Miss M. C. 
Hyde George W. 
Hyde G. W. Jr. 
Hyde Harriet 
Hyde James 
Hyde James A. 
Hyde John H. 
Hyde John P. 
Hyde Joseph 
Hyde V. A. 
Jones B. H. 
Jones Emeline 
Jones S. J. 
Kauffman D. J. 



Kauffman George J. 
Kickbush J. C. 
Kulper Henry 
Kulper Henry Jr. 
Kulper John 
Lee Charles 
Lee George W. 
Lee James P. 
Lee J. W, 
Livingston Eli 
Lovett M. W. 
Lundt Fred 
Lundt Louis 
Lundt Wm. 
^vxcDowell Delbert 
McDowell Scott 
McDowell Wm, 
McMonigal Frank 
McMonigal Josiah 
Mallory A. H. 
Mallory H. A. 
Mallory S. G. 
Meyers John 
Meyers Wm. 
Miller George H. 
Miller Leonard 
Miller M. C. 
Mitzner Ferdinand . 
Morarend Henry 
Morarend John 
Morley B. P. 
Moser Alexander 
Moser A. J. 
Moser Fred 
Moser Fred Jr. 
Moser Fred H. 
Moser Henry 
Moser John 
Moser Lena 
Moser L. D. 
Moser Nick 
Moser Robert 
Moser Rudolph 
Moser Wm. 
Noack Garrison 
Noack Peter 
Noack P. S. 
Noack S. D. 
Noack Wm. 
Oldham C. G. 
Oldham O. B. 
Oplinger James 
Palmer A. B. 
Palmer C. W. 
Palmer David 
Palmer H. E. 
Palmer J. L. 
Palmer R. B. 



328 



THE DAILY TELEGRAPH-HERALD'S 



Palmer W. E. 
Parkes Wm. M. 
Patrick Joseph 
Patrick Wm. 
Peacock A. H. 
Penhollow E'; M. 
Pierce Edward 
Pierce P. L. 
Pischke Gustav 
Pischke Louis 
Porter J. S. 
Portwein Edward 
Rice J. F. 
Rieg-el John F. 
Pciegel Wiltse 
Schrunk G. S. 
Schrunk T. F. 



Schrunk Wm. R. 
Smiley John L. 
Smith Alex 
Smith John A. 
Smith John F. 
Smith John W. 
Smith George W. 
Smith Martin 
Smith Richard 
Smith R. S. 
Smith Wilbur 
Starr Sanford 
Stewart R. B. 
Stone F. A. 
Sullivan John 
Sullivan J. B. 
Tinkey Edward 



Tomkins H. P. 
Tomkins J. J. 
Troester George 
Troester George Jr. 
Troester John 
Walters Marvin 
Walters T. J. 
Feidt B. C. 
Welsh C. N. 
AVhite Charles 
White C. W. 
^Vhite George W. 
White John 
White R. C. 
Wildersmuth J. B. 



POSTVILLE POST OFFICE 



Abernethy Fred 
Alt Theodore 
Anderson Andrew, R. 1 
Anderson Emil 
Anderson Eric 
Anderson Lars, R.- 1 
Anderson Nels 
Bailey Samuel C. 
Baker Ole, R. 1 
Bareiss Fred 
Bareiss George 
Bareiss Wm. 
Batchelder B. S. 
Bates Henry 
Bates Wm. 
Berg Aksel, R. 1 
Berg F. C, R. 1 
Bilden E. E., R. 1 
Blietz Joseph 
Block Henry 
Block Plenry W. 
Brandt Fred H. 
Brandt Grub. 
Buraas H. H., R. 1 
Busacker J. H. 
Buttalph Loren 
Candee A. M. 
Casten John 
Cayton A. B. 
Cayton J. C. 
Christofferson Walter 
Clark L. 
Clark V/. G. 
Clark W. J. 
Condon Thomas 
Cook Charles 
Cowles Edward 



(Allamakee County) 

Dahlstrom Charles 
Duwe Joseph 
Eberling F. C. 
Eberling William 
Erickson Ben 
Erickson Henry, R. 1 
Erickson Peter 
Erickson S. G., R. 1 
Everson Ever O. 
Fay Frank 
Fay George W. 
Fleming B. C. 
Fleming Michael 
Gass Edward 
Gass Jacob 
Gass Walter 
Gordon Charles 
Gordon Edwin 
Gordon Elmer 
Gordon Howard 
Gordon Oscar 
Gordon Thomas 
Groth H. H. 
Groth K. H., R. 1 
Gulbronson Andrew 
Gulsvig E. E., R. 1 
Hanson L. 
Harnack Christ 
Harnack Joseph 
Harnack Louis 
Heins Wm. 
Heins Wm. H. 
Helgerson Austen 
Helgerson Nels L. 
Henderson E. T. 
Hubener Charles H. 
Jacobia David, R. 1 



Johncke Christ 
Johncke Ed. 
Johnson Dorf, R. 1 
Johnson Julius, R. 1 
Johnson Lauritz, R. 1 
Klinkel Casper 
Knodt Henry 
Larson Hans 
Larson Lars 
Larson Peter 
Lein E. O. 
Lien Thomas O. 
Looney John 
Lyngoas Engebert 
Lyngoas Nels M. 
McNally R. E. 
McNeil Daniel 
McNeil Ed. 
McNeil John 
McGhee Nelson 
Madaus August 
Madaus Charles 
Marston Bert 
Martin C. J. 
Meyer A. D. 
Meyer C. F. 
Meyer J. O. 
Meyer W. C. 
Meyer W. H. 
Moon Frank 
Mosby O. 
Mosby T. 
Nehring Detrich 
Oleson Gustav 
Olson Thomas, R. 1 
Patri William 
Pearson Duane 



HISTORY OF IOWA AND COUNTY DIRECTORY. 



329 



Pearson R, V. 
Pixler Georg-e W. 
Pixler J. M. 
Re if Georg-e 
Reif Henry 
Reif John 
Reif J. W. 
Reineke Charles P. 
Reinel^e Chas, F. Jr. 
Reinhardt Frank 
Reinhardt Harry 
Reinhardt Wm. 
Reirson Hulver 
Reirson Lars 
Reirson Die 
Reirson Thomas 
Renzeman Fred 
Rolfe G. L. 
Rounds Frank 
Rounds Jesse 
Rounds M. M. 



Rounds Stephana, R. 1 
Rucktashel Christ 
Rucktashel Fritz 
Rucktashel John 
Sawyer D. 
Schlie Henry 
Schlie ^^m. 
Schroeder B. F. 
Schroeder Carl 
Sch)-oeder Henry 
Schroeder John 
Schroeder Otto 
Schulte Henry 
Schultz F. H. 
Schultz Henry 
Schultz Louis 
wSchultz Wm. 
Schutte Herman 
Schutte J. H. 
Skain Anton, R. 1 
•Skarsbaug I. H., R. 1 



Stake Henry, R. 1 
Stinerson N. G., R. 1 
Stray N. E., R. 1 
Swenson John 
Swenson Swen 
Topel August 
Topei Charles 
Trudo O. L. 
Ugland R. 
Waters R. B. 
Weihe Charles 
^Veihe John C. 
Welzel Carl G. 
Welzel Conrad 
Welzel John 
Welzel J. P. 
Wettleson W. T. 
Williams F. L. 
T\^illiams Lester 
Willman Wm. 



SAINT OLAF POST OFFICE 

A town of 150 inhabitants, situated on the C, M. & St. P. R. R. The 
nearest bank location is Elkader, the county seat, five miles distant. U. 
S. Express. W. U. Telegraph. Telephone connections. 



Otto O. Johnson, P. M. 
Ade'ia Embretson, Asst. 

Anderson Andrew O. W. 
Anderson C. J., R. 1 
Anderson Maline, R. 1 
Anderson Ole 
Anderson Thomas W. 
Arvensen N. 
Barnum Plarry 
Baumeister C. 
Bennetts J. C. 
Benson O. M. 
Bergan H. C, R. 1 
Breitsprecher Henry 
Brockman Christ 
Brockman Christ Jr. 
Brockman Fritz 
Buckman John P. 
Carney Wm. 
Christenson John 
Christian son Charles 
Clark Seth 
Clauson Levi 
Connors J. P. 
Crary Alice M. 
Crary Amy S. 
Crary Lucy S. 
Crary Wm. H. 
Dahl August 
Dahlstrom August 



Dahlstrom Ernest 
Dahlstrom Henry 
Dahlstrom Herman 
Diers F. W. 
Diers Henry 
Embretson E. 
Embretson Smbret 
Embretson Henry O. 
Embretson H. T. 
Embretson Knut O. 
Embretson Lars 
Embretson Lewis 
Embretson Nels 
Embretson Ole E. 
Embretson Peter 
Embretson T. T. 
Englehardt Charles 
Englehardt George R. 
Englehardt Henry 
Englehardt John 
Faber John 
Fasher Otto 
Frederick Frank 
Frisby John 
Fuhrman Wm. L. 
Gilbert Frank M. 
Gilster Louis 
Glister William 
Glawe Charles 
Glawe Henry 



Glawe Theodore 
Glesne Even O. 
Glesne Ole E. 
Gulsvig A. E., R. 1 
Gulsvig E. A., R. 1 
Gunderson Jurgen 
Gunderson Ole E. 
Hagensick Louis 
Halvorson Gilbert 
Halvorson Knut, R. 1 
Halvorson Nels 
Halvorson Ole 
Hamann Herman 
Hamann Otto 
Hanson Gilbert 
Hanson Hans B. 
Hanson Hans G. 
Hanson H. R., R. 1 
Harnack Charles 
Harnack Henry 
Helgeson Hans 
Henning Fritz 
Henning Georg'e 
Herbranson Plenry 
Herbranson Ole T. 
Herterich Frantz, R. 1 
Hoffman Fred 
Horstman August 
Hueckstadt Wm.* 
Hulvorson H. L. 



330 



THE DAILY TELEGRAPH-HERALD'S 



Hulvorson Lars 
Hulvorson Lev/is 
Hulgerson P. 
Ihde Charles 
Jellum Albert 
Jellum Gunder 
Jellum Ole 
Johnson Fing-er 
Johnson Henry- 
Johnson John 
Johnson Nels 
Johnson Ole 
Johnson Otto 
Jones Jeff, R. 1 
Junk Carl 
Kaiser J. H. 
Kamin Fred 
Keleher T. F. 
Keleher W. E. 
Kightllng-er Francis 
Kightling-er J. 
Kill Miss Cora A. 
Klinkenberg Henry 
Klinkenberg Herman 
Klinkenberg Wm. 
Kluth George 
Kluth Wm. H. 
Knudson Anna 
Knudtson Embret 
Knudtson Theodore 
Knudtson T. O. 
Knuth Emil 
Knuth Wm. 
Koss A. L, 
Koss George 
Koss Wm. 
Kuhse Gustav 
Kurdelmeyer George 
Larson Amund 
Larson Henry P. 
Larson Jacob 
Larson John 
Larson Josepii 
Larson Louis 
Larson Martin 
Lembke Henry 
Lenth Albert 



Lenth H. F. 
Liljestrom Nels 
Maehl John C. 
Mandelkow Ernestine 
Mandelkow Louis 
Martens William 
Matt Joseph 
Matt Wm. 
Meyer John H. 
Meyer Louis 
Mickelson Henry 
Monlux Wm. C. 
Mueller Fred 
Mueller Henry 
Nelson Hans 
Niebauer Wm. 
Nielson Torkel 
Nosby Lars 
Nugent George 
Obermuller August 
Olson Albert 
Olson Gilbert 
Olson Gilbert L. 
Olson J. K. 
Olson Knut L. 
Olson Lars L., R. 1 
Olson Nels A. 
Olson Ole A. 
Olson Ole T. 
Olson T. H., R. 1 
Olson Theodore L. 
Orv's F. K. 
Palas H. W. 
Palas L. J. 
Perry F. M. 
Peterson Wm. L. 
Peterson A. L. 
Peterson B. H. 
Peterson Marten 
Peterson M. C. 
Peterson Peter T. 
Radloff Mrs. C. W. 
Radloff Fred 
Radio ff Wra. 
Rantzow Charles 
Raymond Delbert 
Raynolds J. L. 



Rierson Torkel 
Ronquest Plenry 
Schmidt C. F. 
Schmidt John G. 
Schmidt Wm. 
Schmidt Wm. C. 
Schuetz Ferdinand 
Seeland Carl 
Seeland Charles 
Seeland Henry 
Sorum Nils, R. 1 
Southwell R. 
Stake Maria 
Sterns F. 
Stone H. A. 
Thompson Gunder 
Thompson H. L. 
Thompson Knud 
Thompson Ole 
Thoresen Tanler, R. 1 
Thovson Lars 
Thovson Nels 
Thoxson Tove T. 
Tollefson Joseph 
Tollefson T. 
Torstenson Torsten 
Toveson Lars 
Toveson Tove 
Tovson Halvor 
Ulberg Peter 
Vogt Fritz 
Vogt Henry 
Wahls Henry J. 
Wald Henry 
Weber Math. 
Wehrkamp John H. 
Weymouth Ole 
Wiedemeyer Henry 
Wilke Fred C. 
Wilke F. Y/. 
Wilke H. W. 
Wilker Fred 
Wilker George 
Wilker John 
Wold Ferd. 
Wold Theodor 



SAINT SEBALD POST OFFICE 

An inland postofRce, four miles north of Strawberry Point, the nearest 
railroad station and banking point. Population 30. 



G. H. Fuehr, P. 
Mrs. E. Ph. 

Asst. 
Bartels Henry 



M. Bartels Henry Jr. 

Fuehr, Baumgartner Charles 
Fliehler Gottlieb 
Gresch Gottlieb 



Herring Michael 
Huebsch Carl J. 
Huebsch John A. 
Rebaschus F. G. 
Schmidt Ludv/ig 



HISTORY OF IOWA AND COUNTY DIRECTORY. 



331 



STRAWBERRY POINT POST OFFICE 

(Inside Town) 
Is one of the best towns in Iowa. It is a stirring place on tlie Cedar 
Rapids and Calmar branch of the C, M. & St. P. R. R., in Cass Township, 
sixteen miles southwest of Elkader, the county seat, and seventy-three 
miles north of Cedar Rapids. Population 1,000. It contains Methodist 
Episcopal, Baptist, Congregational, Lutheran, Catholic and Universalist 
churches, a graded school, a public hall with a seating capacity of 900, 
a bank, an opera house, a week newspaper — The Mail-Press, and other 
institutions. Shipments consist of live stock, butter, eggs, and general 
farm produce. These 'products with that of her immense creamery, said 
to be the largest exclusively separator creamery in the country, make the 
city one of great commercial importance. This beautiful town is situated 
in one of the best agricultural regions in the world, her possibilities for 
the future are unlimited, and her growth assured. The people are like 
those of all Iowa towns, exceptionally intelligent and progressive. Her 
religious interests are well cared for by several church societies, all in a 
prosperous condition, and presided over by able pastors. Her educational 
facilities are fully up to the standard of Iowa cities of equal population. 
Stage daily to Osborne; fare seventy-five cents. W. U. Telegraph. U. S. 
Express. Telephone connections. 



Gilbert Cooley, P. M. 
Miss U!a Coykendall, 

Asst. 
Adams Jacob J. 
Alderson Elizabeth 
Alderson George 
Alderson Miles 
Allen Francis M. 
Allen Herbert 
Allen Laura A. 
Allenstein Catherine 
Anderson Mrs. Anna 
Anderson Bert F. 
Antrim Eliza C. 
Antrim Louisa 
Appleby Warren O. 
Baird John E. 
Ball Albert D. 
Balluff Mary 
Barker Wm. L. 
Barnes James C. 
Bartels Charles H. 
Bartlett Elmer E. 
Baumann Andrew 
Baumg-artner Charles 
Bemis Chancey 
Billmeyer Dr. George M. 
Blake Alex 
Blake Elizabeth A. 
Blake House 



Blake Wm. H. 
Blanchard Wm. J. 
Bowers Archie 
Bowers George W. 
Bowers Isaac N. 
Brownson Mrs. Edith M. 
Buckley Helen M. 
Buechner Wm. 
Buechner Wm. D. 
Busch Louis 
Carrier Lester F. 
Chapman Charles F. 
Chapman George E. 
Chapman Sarah J. 
Clark Alonzo S. 
Clark Ciba B. 
Clouth Mrs. Minnie 
Clover Frank C. 
Cole Asa R. 
Cole Olive 
Cole Sarah J. 
Collings James 
Cooley Boardman 
Cooley Gilbert 
Cooper Anson 
Coykendahl Mary 
Dalton Whitman 
Darling Samuel V. 
Davis Benjamin B. 
Davis John F. 



Davis Julius E. 

Davis Oscar R. 

Dean Rev. Frederic A. 

Dexter George D. 

Dexter Jane 

De Puy Rev. Orin C. 

Deyo George B. 

Deyo John H, 

Dodd A. R. 

Dodd & Fallows 

Dorman Charles, D. D. 

S. 
Drake Mordica 
Duncan Killman 
Dunham Addie 
Dunning Theodore 
Dunsmoor Fred M. 
Dunsmore James P. 
Dunsmoor Thomas 
Durst George 
Eaton Hal M., D. D. S. 
Eder George M. 
Ely G. N. 
Emerson Lloyd 
Emerson Mrs. Lucy 
Eppler Gustav • 
Fairchild Mrs. Nellie B. 
Fallows C. W. 
Flack Jane 
Flack Newton S. 



332 



THE DAILY TELEGRAPH-HERALD'S 



Flennikeu John C. 
Fliehler Christ G. 
Fortney Minnie 
FRANKLIN (THE) 
Frederick Christ 
Frederick John II. 
Fritz August 
Fultz Martin 
Gager Edgar L. 
Gibbs Arthur C. 
Gifford Eliza 
Gilchrist Daniel M. 
Gilchrist Tyler 
Gill Frank W. 
Glad\vin Oliver C. 
Glass Lawrence 
Glass Magdalina 
Gorley C. H. 
Graf Rev. Gustav A. 
Grassmeyer John F. 
Gratka G. E. 
Gratke Samuel 
Greenwood Orin M. 
Griffin Elmer E. 
Hagge Christ J. 
Hale Electa 
Hanson Bernard 
Hanson Miss May 
Hardman John W. 
Hardman Loron L. 
Harr- Gibbs Co. 
Harr Homer M. 
Harrington Hiram A. 
Hartigan Rev. John 
Harwood Miner F. 
Hayes George W. 
Hebner John 
Hennessy John J. 
Hesner John 
Hestwood Rev. James F. 
Hildebrandt Sarah A. 
Hill Jim 

Hindal Emma C. 
Hines Cyrus 
Hines Lester L. 
Hoag Edward H. 
Hoag Wylie 
Hogan Thomas G. 
Holbert Joseph L. 
Howard Dr. Fred H. 
Howard Irwin P. 
Howes Louis 
Imleu Carl 
Inter- State Telephone 

Co. 
Jakv.ay Martha 
Jenness Sarah A. 
Jessen Jesse 



Jessen Wm. 

Jewell John 

Jewell John H. 

Jewell Walter 

Jewett Maurice 

Johnston Henry K. 

Jordan Eliza 

Joy Solomon 

Kaberle August 

Kairns John 

Kamoss Mrs. Amelia 

Kane Hattie 

KING BROS. &PRES- 

TON 
King James 
Kingsley Allen O. 
Kingsley Kirk W. 
Kirkpatrick John D. M. 
Kleinlein Anna 
Kleinsorge August 
Kramer John 
Kraus Bartholomew 
Kurpyuhn Fred 
Lang Edgar E. 
Langridge Howard P. 
Lathrop Lloyd 
Lawrence Mary D. 
Liddy Mrs. Maud E. 
Liddy Michael 
Little Albert T. 
Little Jane 
Little Lyman A. 
Litts Caroline 
Litts Lester 
McGarvey Albert 
McKray Wm. H. 
McNeal James C. 
Madison Louis 
MAIL-PRESS (THE) 
Malone J. 

Marquivardt Herman 
Marsh Joseph A. 
Maxham Daniel S. 
Mikota John F. 
Miller Mrs. Edna 
Miller John 
Mitchell George 
Moine J. Edward 
Morris Nora 
Morrison Margaret 
Moser Ernst 
Moser Henry F. 
Moser John W. 
Moser Samuel J. 
Mueller Philip 
Mueller Rosina 
Mullen Wm. 
Nace Clarence A. 



Nace Daniel M. 
Nace Jacob F. 
NACE J. F. & SON 
Neumann Minnie 
Newberry Bros. 
Newberry Byron W. 
Newberry Charles W. 
Newberry James 
Niederfrank Casper 
Noble Levi R. 
Noble Lucius L. 
Norris Bros. 
Norris John 
Norris John B. 
Norris Rufus C. 
Opperman Charles C. 
Opperman Henry J. 
Opperman Henry K. 
Ottman John 
Palmer Margaret 
Pebler Fred J. 
Peck P. E. 
Pelley Jennette 
Perkins M. 
Pettit Wm. L. 
Pfrommer Jacob 
Pollard Dina 
Pollard Eunice A. 
Pollard Jay M. 
Pollard Walker 
Porter Alexander 
Preston Louis W. 
Price John 
Rawson Carrie A. 
Rawson Edward C, M. 

D. 
Rebaschus Fred 
Rietjens Wm. 
Roberts Charles 
Rockwell Dana B. 
Roe George W. 
Rosenthal Emil 
Rosenthal & Rietjens 
Rossow August 
Sauerbry Wm. H. 
Schick Erwin 
. Schmidt Albert F. 
Schmidt Augusta 
Schoeppe Ernst 
Schug Charles 
Schug Fred J. 
Schug J. P. 
Schug Peter 
Sem Christ 
Scofield Miss Bessie 
Scofield Guy F. 
Scofield George H. 
Scofield G. H. & Son 



HISTORY OF IOWA AND COUNTY DIRECTORY. 



383 



Seofield Miss Harriett 

Scofield Harry W. 

Scofield Miss Martha M. 

Scofield & Hanson 

Scott Mary J. 

Sheldon Altana 

Sheldon Henry 

Simmons Newman A. 
j- ' Simmons Thos. P. 

Sloan Alfred 

Sloan George W. 

Sloan Julian D. 
\ Sloan Sarah 
I Sloan & Son 

Smith Albert 
. Smith Ann E. 
■ Smith George W. 

Smith Lynn C. 

Smith Martha 

SMITH S. A. 
(See Ad front fly leaf) 

Sousley John V. 
1 Sousley W. Scott 
' Stamp Aravilla 

Stapel Ferdinand 

Steele George N. 

Steele Wm. M. 



Steinhilber Charles F. 
Steinhilber- Grant Land 

Co. 
Steltzmiller Michael 
Sterns Miss M. Ella 
Stewart Catharine 
Stewart James 
Stoskoff Val W. 
Stringer Clarence R. 
Stringer John A. 
Stringer Justus J. 
Strawberry Point 

Farmer's Creamery 

Ass'n. 
Strawberry Point State 

Bank 
'xalcott Horace P. 
Talmage John H. 
Tarbox Frank E. 
Tarbox Fred A. 
Taylor Marion E. 
Thompson Fannie 
Thompson Frank 
Thompson John M. 
Treadwell Abram 
Trezona John T. 
Tromblee Frank 



Trotter John P. 
Trotter Thomas J. 
LThl George 
Uhl Joseph A. 
Walker A. Gehr 
Ware ham Lyman C. 
Warning Christ 
Weit Christ 
Wendt Wm. 
Wenzel Fred W. 
Westfall Jennie 
Wheeler George F. 
Whitehead Edward G. 
Whitlock Annis 
Whitlock Duane 
Whitmarsh Willis H. 
Williams Price A. 
Williams Walter W. 
Wing Henry 
Winger Joit 
Wood Frank 
Wood Hervey M. 
Woodruss Thomas M. 
Wymer Joseph 
Young George L. 
Young & Buechner 



STRAWBERRY POINT POST OFFICE 



Alderson Eliza 

Alderson Frank 
i Alderson Fi-ed 

Alderson James 
" Alderson John 
I Alderson John R. 
? Alderson Miles 
.. Alderson Richard 
; Alderson Thomas 
{ Allen Lemuel 
' Andrea Christ 
'. Anton Joseph 

Antrim E. R. 
• Arnold M. G. 

Asmus Charles 

Axtell A. E. 

Axtell H. A. 

Baldridge J, E. 

Baldridge Wm. M. 
' Baldwin Henry 
. , Ball Frank P. 

Ball Stephen 
1 Balluff Francis V. 
f Baumgartner Herman 

Baumgartner Herman 
Jr. 

Baumgartner Martin 



(Outside Town) 

Beavers Glenn 
Becker E. C. 
Becker John F. 
Bergan Patrick 
Berry Albert 
Bigelow Otis A. 
Boynton C. H. 
Boynton W. A. 
Brandenburg C. C. 
Brandenburg Matilda 
Brownson Fred 
Bruggman Fred 
Bruggman Wm. 
Buckley Eva M. 
Buckley Parke 
Byrnes Wm. 
Carnicle Cyrus 
Carnicle J. 
Carpenter Ambrose 
Carpenter A. C. 
Carpenter Irvie 
Carpenter John J. 
Carpenter Wayland 
Carrier A. R. 
Carrier Wm. 
Carroll Charles 
Case H. M. 



Childers Armon 
Cole James 
Connor Frank 
Cousins J. C. 
Davis B. J. 
Davis Fred 
Davis Wm. 
Deyo E. J. 
Dillon Augustus 
Dillon James 
Dillon Thomas 
Dittmer Herman 
Donahe C. H. 
Dricker Wm. 
Duncan James 
Dunn Wm. 
Dunning H. 
Dunsmoor Ernest 
Dunsmoor Herbert 
Easton C. W. 
Easton Edward 
Easton J. 
Easton L. 
Easton L. Jr. 
Easton L. S. 
Eder John 
Eder Michael 



334 



THE DAILY TELEGRAPH-HERALD'S 



Eichler August 
Elkins Joseph 
Elliott Stanley 
Evan L. H. 
Farmer Wm. 
Farring-ton F. B. 
Feulner John 
Feulner Michael 
Fink Joseph 
Forsythe Wm. 
Fox Wm. 
Frederick John 
Fredrick Henry 
Fredrick John 
Gamm Charles 
Gamm Lewis 
Gardner L. C. 
Gerdes George 
Gerdes Gerde 
Gill J. S. 
Gladwin Joseph 
Glass Daniel 
Glass Fred 
Glass Philip 
Glennon John 
Glennon Timothy 
Goodman L, P. 
Goodman L. R. 
Goodrich Byron 
Gordon James 
Grapes F. P. 
Grapes George 
Greenly Wm. 
Gresh Fred 
Halstead G. H. 
Halstead Wm. 
Hammond Nathan 
Hanson Peter 
Harnoss Fred 
Haskins A. S. 
Haskins George 
Hayes James 
Heddleson A. L. 
Heddleson Jacob 
Heddleson J. A. 
Heiberger G. M. 
Heiberger Joseph 
Henry Alexander 
Henry J. M. 
Henry M. W. 
Henry Wm, A. 
Heubner John 
Hindal J. A. 
Hindal W. A. 
Hines Clarence 
Hines C. D. 
Hines George 
Hines H. 



Hines J. F. 
Hines Leroy 
Hines Lewis 
Hines Thomas 
Hines Willard 
Hock John 
Hoehn Wm. 
Houska Albert 
Houska Maria 
Howland Wm. 
Hoyer Ferdinand 
Huggard Frank 
Hughes A. M. 
Huntington Elmer 
Huntington L. L. 
Imlau Wm. 
Ivory D. J. 
Ivory James 
Ivory Joseph P. 
Jefferson C. 
Jewell Wm. 
Jewett Maggie M. 
Jewett Wilson 
Kamoos Gustav 
Kappel Carl 
Kellogg Charles 
Kellogg Oren 
Kidner P. N. 
Kimber Charles 
King H. H. 
King John 
Kleinlein Anton 
Kleinlein Gottlieb 
Kleinsorge John C. 
Knight A. E. 
Knight Charles 
Knight Delmar 
Knight Earl 
Knight Emery 
Knight J. S. 
Knight L. D. 
Knight M. E. 
Knight Wm. 
Komerick John 
Komerick Joseph 
Kramer Fred 
Kramer George 
Kramer John 
Kunkle Frank 
Lamphier A. B. 
Lamphier Charles 
Lamphier Raymond 
Lamphier W. H. 
Leahy Timothy 
Lee Michael 
Lingard John 
Lingard Wm. 
Loren August 



Ludy A. C. 
Ludy J. C. 
McCrea Thomas 
McLane Amil 
McLane A. L. 
McLane J. M. 
McLane J. W. 
McLane L. F. 
McLane P. N. 
McKinnis Everett 
McLish J. S. 
McTaggart Michael 
Markham Daniel 
Marshall E. R. 
Meyers John 
Miller Frank 
Miller Franz 
Miller Fred 
Miller George 
Minkler C. J. 
Mitchell David 
Mitchell Ray 
Moine Winfield 
Moore Irvin 
Morris M. P. 
Moser Rudolph 
Moyle James 
Myers Nicholas 
Neuenkirch Adam 
Neuenkirch Charles 
Neuenkirch Frank 
Noble Frank 
Nodurft George 
Nodurft Wm. 
Norris J. B. 
O'Brien Michael 
Opperman H. A. 
Opperman John 
Opperman Wm. 
Pebler John 
Peet B. W. 
Peischen Rudolph 
Phelps Laura 
Phelps O. D. 
Phillips R. W. 
Phillips S. G. 
Pilgrim A. W. 
Pugh E. A. 
Pugh Fremont 
Pugh L. P. 
Pugh Orrin 
Pugh Warren 
Putnam Martin 
Quinn J. M. 
Quinn L. S. 
Quinn P. H. 
Randall G. A. 
Randall Joseph 



HISTORY OF IOWA AND COUNTY DIRECTORY. 



335 



Rankin Ira P. 
Richardson P. P. 
Riemath August 
Riley John 
Riley Pratrick 
Robbing C. H. 
Robbins G. A. 
Roberts Ernest 
Roberts Nelson 
Roberts Wm. 
Rose Folkart 
Rosenkra.ns Albert 
Ross Ralph 
Rust Albert 
Sargent E. H. 
Sauerbry C. H. 
Sauerbry C. L. 
Sauerbry James 
Sauerbry Wm. 
Schaffer George 
Schmidt Albert 
Schmidt Charles 
Schmidt F. P. 
Schmidt Jacob 
Schneider Fred 
Schontag Sigmund 
Schroeder Fred 
Schuchman Fred 



Schuchman George J. 
Schuchman Martin 
Scofield G. D. 
Schick A. R. 
Shick Edwin 
Simek Charles 
Simek John 
Smith C. H. 
Smith Frank 
Smith G. W. 
Smith Wm. P. 
Stalnaker Earl 
Stalnaker J. E. 
Stamp J. B. 
Steward George O. 
Struckman John 
Struckman Wm. 
Tarbox P. F. 
Teed O. A. 
Tinker Jacob 
Tracy P. E. 
Tracy John 
Tracy J. W. 
Tucker George 
Tucker Herman 
Tucker John 
Tucker Sophia M. 
Wagner R. E. 



Walters Lou 
Wandell P. 
Warring Herman 
Warring L. 
Way Arthur 
Way Charles 
Way Glen 
Way Washington 
Weeks B. P. 
Weeks Lewis 
Weger George 
Weger John 
Weger Michael 
Weig F. 

Weisender Christ 
Weisender John 
Welch O. E. 
Wenske Ludwig 
Wessels Hiram 
Whitlock O. R. 
Wilder Frank 
Wilder J. A. 
Wiltse H. O. 
Wiltsie James 
Wiltsie Leonard 
Wolcott C. D. 
Wolf S. P. 
Zwanziger H. 



TURKEY RIVER POST OFFICE 

This town is located on the C, M. & St. P. Railway, twenty-eight 
miles north of Dubuque, thirty from Elkader, the county seat, and four 
from Cassville the nearest banking place. It is a terminal point on the 
Volga branch of the C, M. & St. P. R. R. and on this account is an ex- 
tensive shipping point for live stock, grain and other farm produce. Pop- 
ulation 50. U. S. Express. W. U. Telegraph. Telephone connections. 



John F. McKinlay, P. 

M. 
Josie McKinlay, Asst. 

Adams N. A. 
Adams Math. L 
Adams Peter P. 
Balsinger John 
Barrett W. J. 
Barry Michael 
Bird Eugene 
Bird Mary 



Brookers Wm. 
De Sotel Wm. 
Erie George 
Fuerstenberg August 
Graybill Marion 
James Wm. 
Kenyon Charles 
Kenyon Phoebe 
Kolker Frank 
Kolker F. E. 
Livingston John A. 



McKinlay J. F. 
McLane Wm. 
Meyer Henry 
Minger George 
Minger Henry 
Montgomery W. W. 
Ricker Malon 
Tinkey W. H. 
Truesdell N. H. 
Wentworth G. D. 



UPDEGRAFF POST OFFICE 

An inland town in the southern part of the county, five miles from 
Elkport, the nearest shipping and banking point. Population 45. Tele- 
phone connections. 



Baker Joseph 
Baker S, E. 



Baker Wm. H. 
Beddow John M» 



Beddow Virginia 
Bond A. D. 



336 



THE DAILY TELEGRAPH-HERALD'S 



Bond Wm. N. 
Bowman James 
Crop Ezra 
Davis Samuel 
Garlow C. B. 
Garretson John 
Hansel J. J. 
Hansel John L. 
Hansel Robert 



Herrington S. A. 
Learn Bradley 
Learn Morris 
McDonald Daniel 
Miller C. D. 
Miller Edv/ard 
Nicholas S. R. 
Oldham L. A. 
Oldham S. D. 



Rentschler Jacob 
Simons Edgar 
Simons Ered E. 
Smith A. C. 
Swisher James A. 
Walters L N. 
Walters Jesse J. 
Wenkstern W. H. 



VOLGA POST OFFICE 



Is located on the C, M. & St. P. R. R. and on the banks of the Volga 
River, In Sperry Township, surrounded by as fine a fruit and grain- 
growing district as there is in the state, and the valleys and rough lands 
make the best of pasture, besides being well watered by brooks and 
springs. Shipments from here consist of hogs, cattle, horses and grain 
that canRot well he excelled in quality. It is 64 miles from Dubuque and 
ten miles from Elkader, the seat of justice. Telephone connections. Con- 
tains fine graded public school, two churches, mill, two hotels, and an 
extensive creamery, and a bank. U. S. Express. W. U. Telegraph. 
Population 425. 



C. E. Lovett, P. M. 
A. Lovett, Asst. 

Adams August 
Adams Charles 
Adams C. S. 
Adams D. L. 
Adams J. J, 
Allen C. M. 
Ambrose F. E. 
Andreson Fred 
Askew Fred 
Axtell E. E. 
Bachtell E. H. 
Bachtell George E. 
teailey E. C. 
Bailey Jason W. 
Bailey Seldon 
Baker Joseph 
Barrs Henry 
Bartels August 
Barton D. L. 
Bennington Charles 
Bennington Ray 
Bennington Samuel 
Bennington Samuel Jr. 
Bennington Wm. 
Bentley J. V/. 
Bergan James 
Bergan John 
Bergan Thomas 
Bevens Charles F. 
Bissell Ed. 
Bissell J. E. 



Blake L. A. 
Blake M. L. 
Blake V. F. 
Bolyn Albert 
Brandenberg F. M. 
Brobrandt C. 
Brown H. P. 
Brown William E. 
Burns D. D. 
Burns John 
Burns Dr. J. J. 
Burrington John 
Carmichael Henry 
Carmichael James 
Chapman A. A. 
Chapman A. B. 
Chapman C. L. 
Chapman F. W. 
Chapman James 
Chapman Joseph J. 
Clark E. S. 
Conboy Michael 
Conboy Thomas 
Conboy Thomas E. 
Cook David 
Cook E. R. 
Cook W. H. 
Coonfare E. 
Copeland John 
Grain D. J. 
Grain James 
Cummings T. W. 
Cuningham Michael 



Cuningham Patrick 
Davis F. F. 
Davis F. J. 
Davis H. E. 
Dill Elijah 
Dill George 
Direen L. C. 
Douglass Ed. 
Douglass Stewart 
Dryer "Wm. 
Duff A. M. 
Duff John 
Duff J. Albert 
Duff Milton T. 
Duff Robert 
Duff R. W. 
Duff Thomas 
Duff Wm. 
Durland John 
Ebendorf Fred 
Edmonds Edward 
Elwick Rev. T. J. 
Epps James L. 
Epps Lemuel 
Eveleth Joseph 
Ewing Wm. 
Ewing W. M. 
Fairburn Mark 
Fay Joseph 
Finley William 
Fliehler Anton 
Fliehler Charles 
Fliehler Wm. 



HISTORY OF IOWA AND COUNTY DIRECTORY. 



337 



Folleu Frank 
Fowler C. B. 
Germer Henry 
Germer Otto 
Glennon Wm. 
Goodin Warner 
Good in Wm. 
Goodwin E. R. 
Goodwin F. F. 
Goodwin Lewis 
P Harvey A. C. 
Hawthorne James 
Hawthorne W. J. 
Hayes Edward 
Hayes John 
TJays Thomas 
Hess Charles P. 
Hill George 
Hold J. W. 
Humbert George 
TTummel D. L, 
Hummel Lewis 
Humphry H. R. 
Humphry W. K. 
Hurley Jermiah 
Hurley John J. 
Hurley J. M. 
Hurley Michael 
Tngraham George 
Jellings Wm. 
Jennings A. O, 
JiMmings Henry 
Jjnnings J. M. 
Jones Joseph R. 
Jones William 
Jones W. T, 
Keeling F. J. 
Keiholtz Ed. W. 
Keiholtz Hamilton 
Keiholtz Lester 
Keleher James F. 
Kinkead W. B. 
Koehler Charles 
Koopman Rev. T. 
Kottman Louis 
Krieg William 
Kunzmann A. R. 
Lamphier C. C. 
Lamphier Henry 
Lamphier Lyman 



Lamphier L. S. 
Lamphier Myron 
Lamphier Wm. 
Leal William 
Leate Robert 
Leonard A. A. 
Lewis William 
Libby J. W. 
Linder George 
Little James 
Little Joseph 
Lovejoy Ed. S. 
Lovett C. E. 
Lowe David 
Lowe D. B. 
McCabe William 
McCann George 
McCann George Jr. 
McKinney George 
MtTaggart James 
McTaggart Wm. 
Madden Dr. W. D. 
Marble Oscar 
Martin C. F. 
ilartin Patrick 
Maxwell S. J. 
Mecklenburg Wm. 
Phillips L L. 
Potter Jam.es L. 
Preuss Frank 
Preuss Fred 
Probert James 
Probert John 
Probert Wm. 
Hardin W. E. 
Rinkert George 
Rinkert John 
Roach John 
Robinson David 
Robins_pn Joseph 
Roth George 
Rowell Willis H. 
Royse John 
RoysG Samuel 
Royse Walter 
Samp C. 
Scully M. J. 
Scully Peter 
Shadle Henry 
Shadle James 



Shea Edv/ard 
Shea John 
Shea Martin 
Shea Wm. 
Shea Wm. Jr. 
Sherman L. 
Slawter Charles 
Sloan Samuel 
Smith Fred 
Smith Fred Jr. 
Smith G. A. 
Smith Harrison 
Smith Thomas 
Smith W. A. 
Snodgrass Francis 
Stence M. J. 
Susie William 
Susie William J. 
Taylor Lute W. 
Taylor Oric H. 
Tenny Alf. 
Tonny L. J. 
Thody Allen C 
Thompson D. B. 
Thompson W. T. 
Thyne Austin 
Thyne Austin Jr. 
Thyne Patrick 
Tinkham Oran J. 
Voshell Andrew 
Voshell George 
Coss Henry 
Waltenbaugh George 
Walters Orrin 
Wentzel Julius 
White Edwin W. 
White George F. 
White H. G. 
White H. W. 
White R. D. 
White Wm. 
White W. E. 
White W. P. 
White Wyllys W. 
Whitford A. W. 
Whitford Henry 
Whitford S. B. 
Wilson Harry 
Wilson James 



Dwyes Maurice 
Hall O. W. 



WAETENA POST OFFICE 

(Fayette County) 



Probert J. C. 
Probert Mary 



Smith John 



338 



THE DAILY TELEGRAPH-HERALD'S 



vn 



WATSON POST OFFICE ; ; :^ 

A new town of forty inhabitants, three and one-half miles northeast 
of Monona, the nearest railroad station and banking point. Telephone 
connections. 



R. W. Fett, P. M. 
Fett, R. W. 



Gasell John 
Habel Joseph 
Hanson Clemens 



Genz Henry 
Hansel Herman 



Sawvell Adam 
Schlitter T. D. 



WAUPETON POST OFFICE 



(Dtibuque County) 
Meyer Frank 
Meyer F. P. 
Meyer Julius G. 



Schroeder Jacob 
Schroeder Wendelin 
Thomas Wm. H. 



WOOD POST OFFICE 

An inland postofRce, five miles from Edgewood, the nearest railroad 



station, and the same distance from Greeley, 
daily. Population 40. Telephone connections. 



C. J. PiUlon, P. M. 
E. K. Rulon, Asst. 

Ash Edward 
Ashline Frank 
Ashline H. Q. 
Barger Hollister 
Barnes Albert 
Barnes George 
Fisher Edward 
Fisher George 



Fisher Joseph 
Fisher Peter J. 
Foster James H. 
Foster W. H. 
Hamlett Mark 
Jones Alex 
Kyler Henry 
Lewis George 
Link George 
Long Frank 



the bank location. Mail 



McCartney Warren 
Moore Lewis 
Rulon C. J. 
Rulon Kelly 
Sevey H. A. 
Shrunk John C. 
Smith C. R. 
Smock C. D. 
Smock Homer 
Winkler Emil 




<905 



